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<mods:title id="ACD59553BE245983844CDB3E3E5A3582">Preliminary study of marine sponges (Porifera) in the littoral of Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="68EA51A27BF1ECB0D36017369F2C3EE5">Putra, Singgih Afifa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="01E31802ACE57E559A23591581B5ACBB">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Balai Pengembangan Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Vokasi Bidang Kelautan Perikanan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (BPPMPV KPTK), Gowa 92172, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CD4F0F1AD2C07F955D4D033222045872">Ambo-Rappe, Rohani</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DC14C65186BA294EC64244D19765AF58">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E6EC17775F421A5CA467CB94812132DF">Jompa, Jamaluddin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1C568D33F93B7E7A9D84401DF09A413C">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="89B4CEBEECFCD5CA004CE486572D958E">de Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="16CE843BE21B004141F84029E0FDC246">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Understanding Evolution Group, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="D766FA04A0DFFA0ABCDC9550E2C71437">1208</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E" ID-arpha="F2B0CE38-5BE0-51FD-B6BC-5E509A64C28E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E">
<subSubSection id="C675FF61886D8E4394CC25236E69D455" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C830AF81DB12E9E54D72256A066D3E73">
<taxonomicName id="4F1AD1A28898784DAC8B72CF691233FD" ID-CoL="724C4" authority="(Polejaeff, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="6624C6E56D731DBCDC5C2D94EC6B0562" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
(Poléjaeff, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6492467C0E5801D7C1847828CE4ABE8F" type="description">
<paragraph id="A9F01B05CC791474A498F6C3D61B6E94">
<figureCitation id="780A1887B7512D669397F30333370702" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. a habitus in situ Leucaltis nodusgordii (Poléjaeff, 1883) (CEL 005) from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV). SEM images of spicules a regular equiangular tetractine of the chamber laye b Abruptly angled tetractines c Abruptly angled triactines (b, c both from the atrial region) d Small regular-shaped tetractines of the chamber layer e small regular-shaped triactines of the cortical region f Giant sized tetractines g giant sized triactines (f, g both from the cortical region)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106226">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFCAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="F8E9DD7BDB33D03AECBE05EB5E115269">
<heading id="CE47A12FF88A6B1FFFA5FDBACAA4FAD7" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD7B2F5B9E0A465160BF15F1AB2361AB">
The species forms a clathrate mass of interconnected (anastomosing) tubes with varying lengths and diameters. Individual tubes can reach up to
<quantity id="A4DDE9945D9BE69D0A4EAFA333E5AB8A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
in length and have diameters of
<quantity id="EEDD851540C6D58DC38EF13DD5925273" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">28 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8EC1E86D5F532C74F52A43CDFDDDC1A6" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The tubes end in oscula, which can be as wide as the tube itself (standing upright) or smaller (flush with the surface), and these oscula are naked. The surface is smooth, and the texture is brittle yet somewhat compressible. The color is white or pinkish white, sometimes lavender-colored, and it turns yellowish white when preserved. The cortical skeleton is formed by the basal triradiate system of giant tetractines mixed with giant triactines. Actines of the giant tetractines and triactines protrude into the choanosomal skeleton. Next to the actines of the giant tri- and tetractines, the choanosomal skeleton contains scattered intermediate to small-sized regular triactines and tetractines (see
<bibRefCitation id="DA0340B12DCECF026A9E189DE777EC67" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
for detail description).
</paragraph>
<caption id="08FDBD75DAC3D5865C9E0B4F1E0A5FAF" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure4" ID-arpha="AC9C171E-A9FC-5775-BD6D-EF479D47A59A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106226" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="86FF832ACD9335A717489ABEDC7F5101">
<label id="7874797129BB604024A4D648C85341C3">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC09987F43B6BF49C5ED617DB379C9FF">
<emphasis id="FA885FCB469BC89344634952119FC711" bold="true">a</emphasis>
habitus in situ
<taxonomicName id="54C3BF32333C5DE75C20FF39B1B5B71C" authority="(Polejaeff, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="4BF7F23B70DA266883621C5F3A48DA27" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
(Poléjaeff, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
(CEL 005) from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV). SEM images of spicules
<emphasis id="F44E412B3E7011FB0B916B83899919D6" bold="true">a</emphasis>
regular equiangular tetractine of the chamber laye
<emphasis id="9226E7DC2260C87E9FB0130582B8D0E6" bold="true">b</emphasis>
Abruptly angled tetractines
<emphasis id="886A9F5D94DFD447325998DACC3F23F3" bold="true">c</emphasis>
Abruptly angled triactines (
<emphasis id="9661A9BCA0C952EBA3DAA336A015D25F" bold="true">b, c</emphasis>
both from the atrial region)
<emphasis id="FDE31374A7F25781D9B2FB8731337F92" bold="true">d</emphasis>
Small regular-shaped tetractines of the chamber layer
<emphasis id="BF1627C3CCB07571A924D3EE9F396D7D" bold="true">e</emphasis>
small regular-shaped triactines of the cortical region
<emphasis id="2B4DB6AF97F0E2F3BA8CEF0D241911D9" bold="true">f</emphasis>
Giant sized tetractines
<emphasis id="51A4E1A581B117E31BD545D782899B15" bold="true">g</emphasis>
giant sized triactines (
<emphasis id="07C2ECAAA0200F7CD0731F1FC3701862" bold="true">f, g</emphasis>
both from the cortical region).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6DAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="38E33E06E97D15810D8D61C129D36613">
<heading id="DBAB16CC50077ABE9D941038213213AD" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8F57398C700B21ABC36E5B3D83F001E">
<taxonomicName id="370CF98A8CD31717E3917C819249B353" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="077662D0D7470B56AE86E37E9D571838" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a new record for the Spermonde Archipelago (Samalona Island); reef flat. This species has been reported previously from
<collectingRegion id="A168A6412B5DB42831D096C784AD5619" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">north Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA0B77D93CCCC0585BEA7770A44859" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>