458 lines
55 KiB
XML
458 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="55433" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Paraxenos Saunders 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732615197594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E97C173A7F929482AAD0990327E03749">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B4CC56ECEE8A5C198071795E2BF38242" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E10519C2D6F644FC40DB54BCEDC6ECD1">Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="58D2F133252578F98BE6EA1558E38179">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A984DCEA814EFC524EB34CD3A94C2A9F" type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FC00C6F008F61F5F6CBE5A6472BE1932">Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CFBE6E889F037340419F53649DD8FA8D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="B90ECBBF7B80CE886268919DC5772C49">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="950143976B5F04344D53DD90D59B575F">Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6E889FD084ECBF055CB6EE37D481F54A">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9BEE312E4E06C1DA1CC42708DAA142DE">Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3CE945311840E139ED74D767641488CC">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7DDE8E653523AD9AEFDE28EF3219E673">Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B384BBD3CCF36BFA7E132765C34AD56">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="0D1AB66277E5B04421694768F0E3D0EB">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8BDE5D06F2D602CD44BBC94739635A7F">2022-04-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7183B44BC6A8A1EA6B444193DD4B3EF9">1093</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3052746FC1BA40F89BD4F52103D37D5D" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Xenidae" scope_order="Strepsiptera">
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<subSubSection id="C2CDC4C176D5E7A4207982E753D01C81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6FA41D70B6F0CBB86A24E16B8B22381D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="90E7EFF993C23270FC2E7ADC51575866" ID-CoL="8KXXW" LSID="97DA3E0B-CED8-51D7-9550-E71CE1C08F07" authority="Saunders, 1872" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraxenos Saunders, 1872</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8D6FA6B73D9919820BD24E3BB79C8E3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D357FF7EDC468F5307753538D5EB1DE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="CF3B2AC982BB3735EAEA745D91F25400" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraxenos</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872: 45. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="3EBD0C49A1A22FB54101EF027CCBB4FC" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">Paraxenos erberi</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872, subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation id="887427FC54C4775C76521E06CFDCFCB2" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B88" refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85" title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera." volume="9" year="1908">Pierce (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B9470E779500074EC18613AC411B1354" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="78BFCDCB40A2FFE87527775B81CE1180" authority="" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos (Bembicixenos)" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bembicixenos">Paraxenos (Bembicixenos)</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="44A4E9C232719159616910629A219A98" originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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, 1955: 280) (considered as subgenus by
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<bibRefCitation id="7C73AAAA52151E2510E8A9B25CD6B9A5" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
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: 162).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB698FC2219358F5BD8694F413781954" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E0CAB5AF879531FB626D53E8F2FFD550" authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Bembicixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembicixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bembicixenos</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="C651AE9E74612A92B361E18925F58A51" originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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||
, 1955: 280 (synonymized by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5C58973D3387C75CF7825B971D0F0ED0" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B56" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1978. Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera). Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera)." year="1978">Kinzelbach 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 82). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="8DBC40A9B9E1D8ACF25EE8F320C7C597" authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos (Bembicixenos) hungaricus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungaricus" subGenus="Bembicixenos">Pseudoxenos (Bembicixenos) hungaricus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="1C4F42742AF4EDCB1B2168ACA3636148" originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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, 1955, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0DCCF6E39218E338916EEDF5306C49DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D2647BAD425FB9A7CAB2DEBB68A5ECDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9469A19E434C2D21FE7BD3C3D314E7CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differing from
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<taxonomicName id="340CA73923C38703813BD5BA0A2CCE10" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CB2DF1C9B5461547E9A88E05C005BAEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by a narrower mandibular tooth and a differentiated prosternal extension. Prosternum with anterior swelling (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="C13371C8CD98ED25A808606D4CB66B4C" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
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) similar to
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<taxonomicName id="678BC0F1AC85875D57748CDD691739CB" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4ACF29DF708334583E36F6046D70DB6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, or with distinct color pattern. Clypeal sensilla well visible, extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Vestige of antenna preserved as cavity (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="420BFDEEA3AD63FA8A5BFC1EF6BA3BCF" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
