treatments-xml/data/B6/F6/1D/B6F61DF5BA7C42D2C05E996522F93464.xml
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9f2525c-d111-4a5d-b242-8ba4d5c55d2f" ID-PMC="PMC3391719" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-204-1" ID-PubMed="22787417" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-204-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 204" ModsDocTitle="Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)" checkinTime="1451248933081" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fuente, Ricardo Perez-de la, Penalver, Enrique, Delclos, Xavier &amp; Engel, Michael S." docDate="2012" docId="B6F61DF5BA7C42D2C05E996522F93464" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 204: 1-40" docOrigin="ZooKeys 204" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740" docTitle="Amarantoraphidia Perez-de la Fuente, Penalver, Delclos &amp; Engel, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFA6FFC19C69FFCD6A5CFF8AFFFA647B" masterDocTitle="Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1668154032987" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fuente, Ricardo Perez-de la</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Penalver, Enrique</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Delclos, Xavier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Engel, Michael S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>204</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>40</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-204-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152036169" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA2F19D0-E3C8-43A7-BA92-BFC73C2FA208" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B6F61DF5BA7C42D2C05E996522F93464" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA2F19D0-E3C8-43A7-BA92-BFC73C2FA208" authority="Perez-de la Fuente, Penalver, Delclos &amp; Engel" class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Amarantoraphidia
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-de">Perez-de</normalizedToken>
la Fuente,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peñalver">Penalver</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Delclòs">Delclos</normalizedToken>
&amp; Engel
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="14">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia ventolina" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventolina">Amarantoraphidia ventolina</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Minute size. Head ovoid, with the portion posterior to the compound eyes longer than the eye diameter and tapering caudad; three large ocelli present, situated between anterior half of compound eyes; antennae with a low number of flagellomeres (i.e., ≤ 26). Pronotum slightly longer than head, with a constant height along its entire length. Mesotibiae especially swollen; process at midlength of the metatibiae absent. Forewing with costal field moderately broad; pterostigma elongate, without crossveins; Sc terminating into C slightly distad wing midlength; six c-sc crossveins present; two discoidal cells posterior to MP; apicalmost branch of CuA simple; 1cua-cup crossvein located at the M-CuA separation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The new genus-group name is a combination of the Greek term amarantos, meaning &quot;that never fades, ageless&quot;, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Raphidia</taxonomicName>
, common generic stem for snakeflies. The name is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
gen. n.is first compared with the other described minute mesoraphidiid genera, which have a forewing length around 6 or less. They include amber inclusions but also some compression fossils. Apart from the minute size, in all of these taxa the pterostigma is very elongate, without crossveins, and basally closed by a crossvein. Regarding those as amber inclusions,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
is readily distinct from the other two currently described Spanish mesoraphidiid genera,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Cantabroraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cantabroraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cantabroraphidia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Alavaraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alavaraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alavaraphidia</taxonomicName>
gen. n., as well as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Lebanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lebanoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lebanoraphidia</taxonomicName>
, by its ovoid head shape (subquadrate in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Cantabroraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cantabroraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cantabroraphidia</taxonomicName>
, and rhomboidal in the other two genera) and by its lesser number of antennal flagellomeres (26 flagellomeres in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Cantabroraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cantabroraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cantabroraphidia</taxonomicName>
, 38 flagellomeres or more in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Lebanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lebanoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lebanoraphidia</taxonomicName>
, and 44 in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Alavaraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alavaraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alavaraphidia</taxonomicName>
). The two genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nanoraphidia</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia electroburmica" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="electroburmica">Nanoraphidia electroburmica</taxonomicName>
Engel, 2002, Burmese amber, latest Albian in age) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Grimaldiraphidia</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia luzzi" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luzzi">Grimaldiraphidia luzzi</taxonomicName>
(Grimaldi, 2000), New Jersey amber, Turonian in age)share with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
