<documentID-CLB-Dataset="55433"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339"ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1"ID-PMC="PMC9010403"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C"ID-PubMed="35586542"ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE"ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1"checkinTime="1649449468463"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub"docDate="2022"docId="97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134"docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093"docPubDate="2022-04-07"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339"docTitle="Paraxenos Saunders 1872"docType="treatment"docVersion="7"id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C"masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species"masterLastPageNumber="134"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732615197594"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="E97C173A7F929482AAD0990327E03749">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="58D2F133252578F98BE6EA1558E38179">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="6E889FD084ECBF055CB6EE37D481F54A">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="6B384BBD3CCF36BFA7E132765C34AD56">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<bibRefCitationid="887427FC54C4775C76521E06CFDCFCB2"author="Pierce, WD"journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="75 - 85"refId="B88"refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85"title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera."volume="9"year="1908">Pierce (1908)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="7C73AAAA52151E2510E8A9B25CD6B9A5"author="Kinzelbach, R"journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B54"refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart"title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)."year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="C13371C8CD98ED25A808606D4CB66B4C"captionStart="Figure 18"captionStartId="F18"captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
, or with distinct color pattern. Clypeal sensilla well visible, extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Vestige of antenna preserved as cavity (Fig.
<figureCitationid="420BFDEEA3AD63FA8A5BFC1EF6BA3BCF"captionStart="Figure 17"captionStartId="F17"captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="1F34E168A40EA0ED9E2995ED1627BB4D"authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka"authorityYear="2022"class="Insecta"family="Xenidae"genus="Tuberoxenos"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Tuberoxenos"order="Strepsiptera"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Arthropoda"rank="genus">
Compact, very variable in shape, distinctly longer than wide, or wider than long. Size very variable, length 0.94-1.9 mm, maximum width 0.8-2.57 mm. Anterior head margin distinctly protruding. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly, sometimes subparallel. Coloration varying from light to dark brown. Cephalothorax displaying multiple brown shades forming distinct patterns (Fig.
<figureCitationid="DE339B3F12E036BBE69C5452441B81C7"captionStart="Figure 16"captionStartId="F16"captionText="Figure 16. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Bembecinus peregrinus (Smith) stylopized by P. erberi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with female under third tergite and male puparium under fourth tergite C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure16"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669338"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">16C, D</figureCitation>
as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral extensions. Coloration pale to dark, always with species specific patterns. Clypeal area not delimited or well separated from labral area, protruding anteriorly, always forming clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or very slightly wrinkled. Very distinct sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe and extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Border between clypeal and frontal region usually not clearly recognizable but present, rarely more distinct. Frontal region distinctly wrinkled or covered by papillae. Segmental border between head and prothorax very indistinct on dorsal side, in most specimens virtually unrecognizable.
<figureCitationid="3B9595406444AA4638C853387B1254C3"captionStart="Figure 18"captionStartId="F18"captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">18B</figureCitation>
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove.
<figureCitationid="76B94F2BEEF63BC072E3C78AE1809F89"captionStart="Figure 17"captionStartId="F17"captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
), rarely combined with rounded plates. Antennal sensilla or vestigial setae missing. Periantennal area smooth, sometimes reduced when supra-antennal sensillary field almost reaches vestige of antennae.
Anteromedially directed at an angle of 30-65°, enclosed in mandibular capsule or rarely protruding from it. Mandibular bulge not distinctly raised, with ~ 5-18 sensilla. Cuticle completely smooth, or partially sculptured on articulatory area. Mandibular tooth narrow or slightly widened, pointed or blunt, armed with distinct spines.
Very variable, well-developed and separated from labial area, or fused with it and strongly reduced. Cuticle always smooth. Prominent, anteriorly or anteromedially directed, in some cases partially overlapping with mandible proximally. Distal maxillary region not projecting beyond mandible anteriorly. Vestige of palp distinct, forming cavity or small bulge with more or less distinct plate. Located anteriorly or medially on ventral side of maxilla. Submaxillary groove distinctly produced posterolaterally (Fig.
<figureCitationid="4B80524EEC0DCCD4B9C84AF09E13A26E"captionStart="Figure 18"captionStartId="F18"captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
Labial area between maxillae distinct, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Wider than long in midline and flat. Cuticular surface smooth or slightly reticulated.
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually separated by mesal furrows on ventral side, rarely combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal side, but not recognizable dorsally in most specimens. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge. Cuticle of thoracic segments reticulate on ventral side, often with small, scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension anteriorly with arcuate to semicircular swelling in most species, or lacking swelling but with distinct color pattern. Meso- and metathorax unmodified in shape, transverse. Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
<figureCitationid="C3468F522B55178BF4240D453F961869"captionStart="Figure 17"captionStartId="F17"captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">17E</figureCitation>
in shape of the mandibular tooth, which is conspicuously pointed and not in contact with mandibular bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye 2
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale background. Clypeal lobe straight in frontal view, not prominent in lateral view. Sensilla dispersed on clypeal surface. Frontal region with paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, lacking impression or occipital bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye very large,> 3
Labium distinct between and below maxillae, dark. Praementum and postmentum indistinctly separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present or not.
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<paragraphid="6D1167D3293DDA7B688A06D67DCBA10A"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8509D13DF5AF3EB966C681FD7C263177"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Thirteen described species, distributed in the Old World and Australia.</paragraph>
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