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), additional rounded plates rarely present. Maxillae of two types, fused with labial area or distinctly separated and prominent as in
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<taxonomicName id="7B3BDEECF222042678542390AEB36C93" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FD9471446CA26654BD43EABD819D3305" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="9F245BD61DDB75F3EB438F0100D1039C" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="469CD6B68F39FEB9838B56A87466BB02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="1F34E168A40EA0ED9E2995ED1627BB4D" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8553F815B76DCE8A81D9C2993A7B2F71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="30564577410FD79666862D6C2C888523" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="78E526C4A32FFA62DEF019BAEEAAC9CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="89F1361DE42EF035592A224FE4B76C2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5978C04A5587FD66EE4B800F47387B9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF3A064DC6ACE10A1BE0953C0844A3D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="70729F5D93E0F8066CBBCCC48C7A3E4C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact, very variable in shape, distinctly longer than wide, or wider than long. Size very variable, length 0.94-1.9 mm, maximum width 0.8-2.57 mm. Anterior head margin distinctly protruding. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly, sometimes subparallel. Coloration varying from light to dark brown. Cephalothorax displaying multiple brown shades forming distinct patterns (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="DE339B3F12E036BBE69C5452441B81C7" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Bembecinus peregrinus (Smith) stylopized by P. erberi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with female under third tergite and male puparium under fourth tergite C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16C, D</figureCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="17300A11802288A90FCB47BB30D18423" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
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||
<paragraph id="A0F2329771B22A55094B6823B03F6EBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="ABBB6FB9414036AA6E3D1663BBDD79AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3F87320ED63FB9DA1E9F85FF6E958DB9" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="864DCB1CBA81008479598FC47ACE82BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos erberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Saunders, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="BEA95D60325F28370C4370ADE3E81007" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B57B9374473CC3F2AD66EB07B9C8706" baseAuthorityName="F. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembecinus peregrinus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5DD97E48474F103174CE6E9BB5B8FDD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembecinus peregrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Smith) stylopized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBA80288356C664C25939A9DD42D539F" lsidName="P. erberi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="2936262DC9A7AFCBB899C39F61FB523B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. erberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="E8DFE10EEEBFC8FCE45AC417B3BC2C60" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of host abdomen with female under third tergite and male puparium under fourth tergite
|
||
<emphasis id="5B4F5A570E1993857060D719241967E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side of female cephalothorax
|
||
<emphasis id="026F2A2D422A942863E02E53B57F164D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side of female cephalothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="350D3315887A9E6733F3A956F33EAD46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC48FCBF91DBE6A18069C2318B94C941" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Ca. ⅓-
|
||
<normalizedToken id="53E21A4DF488D7DD6B4282244CABCA0F" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral extensions. Coloration pale to dark, always with species specific patterns. Clypeal area not delimited or well separated from labral area, protruding anteriorly, always forming clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or very slightly wrinkled. Very distinct sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe and extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Border between clypeal and frontal region usually not clearly recognizable but present, rarely more distinct. Frontal region distinctly wrinkled or covered by papillae. Segmental border between head and prothorax very indistinct on dorsal side, in most specimens virtually unrecognizable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="09306BA5DFF04220A4F9DFF455C3FA5A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
|
||
<paragraph id="B3463E3233A89EBBAFC292C4F83F0B77" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="752929B38F251D3AF90F4BEBAB15C94D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58336C532B4A8CE766DDA38FE95E8E78" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="625860B1861537CFBC7EFDF2A78BFBAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="435D50CFA21FC4066BAC03B392B42CFD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="E9B0260CB573F677E21164F761471395" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="50EAA4FBC989EF13941883B52E8C0FF3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="A5FC6E911F2A5E4D4574FD121F9A2EBA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="47D6A9BDF7AC62A6AB5CF47C04960467" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="29E644CA30FB6B169FBDB72A6D42324F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="95F120CA729AF14846BB93B750A3517D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C8367F50EADBA3E92650D27029E80E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with dispersed sensilla, delimited by distinct furrow on medial side (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9595406444AA4638C853387B1254C3" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A043C18EBAD2670AD96E1567EB817B6" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
|
||