the ovoid head shape. However, in both of these genera the ocelli are placed between the posterior half of the compound eyes, not between the anterior part as in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, whereas
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
has two discoidal cells posterior to MP in the forewing,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Grimaldiraphidia</taxonomicName>
has three and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nanoraphidia</taxonomicName>
just a single
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">cell</pageBreakToken>
. Also, in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nanoraphidia</taxonomicName>
the M-CuA separation is located near midpoint of the first and second cua-cup crossveins (
<bibRefCitation author="Engel, MS" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 22" title="The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): A new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalog of fossil snakeflies." url="10.1206/0003-0082(2002)363&lt;0001:TSSRMA&gt;2.0.CO;2" volume="3363" year="2002">Engel 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, JE" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="385 - 395" title="New snakeflies (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of the UK, Spain and Brazil." url="10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01038.x" volume="54" year="2011">Jepson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
), not at the 1cua-cup crossvein as in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In addition to the aforementioned taxa, five mesoraphidiids with minute size have been hitherto described from compression fossils:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia parvula" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Grimaldiraphidia parvula</taxonomicName>
(Martynov, 1925), from Karatau (South Kazakhstan), Late Jurassic in age;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia mitchelli" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mitchelli">Grimaldiraphidia mitchelli</taxonomicName>
(Jepson, Coram and Jarzembowski, 2009),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia purbeckensis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purbeckensis">Grimaldiraphidia purbeckensis</taxonomicName>
Jepson, Coram and Jarzembowski, 2009, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Mesoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesoraphidia websteri" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="websteri">Mesoraphidia websteri</taxonomicName>
Jepson, Coram and Jarzembowski, 2009, the three species from the Purbeck Limestone Group, Dorset (UK), Berriasian in age; and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia lithographica" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lithographica">Nanoraphidia lithographica</taxonomicName>
Jepson, Ansorge and Jarzembowski, 2011 (tentatively assigned to this genus), from El Montsec (Spain), Early Barremian in age.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia parvula" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Grimaldiraphidia parvula</taxonomicName>
(described from a complete specimen but its wings unresolved dorsoproximally) has more proximal positions of the fork of Rs and the 2r-rs and rs-ma crossveins than
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Martynov 1925</bibRefCitation>
: p. 242, figs 7-9).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia mitchelli" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mitchelli">Grimaldiraphidia mitchelli</taxonomicName>
(described from a wing, most likely a forewing, with not preserved base and pterostigma), although possessing two discoidal cells posterior to MP as in the forewing of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
, has a venation somewhat different, with the second radial cell relatively wide compared to its length, and more proximal positions of the fork of Rs and the 2r-rs and rs-ma crossveins (
<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, JE" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="527 - 532" title="Raphidioptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group, Dorset, UK." url="10.1016/j.cretres.2008.09.006" volume="30" year="2009">Jepson et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Grimaldiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grimaldiraphidia purbeckensis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purbeckensis">Grimaldiraphidia purbeckensis</taxonomicName>
possesses three discoidal cells posterior to MP in the forewing, the M-CuA separation is located near midpoint of the first and second cua-cup crossveins, and has more proximal positions of the fork of Rs and the 2r-rs and rs-ma crossveins (ibid.).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Mesoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesoraphidia websteri" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="websteri">Mesoraphidia websteri</taxonomicName>
(based on a hind wing) has the Sc ending beyond the first radial cell, relatively shorter second radial and discal cells, and a single discoidal cell (two discoidal cells posterior to MP in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Amarantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amarantoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amarantoraphidia</taxonomicName>
) (ibid.). Lastly,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia lithographica" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lithographica">Nanoraphidia lithographica</taxonomicName>
shows only one discoidal cell posterior to MP in the forewing as in the type species for the genus,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Nanoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanoraphidia electroburmica" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="electroburmica">Nanoraphidia electroburmica</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, JE" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="385 - 395" title="New snakeflies (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of the UK, Spain and Brazil." url="10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01038.x" volume="54" year="2011">Jepson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>