<paragraph id="25CFD5CEB1BE0D5AADA4907D1AF88BE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C0104C63003281CD39EA2356AD290DFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76B96A020AF341D04ACDD7A5961B1560" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="556E095F2465C7CEF0CEDF72E554937C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="736BAB659E5E62F5A00F80CB84295874" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="600CBC42F7627B4940A7A1CE5D498A38" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="60B4F66F0D02348B138911D2A8C5200A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="5F40EC5226746A47979B1B785BEA7231" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="F6B108B51DE7D90215C0BB947A9A0A32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="F8F1C40B0B382C5213036F7EBE9307E4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2FD0D556599950D0B0D51B6D7EAB61C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7370D8BBA155228537B1CA806E4AB9CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved as cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="76B94F2BEEF63BC072E3C78AE1809F89" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely combined with rounded plates. Antennal sensilla or vestigial setae missing. Periantennal area smooth, sometimes reduced when supra-antennal sensillary field almost reaches vestige of antennae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="787C2BB239617B7BF633B2BE9E7CDEBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E5D5C4BA8BFD5BEE0B9C5CBE94CEA40" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field distinctly wider than long, elliptical or semicircular. Dorsal field arcuate to nearly straight,> 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0555BA2C642348A54C11C57768F26909" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline. Dorsal field with ~ 20-25 setae inserted in cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9CBDDD4FF83A23AA321D6D1D630E88E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B522EFE0ACF1F40D51FCBA338A22AA28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed at an angle of 30-65°, enclosed in mandibular capsule or rarely protruding from it. Mandibular bulge not distinctly raised, with ~ 5-18 sensilla. Cuticle completely smooth, or partially sculptured on articulatory area. Mandibular tooth narrow or slightly widened, pointed or blunt, armed with distinct spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="02E7FCDE14A0D0BBFB43F84D24E9AF56" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="04368751FEE107FB57AED9F0A525855F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Very variable, well-developed and separated from labial area, or fused with it and strongly reduced. Cuticle always smooth. Prominent, anteriorly or anteromedially directed, in some cases partially overlapping with mandible proximally. Distal maxillary region not projecting beyond mandible anteriorly. Vestige of palp distinct, forming cavity or small bulge with more or less distinct plate. Located anteriorly or medially on ventral side of maxilla. Submaxillary groove distinctly produced posterolaterally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4B80524EEC0DCCD4B9C84AF09E13A26E" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC0C87C4FD156C010E11EFFBBBC059EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="424A3EBC47DA66D4CE21C1E9464700AD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area between maxillae distinct, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Wider than long in midline and flat. Cuticular surface smooth or slightly reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0EF638F053EB805BFAFD00421FE30A6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA5110CD6BA12C8465EEEBB25915A0A6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinctly arcuate to straight, sclerotized around margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FAE35A401DFF5C1659895670EA42329D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="499D69DFC5E553BF86BF1DC8DE822529" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually separated by mesal furrows on ventral side, rarely combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal side, but not recognizable dorsally in most specimens. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge. Cuticle of thoracic segments reticulate on ventral side, often with small, scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension anteriorly with arcuate to semicircular swelling in most species, or lacking swelling but with distinct color pattern. Meso- and metathorax unmodified in shape, transverse. Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3468F522B55178BF4240D453F961869" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D58A910F5C01F7868FBD81325F2B30A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC1C20C5A847F557EE0E5B7DADE96ECC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
On posterior third of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with anterolateral or anterodorsal orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20BDD1124A570E16B33283122CF56CAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="0718CE5C9D37EEBD1D343355AAE0BF5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BC73DE2F1C63CDD28FAD6506933DAD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Characterized by distinct and relatively wide furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="63F6AF7100096885D571019F7C068F8A" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differing from sister genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4EB5EC7505A154D4635996312299697" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="79687F3CAB5FEF7D1AD57359315C2392" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in shape of the mandibular tooth, which is conspicuously pointed and not in contact with mandibular bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8D1703A0B30751E085D75FD20A16B67A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
or several times larger than diameter of vestigial antenna. Cephalotheca of elliptic shape in frontal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0D440A317C91340FBA6D611669C8DED0" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
|
||
<paragraph id="883FEEA3F7804A45CB8C9925A0A7993B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="380C623EE54B4B70D38BD6AAF9D2C003" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7117A993228F544839239E66F94A7D5F" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D124EC407C899819C28624FFA31F7694" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos erberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="DB5F543F7A563848CAFC5E61F7AB84B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="52ABB1F35B5B037347C43CFDF091315B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="C7B5689D78B1AAD91768FD32013603FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="E8077138B106B678B7C58EAAC3C7D4BC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="F6DECF6FD8CAFA354F7257F4B9585231" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1002D884F7D9930E8EADF8033AF3F242" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1527EE1AA52D9245D4902549CF7AE4DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BBDAB7A4FB5E4DF42C9E48E2FC6CCC65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="302DA693690811A45B170986B39CB760" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Elliptic and rounded laterally in frontal view, also almost rounded in lateral view. Coloration forming pattern of pale and dark shades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46B33AAF305FD4E9D8AEF746D46C35A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="468A0D24C191B118507FEE3DD32A6B08" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale background. Clypeal lobe straight in frontal view, not prominent in lateral view. Sensilla dispersed on clypeal surface. Frontal region with paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, lacking impression or occipital bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye very large,> 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CA643764CB613A0FD116BD80C21B6F8E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EA70221D3BC20A87ED7693C47D87B089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5626621348A9C50A867B86D1FF5EAC33" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, delimited medially by distinct furrow. Furrows relatively wide, not connected anteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="63B265253737668A83047988BF32C752" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA23EC08B1C4BDE824016F2A662291C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D5FE7B7FAC9E7F92B72CC6EF6B3EF059" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, small, with small plates and cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E977905932134C7B1D319172C670EBBB" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19C</figureCitation>
|
||
), torulus interrupted. Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4108CB708135C355F545EBB40367942B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="672746208CFC8F3CB31BBFEEC940B612" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct. Setae present on dorsal field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1818F92F498FE246DE4359AC0FD90A55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F521C1285DC76D8EBC73AFE6A7F724B8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Tooth apically pointed, not very wide basally, not reaching area of mandibular bulge (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="CC9E1497BF43B3B4B23B251C6FC7A1E4" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19E</figureCitation>
|
||
), which bears sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9AC1F1AD779885F7B823C2A38954FDD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CEAE237517097545C45A1A32CF70A9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent. Coloration pale centrally and dark laterally. Vestige of palp distinct, dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4FF735F574B1544AEAC249823DE73720" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="37FABCB008F5994681C848B19B5FB3D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Labium distinct between and below maxillae, dark. Praementum and postmentum indistinctly separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE125AB1CDEC74C007EE3219450D0BB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0781CB633975DD903625769CCDBDF62F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C729C74313822910288A476F436CFEAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph id="30FF8B7EB81D180533C9CB3DA83B1CC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="253372C72015846D0EE6754E53F48055" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Forming a clade of Palearctic origin with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1BC7EFE5EFAE385F9C1BAA2DC642A5D" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F0BE853913215A4BBA13B311A0DA346" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="673996017ECC956B8735B7EDCE56C844" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="051AF19F57B626B31FA5CA92AAB27E90" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6D1167D3293DDA7B688A06D67DCBA10A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8509D13DF5AF3EB966C681FD7C263177" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thirteen described species, distributed in the Old World and Australia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3F34E4BE99359E2CE7E3C7C2763CB704" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="74E31FE941988004E9ACCB33DE95BD7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="42691189282790DC80DA1289F730F2EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="363292842BB5868D0CF8373901576F1F" authorityName="A. Costa" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembecinus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2689237CE90C82EAE751770DA49525F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembecinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="932F133C99EA7612FE305C423D6CE177" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="35614A60BC983F954515FBF21D26581E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B7A8D63CAD09C7D9BB6D2FE94B7BC35" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Stizus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stizus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="993CC3E018F1C6460BC565E7908050B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stizus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A677C537BCB5DC458D4607A8BCFFDBDB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Bembicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bembicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C97A5CA23B55E41B5EAD8483FD456C0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bembicinae">Bembicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AFE53CA8C99A5D2FA0C660D402CCBEFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="41730B32A061E7D1347A437285D901CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C800750FF2FFD4E6F39C114CAC950D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BA848E0800506B8C87C32019132B391" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBCE40086EE839785E4FF52D1E8539B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D675B8D077531BA26218048DAAFF79B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" author="Saunders, SS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B103" refString="Saunders, SS, 1872. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 20: 1 - 48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" title="Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" volume="20" year="1872">Saunders (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but only a superficial description of the male was provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A8555310B1C9BE41D31CC2A3EC8EF8A1" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized several additional genera with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75B1BC296628D8DD7FCF471B6B091C8B" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9E69AF96FE66A137E7358D3786B86C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of them described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D58B083353345B28AB2B719CB5C9CD95" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B88" refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85" title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera." volume="9" year="1908">Pierce (1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81CDE94E74536F5C3F80EF6B6D071615" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 232" refId="B89" refString="Pierce, WD, 1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 66: 1 - 232" title="A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby." volume="66" year="1909">1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AFAB04D60211B79344AF6C8729FAC4D4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 511" refId="B90" refString="Pierce, WD, 1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 40: 487 - 511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" title="Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" volume="40" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0FC52FDBDB997DAF86CDA9377563E66" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="391 - 501" refId="B91" refString="Pierce, WD, 1919. The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera: together with records and descriptions of insects. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 54 (1918): 391 - 501, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" title="The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera: together with records and descriptions of insects." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" volume="54" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from the New World (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A99F15D59629C01C26851DCB8E05238" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Eupathocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupathocera" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDB2C6F823BA59E8084155F9EDEEFDD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eupathocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56D0A13D2F6C3B44BE3FD9D0FFF4E1D3" genus="Opthalmochlus" lsidName="Opthalmochlus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D4A234DD4F973B459B60E66F9A47A9E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Opthalmochlus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F381485E3A47E534B56DF33326B9929" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Homilops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homilops" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFD19232EC1CDDC9CBE645012D1C107C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Homilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="126D7446ECA9E204871B912AABDF9740" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sceliphronechthrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliphronechthrus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E117864C449B25356452B83834C9A19C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sceliphronechthrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Old World (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC902866DA43EEF920B9B558A97D4825" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="132E7BC2E8872AB1772C3C4DCBFB481F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). He also classified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13DD579728BCBF98C53F1DDCBA7199F1" authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Bembicixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembicixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FEF1A4EC37D74FF4FD88E6E3F9D8E17C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembicixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="438581D7279839F12893371B586413CC" author="Szekessy, V" journalOrPublisher="Annales Historico - Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="279 - 284" refId="B110" refString="Szekessy, V, 1955. Eine neue Strepsipteren-Art aus Ungarn sowie die durch die Stylopisierung an ihrem Wirt hervorgerufenen Veraenderungen. Annales Historico - Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 6: 279 - 284" title="Eine neue Strepsipteren-Art aus Ungarn sowie die durch die Stylopisierung an ihrem Wirt hervorgerufenen Veraenderungen." volume="6" year="1955">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="70BF9B35B01F1B158C04AB0C435F16AC" originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1955)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76E794470DDAA01A5D436228CE1B7B1E" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A976F56912E001C067330BB05817222" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but later considered it a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2635A091B4B6A1E6F2023A490B069DC4" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D719130A4A7A980FF477F3DF8DE37984" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69334AA9CF0467B85CCCDDC485D50414" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B56" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1978. Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera). Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera)." year="1978">Kinzelbach 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We classify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="537848D243E09D834AF7AE20DDB73964" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0257EC63B9C96B86B02A90C582FDE5AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus based on monophyly revealed by a molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2874213272283816446B8D66F8B3172F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="500F4377CD9BED7D6577ACCFC9CA6BE1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and based on morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |