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<mods:namePart id="9CABCCE449DB07397D8514DB1EED6DF6">Putra, Singgih Afifa</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="08ABD178565D5FDF89A50527F8B51B4C" ID-arpha="08ABD178-565D-5FDF-89A5-0527F8B51B4C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:08ABD178565D5FDF89A50527F8B51B4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/08ABD178565D5FDF89A50527F8B51B4C">
<subSubSection id="2EE5E14C5DB0633C96BFECCB4F580116" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="418AE66A7DA19CA3B1849B4CFABA0380">
<taxonomicName id="A89DCCFDC7ADB44A4E43F1D298DE1BE3" ID-CoL="VSF4" authority="Vosmaer, 1880" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reinwardti" subGenus="Thalysias">
<emphasis id="1E53309FC4F2307B279046675F53D470" italics="true">Clathria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="EFB4581F9F15EB3F4E58E1CCD35ABC50" italics="true">Thalysias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="FF00C0CF3F2E25D3985A2354C174CACB" italics="true">reinwardti</emphasis>
Vosmaer, 1880
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31A6C9B20696BFB183B1EFA8C3B10D62" type="description">
<paragraph id="921BCC756CDA07D0F637214DF288A1B0">
<figureCitation id="201BFE2D74116C2D1A3B45D99811ADF2" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti Vosmaer, 1880 a habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b longitudinal section of the skeleton c styles d acanthostyles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106237">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJ6BG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="AAAAFB01880326045AE31A773F25DF31">
<heading id="B398EB17E3197713744012C20B5E1B78" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7E972A055BAB85E258347C7F028715C">
Arborescent, simple massive, and very repent appearance with many small oscula. Bright to dark orange in living material, and brown in alcohol. Reticulate skeleton with two class sizes of styles and echinating acanthostyles. Principal styles slightly curved with strongylote point, 151–312 (205.5) × 5.3–10.85 (7.4) µm (
<emphasis id="673F7E6056CB52B4C4A245063E4185B0" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 28), auxiliary styles straight and slightly curved, 72–163 (106.5) × 1.5–4.7 (3.4) µm (
<emphasis id="0E98121E6ABF3D7020627A0D9023F38E" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 37), and echinating acanthostyles with short, rounded point and dense spines on point and base, 51.9–81.5 (67.1) × 6.2–8.7 (7.3) µm (
<emphasis id="8C26F80A2F76F44292DE2A6D53024AE4" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 31). This species can be differentiated from other similar
<taxonomicName id="CF01EE732D3F0AC5C4598FE24B8C08A5" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Thalysias">
<emphasis id="B64D84647B2D4F959DFA5D6E13B31168" italics="true">Thalysias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its characteristic acanthostyle morphology, growth form, and the size and geometry of its toxas, including ectosomal-subectosomal features (
<bibRefCitation id="CCC24F81A51C14CC04132879BAE196EB" author="Hooper" firstAuthor="Hooper" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pagination="1-626" refId="B41" refString="Hooper JNA (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 40: 1–626. https://biostor.org/reference/105277" title="Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species." url="https://biostor.org/reference/105277" volume="40" year="1996">Hooper 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="AED324C40AB61042BFFDD5A6DC5C86A6" author="Hooper JNA" firstAuthor="Hooper's" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pagination="1-626" refId="B41" refString="Hooper JNA (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 40: 1–626. https://biostor.org/reference/105277" title="Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species." url="https://biostor.org/reference/105277" volume="40" year="1996">Hooper’s (1996)</bibRefCitation>
specimen shows microscleres as palmate isochelae in two size classes and oxhorn toxas.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A4CDC1B466A03FC8EA7E1C6BD4FCDEB4" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure15" ID-arpha="D06F9988-6CC6-515E-8F62-9BA698B0B983" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106237" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="DD7B9E7E2D3339D4D469DC1348325056">
<label id="E11E353DF5921CB93BF0C891AEFF0B98">Figure 15.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7C6A4F4A65564D23E4D553E7286FBC0">
<taxonomicName id="8241B3BB626639CC5D219E085A326A6A" authority="Vosmaer, 1880 a" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reinwardti" subGenus="Thalysias">
<emphasis id="6B8110C6A981723DA27FEF1F3D1132EE" italics="true">Clathria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="885AE1292873D708A02A440C3621B537" italics="true">Thalysias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="08FE181F3597BDEBDFF4140E92547F51" italics="true">reinwardti</emphasis>
Vosmaer, 1880
<emphasis id="286BBC46D715BB56FADD64883E9C1410" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="9673B1FAC11D34F42F99BB4F17A8F216" bold="true">b</emphasis>
longitudinal section of the skeleton
<emphasis id="BDCB2420501EDDFA04442C75452DD1A0" bold="true">c</emphasis>
styles
<emphasis id="23EE5B6D25B5970A9093DCE1343992FC" bold="true">d</emphasis>
acanthostyles.
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</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIBAI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="45BFB9B55F2AFF57A750E6E655FAE7D6">
<heading id="CD54F6C12512C22E8147E5C83FCC36CA" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8FF57AA268A5D0CC74ABB32FBC68B114">
Central Indian Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="93BC306FB9C2F86B07E1761994DCFD49" author="Thomas" firstAuthor="Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pagination="1-7" refId="B88" refString="Thomas PA (1986) Demospongiae of Minicoy Island (Indian Ocean) - Part 2. Order Poecilosclerida. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 12: 1–7. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=133506" title="Demospongiae of Minicoy Island (Indian Ocean) - Part 2. Order Poecilosclerida." url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=133506" volume="12" year="1986">Thomas 1986</bibRefCitation>
), Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="AE45D95B555F3043053AB328833E160B" author="van Soest" editor="Rützler K" firstAuthor="van Soest" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pagination="302-308" refId="B94" refString="van Soest RWM (1990) Shallow water reef sponges of Eastern Indonesia. In: Rützler K (Ed.) New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 302–308. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.424105 [accessed 18-06 - 2024]" title="Shallow water reef sponges of Eastern Indonesia." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.424105" volumeTitle="New Perspectives in Sponge Biology." year="1990">van Soest 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="442E8C4C19E0536DBA66A5AAA77E5C7A" author="Lim" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lim" refId="B53" refString="Lim SC, Putchakarn S, Thai MQ, Wang D, Huang YM (2016) Inventory of sponge fauna from the Singapore Strait to Taiwan Strait along the western coastline of the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 34, 104–129. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/publications/raffles-bulletin-of-zoology/supplements/supplement-no-34/" url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/publications/raffles-bulletin-of-zoology/supplements/supplement-no-34/" year="2016">Lim et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingCountry id="0CE4731A1C5C614A6A0A1E0A3A2582B2" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B99FB228F7A3709DF564EF32CCF3B6C2" author="Hooper" firstAuthor="Hooper" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pagination="1-626" refId="B41" refString="Hooper JNA (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 40: 1–626. https://biostor.org/reference/105277" title="Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species." url="https://biostor.org/reference/105277" volume="40" year="1996">Hooper 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Commonly found in coral rubble or dead coral and hard substrates. Our specimen was found in the Spermonde Archipelago, the north-west of Samalona Island; reef flat and Gusung Tallang; turbid reef.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:identifier id="63690386D63E72AD8A0B9C3D4C021592" type="ZooBank">B6DB2AC5-8878-471C-876E-207490E3A4D4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="1195CF22CD2C5010AFCD66F785083261" ID-arpha="1195CF22-CD2C-5010-AFCD-66F785083261" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1195CF22CD2C5010AFCD66F785083261" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1195CF22CD2C5010AFCD66F785083261">
<subSubSection id="3A7D329E23F284E60451A3C15BAB6483" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="58377D0DA68C423AF8FB5786CFE50CC4">
<taxonomicName id="BD7FEAA0486CFA21EAD82A51A11B1FDC" authority="(Ridley, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridea" genus="Lissodendoryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schmidti" subGenus="Waldoschmittia">
<emphasis id="7C9B8C8DFD1BFC1CA4BA2CB2C1A8DDB9" italics="true">Lissodendoryx</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="24B7078F73D236CB81F0AE62AAB14A28" italics="true">Waldoschmittia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1E6B1C5B74D20E228694E7AC0C4B19A2" italics="true">schmidti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="664159551B557961F2F0CB983DC9B0FC" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7AA1F4F8D4B34BDF0E3199657777D5C8" type="description">
<paragraph id="2C1ADC79DDB69FD94C0008ACD404CB63">
<figureCitation id="1336B1431064C48AA9E61D3F3818E334" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Lissodendoryx (Waldoschmittia) schmidti (Ridley, 1884) (CEL 079) a SEM images of isochelae b sigma c tylote d oxea." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106235">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIKBG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="79496B793AD314A775E0C81A324604C2">
<heading id="6165EFC882CB15D52B28EF1CFB6C4E41" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1D77F2217BB6E9057256A5854E1C6C1">
Ectosome is formed of tangentially arranged tylotes and ascending bundles in a plumose arrangement. Main skeleton is an irregular reticulation of oxeas, with triangular meshes of spicules. Microscleres are isochelas and sigmas (
<bibRefCitation id="ECFD7FBF026F3B6CB165E35EAD0CDF19" author="Hofman and van Soest" firstAuthor="Hofman" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pagination="77-103" refId="B40" refString="Hofman CC, van Soest RWM (1995) Lissodendoryx species of the Indo-Malayan Archipelago (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 45: 77–103. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/505066" title="Lissodendoryx species of the Indo-Malayan Archipelago (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida)." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/505066" volume="45" year="1995">Hofman and van Soest 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="9E62E92646D4F07B6ADD400D18B6A418" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure13" ID-arpha="C89D62DA-3981-5326-933A-6C40F909881F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106235" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="C8294C5D1CA0A6E3139AA4686A4BB10D">
<label id="1A2DFC1A7A97E40CEA014F6BE1BC6DC3">Figure 13.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3283CDB15EFC9789DB98FECDEB7F234A">
<taxonomicName id="7179B962BD7A961398B4554AB5D02944" authority="(Ridley, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Lissodendoryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schmidti" subGenus="Waldoschmittia">
<emphasis id="4313C717AF057BAD5DA75216D5EF121C" italics="true">Lissodendoryx</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="4B420B51001657D40E613AEA8AC1BDDB" italics="true">Waldoschmittia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C54975977F0BB21714E782540D1BF3B7" italics="true">schmidti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="78BC34AD8997469E1A48F3E4891511F4" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(CEL 079)
<emphasis id="F06F025644C7C77732A55FF87CB79306" bold="true">a</emphasis>
SEM images of isochelae
<emphasis id="D90599656AA64BB9B258BE89A84A603A" bold="true">b</emphasis>
sigma
<emphasis id="E135D9CCA4E51B8C5087E04D362CFBDD" bold="true">c</emphasis>
tylote
<emphasis id="F5466CE9CA79514FE38341400CDD0462" bold="true">d</emphasis>
oxea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVLBG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BD0CB11A2F4A192267EA671712C1E06A">
<heading id="37BD655A230240D1B79786B307B8AF75" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C711B0C853741E38C1AFCC0EC20D627">
This species also known from mesophotic zone. Previously recorded from Cochin-China, East Africa, Hawaii, Red Sea,
<collectingCountry id="FFE2F7ECD852883DF70664D6BB4744B7" name="Seychelles">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
, and South Australia. In parts of
<collectingCountry id="EFE56B0A6E170D7B523109ADAAF1812F" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
it was recorded from
<collectingCountry id="95534D6B6359B22A53ABB5F398482ECC" name="Indonesia">Ternate</collectingCountry>
, Banda Sea, Aru Island (Arafura Sea), Flores, Jedan Island,
<collectingRegion id="D2984454D2329DADFC1CD4F4D4705B94" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">East Java</collectingRegion>
, and Sumba (
<bibRefCitation id="833BB4E89AEC413CC835CA9A10337B8F" author="Hofman and van Soest" firstAuthor="Hofman" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pagination="77-103" refId="B40" refString="Hofman CC, van Soest RWM (1995) Lissodendoryx species of the Indo-Malayan Archipelago (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 45: 77–103. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/505066" title="Lissodendoryx species of the Indo-Malayan Archipelago (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida)." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/505066" volume="45" year="1995">Hofman and van Soest 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen is the first record for the Spermonde Archipelago, Lumulumu Island; reef flat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

136
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<mods:title id="B74B43BCDC737ADA260DEBAEBB107BAD">Preliminary study of marine sponges (Porifera) in the littoral of Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="0693B5E5306A33D15D288EB7831840A9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F0F8C7EAF6B7518E6CE4E95B1B2A3B1F">
<taxonomicName id="59CFFBDD7B693F1E33E223D865710FAA" ID-CoL="763PR" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Paratetilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bacca">
<emphasis id="877E12B44C1FFF27299B223E2F1516D3" italics="true">Paratetilla bacca</emphasis>
(Selenka, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="294A705C6EE7EE48E4804AFE1E5FD5A9" type="description">
<paragraph id="405B209B2BE7F0D4F42B9A64398F27BA">
<figureCitation id="2101981161321FB54311E67D704B3E62" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus in situ of Paratetilla bacca (Selenka, 1867) at Gusung Tallang, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106245">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGHBI" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="2B8B6182B31D1021AF2097F652101F78">
<heading id="D0FE2BB6E2AC099B3F71F241F984015D" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9172AE82CA35EDFE7E9C7A3D517C89E6">
Globular sponges, specimen ≈ 64 ×
<quantity id="9F1ECF9CA1176B037DC3A6451D3B38E7" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
(l × w) in diameter. Porocalices are abundant as circular to oval apertures. Color generally bright yellow when alive with brownish appearance in situ due to algal and sediment cover. Skeleton composed of oxea and triaenes radiating from a central core. Megascleres are oxeas, anatriaenes, and calthrops-like. Microscleres are sigmaspires, C- to S-shaped. A complete redescription of
<taxonomicName id="EA93586DF87F85C7623AF4977E77EBBF" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Paratetilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bacca">
<emphasis id="3E721702398E03553B983613633C38A5" italics="true">P. bacca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was provided recently (
<bibRefCitation id="7E1D0FADC59F0603025FB9FD77CBA2DA" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.791.27546" author="Santodomingo and Becking" firstAuthor="Santodomingo" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="1-46" refId="B78" refString="Santodomingo N, Becking LE (2018) Unravelling the moons: Review of the genera Paratetilla and Cinachyrella in the Indo-Pacific (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Tetillidae). ZooKeys 791: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.27546" title="Unravelling the moons: Review of the genera Paratetilla and Cinachyrella in the Indo-Pacific (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Tetillidae)." volume="791" year="2018">Santodomingo and Becking 2018</bibRefCitation>
). This species had a considerable variation in spicules sizes in the different localities as well as significant intra-specific variation. This variation could be a response to different environmental conditions, a consequence of genetic selection, or synergistic between ecological and genetic factors.
</paragraph>
<caption id="384800D12340123AD71E9C45858C884F" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure23" ID-arpha="E1067627-9AB7-5E75-9DCC-D2E6A70048E9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106245" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="CAB6963EA356BC19424532B67E69DD54">
<label id="98325342BAD70A67999382ED8CC8F443">Figure 23.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="384E666D807FDDE6FE403EDDDE213106">
Habitus in situ of
<taxonomicName id="56A59373F9CE4C0A65EE2A6BB10F29F4" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Paratetilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bacca">
<emphasis id="DCC3ABEDDCDF719702538239E1DB0A3D" italics="true">Paratetilla bacca</emphasis>
(Selenka, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
at Gusung Tallang, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETIBI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2E69038592C3F6CD5DE581B4E6EC2CDB">
<heading id="4A850A1078FE8CCC80112CE61D1113D4" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6993F69E2DD53FA4FED657D6BA93B19C">
<collectingCountry id="E759C2D0A61E9D2B1D2340C9126B14D3" name="Seychelles">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="A8BB642D8452D5563B7222E09197EC27" author="Thomas" firstAuthor="Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Wetenschappen" pagination="1-96" refId="B87" refString="Thomas PA (1973) Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Zoologische Wetenschappen 203: 1–96. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/ [accessed 15-10 - 2019]" title="Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean)." url="http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/" volume="203" year="1973">Thomas 1973</bibRefCitation>
), south-west
<collectingCountry id="FCC430F6633A3A340A8D3D4B460FDA13" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F843BE6383A30AC9F1B01B81310BEF12" author="Vacelet" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Vacelet" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie)" pagination="1-116" refId="B93" refString="Vacelet J, Vasseur P, Levi C (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des récifs coralliens de Tulear (sud-ouest de Madagascar). Mémoires du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle (A. Zoologie) 49: 1–116. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/282220 [accessed 19-04 - 2022]" title="Spongiaires de la pente externe des récifs coralliens de Tulear (sud-ouest de Madagascar). Mémoires du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle (A." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/282220" volume="49" year="1976">Vacelet et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="D0AD19204D85DE30512A56AF79733901" name="Tanzania">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="112FD81A2A2272A0934FB45F66810014" author="Pulitzer-Finali" firstAuthor="Pulitzer-Finali" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “ Giacomo Doria ”" pagination="247-350" refId="B66" refString="Pulitzer-Finali G (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “ Giacomo Doria ” 89: 247–350. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=6217 [accessed 25-05 - 2021]" title="A collection of marine sponges from East Africa." url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=6217" volume="89" year="1993">Pulitzer-Finali 1993</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1C140D00B62FCA4DC1407C8C2A8E61A9" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E7DF648C5ACC9C0BAEB81EEE8A75D236" DOI="10.1017/S002531540705833X" author="Putchakarn" firstAuthor="Putchakarn" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pagination="1635-1642" refId="B68" refString="Putchakarn S (2007) Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom — Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87 (6): 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540705833X" title="Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom - Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." volume="87" year="2007">Putchakarn 2007</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="10BD0E97372DBF7E08A4C40F6D93DAE0" name="Singapore">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2A00DCD67CA65A6F9B4EBCC6DBA69E32" DOI="10.1163/18759866-08101004" author="Lim" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lim" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pagination="55-71" refId="B52" refString="Lim SC, de Voogd NJ, Tan KS (2012) Biodiversity of shallow-water sponges (Porifera) in Singapore and description of a new species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae). Contributions to Zoology 81 (1): 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08101004" title="Biodiversity of shallow-water sponges (Porifera) in Singapore and description of a new species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae)." volume="81" year="2012">Lim et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="CED2B66B08C9037B09D967B9EA980D0F" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6C3FE9D69FA5D42240601826F1612CB7" author="Longakit" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Longakit" journalOrPublisher="Science Diliman" pagination="52-74" refId="B56" refString="Longakit MBA, Sotto FB, Kelly M (2005) The shallow water marine sponges (Porifera) of Cebu, Philippines. Science Diliman 17: 52–74. https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/sciencediliman/article/view/59" title="The shallow water marine sponges (Porifera) of Cebu, Philippines." url="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/sciencediliman/article/view/59" volume="17" year="2005">Longakit et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), and Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation id="0F6F2924C4DC62EA0A7E4333B7563CFE" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.791.27546" author="Santodomingo and Becking" firstAuthor="Santodomingo" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="1-46" refId="B78" refString="Santodomingo N, Becking LE (2018) Unravelling the moons: Review of the genera Paratetilla and Cinachyrella in the Indo-Pacific (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Tetillidae). ZooKeys 791: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.27546" title="Unravelling the moons: Review of the genera Paratetilla and Cinachyrella in the Indo-Pacific (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Tetillidae)." volume="791" year="2018">Santodomingo and Becking 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen was collected from Gusung Tallang Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; turbid environment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

147
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<subSubSection id="1D7351A972C255C97E6CB59DB7EA1AC1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="432B1A68D6A37D469FDD40DD886DBF7F">
<taxonomicName id="D91F9C63948FF91E11D87A064FD026D4" ID-CoL="86WR4" authority="van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020" authorityName="van Soest &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2020" class="Demospongiae" family="Callyspongiidae" genus="Callyspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="johannesthielei" subGenus="Cladochalina">
<emphasis id="F04E10DF43A229369347C1DF2F9E801C" italics="true">Callyspongia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="9C74349454FB6D334D5BF8E13E8D53A9" italics="true">Cladochalina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="8139DFEC2D5F41AB6F19BF09F7852332" italics="true">johannesthielei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F95C2C7FDE962F65A4E157F220A4A6C6" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4745.1.1" author="van Soest RWM &amp; Hooper JNA &amp; Butler PJ" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-93" refId="B97" refString="van Soest RWM, Hooper JNA, Butler PJ (2020) Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms. Zootaxa 4745 (1): 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4745.1. 1" title="Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms." volume="4745" year="2020">van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4F7CD3865013574001119FCCB53293A1" type="description">
<paragraph id="E998EB75292CB50E28A4E8C50E78319A">
<figureCitation id="F669C1A5D4DBCFFADF1FBC7BCBEA3E7D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) johannesthielei van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 a habitus of fresh specimen (photograph by SAP) b skeleton c amphioxeas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106228">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECMAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="800D044BC53EB7F177CC6D222C7E2F0E">
<heading id="1847DC3DC6FA78C4680F8D4314D13426" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="458AB81B12E8EA1497ED0DF56FB62D98">
Lobate form and hard surface with numerous, raised, cone-shaped projections (pointed papillae). Several large oscula between ≈
<quantity id="6F33E5DDA616316817B17996D2590454" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
. Pink to red in living and pale yellow in alcohol. The skeleton is reticulate with a fiber tract. This species was described as
<taxonomicName id="A3C97ABBA8F4543AC6A6E875F5E98CA3" authority="Thiele, 1899" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1899" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Spinosella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="BA8BD487E9FFB496E18938DC0F9EFCFC" italics="true">Spinosella elegans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="29B77618FB9DCF5E720235C2812CFDED" author="Thiele J" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart" pagination="1-33" refId="B85" refString="Thiele J (1899) Studien uber pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie. Stuttgart 24: 1 - 33. http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8296 [accessed 25 - 12 - 2019]" title="Studien über pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie." url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8296" volume="24" year="1899">Thiele, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(junior secondary homonym of
<taxonomicName id="BC2012CA69C9B6073ECAECEFBCE3D18F" authority="(von Lendenfeld, 1887))" baseAuthorityName="von Lendenfeld" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Demospongiae" family="Callyspongiidae" genus="Callyspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegans" subGenus="Cladochalina">
<emphasis id="BCFFE69AC7EF409D5CD9697A5A457658" italics="true">Callyspongia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="BD20C8C3F432C17ECFA2659313808D64" italics="true">Cladochalina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFD6588F9EC677D14524FC00EB2116F2" italics="true">elegans</emphasis>
(von Lendenfeld, 1887 ))
</taxonomicName>
as a large cup-shaped sponge, ≈
<quantity id="2BA28347F523196A93279812731033C2" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
high, hollow along its entire length, a pale brownish color when dry, and with very characteristic pointed papillae, often fused into a cluster of several, on the outer surface (
<bibRefCitation id="1E00E2E23B6BA4ED9D614994DDD0ABBF" author="Thiele" firstAuthor="Thiele" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart" pagination="1-33" refId="B85" refString="Thiele J (1899) Studien über pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie. Stuttgart 24: 1–33. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8296 [accessed 25-12 - 2019]" title="Studien über pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie." url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8296" volume="24" year="1899">Thiele 1899</bibRefCitation>
). The spicules of Thiele’s species were shown as rather thin, short-tipped amphioxeas that are 90–100 µm × 3–5 µm (
<bibRefCitation id="EC8497599335DC4BCEC280891055ED5F" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4745.1.1" author="van Soest" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-93" refId="B97" refString="van Soest RWM, Hooper JNA, Butler PJ (2020) Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms. Zootaxa 4745 (1): 1–93. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4745.1.1" title="Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms." volume="4745" year="2020">van Soest et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2AE6B7E61FF023273532B849854DC6BA">
<label id="1FE66C8C0EC3B2D1F17DA736B64914D0">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DADE9F5634DAD2D8951FE767D25609B7">
<taxonomicName id="A371D80B81475146F1E2E526D19B811F" authority="van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 a" authorityName="van Soest &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2020" class="Demospongiae" family="Callyspongiidae" genus="Callyspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="johannesthielei" subGenus="Cladochalina">
<emphasis id="3BC0AE6CF92996CE39A32CCAE2EDD2D3" italics="true">Callyspongia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="FB37D14CACFC1BE910B6B11DD3AC6EEB" italics="true">Cladochalina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="4522BFA2566ABC346A411818A16C5B4B" italics="true">johannesthielei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B76FD74AF8C75502C77BB45509BD0860" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4745.1.1" author="van Soest RWM &amp; Hooper JNA &amp; Butler PJ" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-93" refId="B97" refString="van Soest RWM, Hooper JNA, Butler PJ (2020) Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms. Zootaxa 4745 (1): 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4745.1. 1" title="Every sponge its own name: Removing Porifera homonyms." volume="4745" year="2020">van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="458C8AEA02C1DC996E7564476EB38251" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus of fresh specimen (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="47FE4397D628B7CE68CD7D771CF5A442" bold="true">b</emphasis>
skeleton
<emphasis id="2272CC9808EA89A42AB0B5DE68DDB86B" bold="true">c</emphasis>
amphioxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKOAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F8BBFB5383A06EB42E2DA62D11B7BEF6">
<heading id="B51A71FDB6FA64F03756BA94FE9DB18D" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1D748DB196B1B88885B0422DCD9F0E3">
Kema Bay (
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ETOAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[125.066667,1.383333]}">
<geoCoordinate id="B4F6576B0DA9B469EAFEBE0253460B2B" degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="1.3833333">1 ° 23 ' N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AF956D513FEFA53B5D935B6DD2751563" degrees="125" direction="east" minutes="04" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="125.066666">125 ° 04 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
),
<collectingRegion id="466717C19E05A0DDCAF11F63889DDE4F" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">north Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="007B6F74C918D0DDBEF3A6ECC409CAC4" author="Thiele" firstAuthor="Thiele" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart" pagination="1-33" refId="B85" refString="Thiele J (1899) Studien über pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie. Stuttgart 24: 1–33. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8296 [accessed 25-12 - 2019]" title="Studien über pazifische Spongien. II. Ueber einige Spongien von Celebes. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie." url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8296" volume="24" year="1899">Thiele 1899</bibRefCitation>
); and north-west of Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat; attached on rock.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="A875D56FBFA566433F098F8CFC7E81DD" italics="true">Halichondria</emphasis>
(
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<figureCitation id="861E206EF0F74730831C68F4E02A69A2" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Habitus in situ of Halichondria (Halichondria) cartilaginea (Esper, 1797) (CEL 025) (photograph by NJdeV)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106239">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="3C3FE93FB13A0FEDBBE838BFBB12959D">
Massive creeping growth form with upright branches (branching). These branches are irregular and form mats covering the substrate. Color bright green, flexible / cartilaginous. This species lives in association with Chlorophyta
<taxonomicName id="19F87EE9AB1695EE7AE6509B5D447E49" authority="(Areschoug) Papenfuss, 1958" authorityName="Papenfuss" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Areschoug" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Boodleaceae" genus="Cladophoropsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Siphonocladales" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="vaucheriiformis">
<emphasis id="2FBED6D779123EC06CE2C1E934B04DB8" italics="true">Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis</emphasis>
(Areschoug) Papenfuss, 1958
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(
<bibRefCitation id="85C701141CD8BCEF67DCF7BA2CAA1CAE" author="van Soest" editor="Rützler K" firstAuthor="van Soest" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pagination="302-308" refId="B94" refString="van Soest RWM (1990) Shallow water reef sponges of Eastern Indonesia. In: Rützler K (Ed.) New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 302–308. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.424105 [accessed 18-06 - 2024]" title="Shallow water reef sponges of Eastern Indonesia." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.424105" volumeTitle="New Perspectives in Sponge Biology." year="1990">van Soest 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Spicules are only oxeas, 125.46–252.45 (191.40) × 4.03–7.40 (5.37) µm.
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<label id="3625F959B2CB506BD7DF125E44D0A957">Figure 17.</label>
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Habitus in situ of
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(
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(CEL 025) (photograph by NJdeV).
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<heading id="8DE61061144B419D2C3DDE430B26AAF0" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
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Currently this species is recorded from
<collectingCountry id="1C7F14F9C35AEE6C2C266D6AFF149657" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6C379AAE8FEFA14B74AF9D97AFF8962D" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="512B2EAD3DE9BBF12E3E3400775330A8" name="Malaysia">Malacca</collectingCountry>
Strait, Banda Sea, and East African Coral Coast. According to the WPD checklist (
<bibRefCitation id="844EAC4672CAB44EB40B4B3EB3733B67" DOI="10.14284/359" author="de Voogd" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="de Voogd" refId="B29" refString="de Voogd NJ, Alvarez B, Boury-Esnault N, Cárdenas P, Díaz M-C, Dohrmann M, Downey R, Goodwin C, Hajdu E, Hooper JNA, Kelly M, Klautau M, Lim SC, Manconi R, Morrow C, Pinheiro U, Pisera AB, Ríos P, Rützler K, Schönberg C, Turner T, Vacelet J, van Soest RWM, Xavier J (2024) World Porifera Database. https://doi.org/10.14284/359 [accessed 02-05 - 2024]" year="2024">de Voogd et al. 2024</bibRefCitation>
), this is the first record from the Spermonde Archipelago, Badi Island; reef flat.
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Live specimen found was white to pale green in color, and grey after preservation. This species habitus is soft, fragile, slick, thin (&lt;
<quantity id="4D81A29A0657C7FEA312C5F510CA50A6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
thick), and has an encrusting basal plate with a complex labyrinthine wall-like pattern. Skeleton structure forming interconnected reticulate fibers with several adjacent spicules. Various of microsymbionts (cyanobacteria) are found inhabiting it. Currently there only two species of
<taxonomicName id="9EBD2D1C62143EC652E714F102CB1161" authorityName="Cook &amp; Bergquist" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C1C30067842B4A52F276B8111CA1F51" italics="true">Lamellodysidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9B5A9E3F0E748E87CB9B5E6E1F293F58" authority="(Keller, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Keller" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="herbacea">
<emphasis id="17FD25281CF1C11B7F9372DF519E0577" italics="true">Lamellodysidea herbacea</emphasis>
(Keller, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="532D7195B306660C8C1863A80E158610" authority="(de Laubenfels, 1954)" baseAuthorityName="de Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chlorea">
<emphasis id="DB536D53D3C2C9CB6C43D4C34A801562" italics="true">Lamellodysidea chlorea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EA1862B7446DFD6A6115484983DE3CD2" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.6516" author="de Laubenfels MW" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Oregon" refId="B22" refString="de Laubenfels MW (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State College, Oregon, 336 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516 [accessed 10 - 09 - 2019]" title="The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific." year="1954">de Laubenfels, 1954</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, both confused with each other.
<taxonomicName id="A9D1188050F8B7ADC02B8185C73D1384" baseAuthorityName="Keller" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="herbacea">
<emphasis id="121FC9CBDEF67C2D6E53DCFAA1B443C3" italics="true">Lamellodysidea herbacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to be common in the sub-intertidal zone of the coral reef, which is exposed to sunlight (
<bibRefCitation id="41B965FD570BF3F08C7361D8181728B0" DOI="10.1017/S002531540705833X" author="Putchakarn" firstAuthor="Putchakarn" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pagination="1635-1642" refId="B68" refString="Putchakarn S (2007) Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom — Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87 (6): 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540705833X" title="Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom - Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." volume="87" year="2007">Putchakarn 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular analysis shows
<taxonomicName id="20E130EA769ABD2F0CAB50D3D5802A98" baseAuthorityName="Keller" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="herbacea">
<emphasis id="7CD8EE684E3E50C10992B75B0F6E98A3" italics="true">Lamellodysidea herbacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a diverse group and consists of several distinct lineages of the alleged single species, and has probably been misidentified in the past with undescribed lineages due to superficial resemblances (
<bibRefCitation id="6D2BD8D73F817034E2C2AB2D438F48C6" DOI="10.1007/s00227-012-1891-z" author="Erpenbeck" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Erpenbeck" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pagination="1119-1127" refId="B33" refString="Erpenbeck D, Hooper JNA, Bonnard I, Sutcliffe P, Chandra M, Perio P, Wolff C, Banaigs B, Wörheide G, Debitus C, Petek S (2012) Evolution, radiation and chemotaxonomy of Lamellodysidea, a demosponge genus with anti-plasmodial metabolites. Marine Biology 159 (5): 1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-1891-z" title="Evolution, radiation and chemotaxonomy of Lamellodysidea, a demosponge genus with anti-plasmodial metabolites." volume="159" year="2012">Erpenbeck et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="74B1F2E7223E57C182CAAF5E0568ABC0" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure24" ID-arpha="88A4C5A9-D9DC-5B97-B782-3C50EE18B7B4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106246" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="106F0C0EB7811EEC88FC41938315C61B">
<label id="3E3717FD9F002C68D2D96919933E3550">Figure 24.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="92D8D9B1E39E1CB55C535E84947DEAB7">
Habitus in situ of
<taxonomicName id="C014E4653DA8BC329EA1FEE2488F1987" authority="(Keller, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Keller" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Lamellodysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="herbacea">
<emphasis id="DED39C94F8A5276B4A4882DA66682CE6" italics="true">Lamellodysidea herbacea</emphasis>
(Keller, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2OBI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="31A1D4B305061F11790BAFA54C283FEF">
<heading id="B17F2769B4122F4D8143517CA7F0FF42" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4340796995A997D0A248FF6017BC64BC">
Our specimen was collected from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat. This species was previously recorded from the Red Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="80B2430B65868DF4F0B240DF522B0EFD" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb00461.x" author="Row" firstAuthor="Row" refId="B73" refString="Row RWH (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904–5. Part II. Non- Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology. 31: 287–400 [pls 35–41]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb00461.x [accessed 19-04 - 2022]" year="1911">Row 1911</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="CEE50D5BECBF59E8C509CE62F03AF6EE" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C5D5A7273808125D80B1DE28175E7F0A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4885.2.10" author="George" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="George" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="277-300" refId="B38" refString="George AM, van Soest RWM, Sluka RD, Lazarus Z (2020) A checklist of marine sponges (Porifera) of peninsula India. Zootaxa 4885 (2): 277–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4885.2.10" title="A checklist of marine sponges (Porifera) of peninsula India." volume="4885" year="2020">George et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="02CA84744CFBE8298EF02B061A77C237" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A1841EA6D5239D2059DA4E4230D4B2C1" DOI="10.1017/S002531540705833X" author="Putchakarn" firstAuthor="Putchakarn" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pagination="1635-1642" refId="B68" refString="Putchakarn S (2007) Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom — Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87 (6): 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540705833X" title="Species diversity of marine sponges dwelling in coral reefs in Had Khanom - Mo Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." volume="87" year="2007">Putchakarn 2007</bibRefCitation>
), the Spermonde Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="4F12C25E95CE85E5BC5E62F97E78DC79" DOI="10.3354/meps309131" author="de Voogd" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pagination="131-142" refId="B28" refString="de Voogd NJ, Cleary D, Hoeksema B, Noor A, van Soest RWM (2006) Sponge beta diversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 309: 131–142. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309131" title="Sponge beta diversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia." volume="309" year="2006">de Voogd et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and the Great Barrier Reef (
<bibRefCitation id="9FC6CB6B59046CD48ABF84C53BEDA0D0" author="Hooper" editor="Hutchings P &amp; Kingsford MJ &amp; Hoegh-Guldberg IO" firstAuthor="Hooper" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne" pagination="170-186" refId="B43" refString="Hooper JNA (2008) Sponges. In: Hutchings P, Kingsford MJ, Hoegh-Guldberg IO (Eds) The Great Barrier Reef Biology, Environment and Management. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 170–186. https://ebooks.publish.csiro.au/content/great-barrier-reef-9781486308200 [accessed 19-06 - 2024]" title="Sponges." url="https://ebooks.publish.csiro.au/content/great-barrier-reef-9781486308200" volumeTitle="The Great Barrier Reef Biology, Environment and Management." year="2008">Hooper 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

132
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<subSubSection id="11CA2091199A665F21DCCE79EE57FA6B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3406D2A7349C332AF87B15FE89F63645">
<taxonomicName id="B235177D4A8B4DF1EB96DCE1847F7690" ID-CoL="4Z73Z" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Spirastrellidae" genus="Spirastrella" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="decumbens">
<emphasis id="10CCAA2757EB5CCB32A22ABC13466AEB" italics="true">Spirastrella</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="06A0E7F58F95B7F939EDADC741C65035" italics="true">decumbens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1CB419BA6423C230E6BAECC9CB66D6F7" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D6F4519A669F16001200D925D2A0D99" type="description">
<paragraph id="BE4D45417F8865CDF1AF973D56B1631E">
<figureCitation id="232B9C70A8C24C9BF12DBD4FC366B74B" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Spirastrella aff. decumbens Ridley, 1884, overgrowing coral skeleton a habitus in situ (CEL 007) from seagrass bed of Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV) b SEM image of tylostyle with c close up of the head d spirasters e spirasters with ornamented rays." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106227">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOHAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="EA5933D67F4A27F70F19615B10FD2364">
<heading id="B21978A5174BDF47DD709DD07BB7D2E1" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CDA9B4FD712C4C69A95736B7C50B5E78">
A thin encrusting sponge with a soft texture and a smooth surface. The living specimens exhibit a salmon-pink or orangish color. The ectosome of the sponge contains numerous microscleres (spirasters), forming the characteristic tangential crust found in this genus. In the choanosome, the megascleres are irregularly arranged tylostyles with well-formed, usually spherical heads (
<bibRefCitation id="24E44EF8DD25BD1DC0FFDA51607F13E3" author="Calcinai" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calcinai" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies (Taipei, Taiwan)" pagination="201-212" refId="B16" refString="Calcinai B, Azzini F, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Pansini M, Thung DC (2006) Boring sponges from Ha Long Bay, Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam. Zoological Studies (Taipei, Taiwan) 45: 201–212. https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.2/201.html" title="Boring sponges from Ha Long Bay, Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam." url="https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.2/201.html" volume="45" year="2006">Calcinai et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen shows spirasters with ornamented rays (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE8745FE7290272EBE28ADD3D308191A" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Spirastrella aff. decumbens Ridley, 1884, overgrowing coral skeleton a habitus in situ (CEL 007) from seagrass bed of Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV) b SEM image of tylostyle with c close up of the head d spirasters e spirasters with ornamented rays." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106227">5 d</figureCitation>
) that are not mentioned in the
<bibRefCitation id="3718E23E8B62CA9C28B987F673184927" author="Calcinai B &amp; Azzini F &amp; Bavestrello G &amp; Cerrano C &amp; Pansini M &amp; Thung DC" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calcinai" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies (Taipei, Taiwan)" pagination="201-212" refId="B16" refString="Calcinai B, Azzini F, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Pansini M, Thung DC (2006) Boring sponges from Ha Long Bay, Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam. Zoological Studies (Taipei, Taiwan) 45: 201–212. https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.2/201.html" title="Boring sponges from Ha Long Bay, Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam." url="https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.2/201.html" volume="45" year="2006">Calcinai et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
report from
<collectingCountry id="6BE9175322006DB967F2261980286B5B" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E89C25E094B6D91781FA4A91259B5033">
<label id="224E933FE34CAFB5E8A3F0EA035BFB28">Figure 5.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BCC98DF4610071BBF7092386822E0A1">
<taxonomicName id="2B31ABEE0B8A714E23F28DED8C577FC3" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Spirastrellidae" genus="Spirastrella" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="decumbens">
<emphasis id="587A574018345F5CFA2E3837851C7F10" italics="true">Spirastrella</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="D15BB12E0FEC7664E792F6D6145E11B4" italics="true">decumbens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1129A126DFD34442FD55B4CAC3981799" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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, overgrowing coral skeleton
<emphasis id="B7B763326BB4EC0BF10A7E7098AD269D" bold="true">a</emphasis>
habitus in situ (CEL 007) from seagrass bed of Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV)
<emphasis id="253C05270DA2FD435D4C2175C23599BA" bold="true">b</emphasis>
SEM image of tylostyle with
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close up of the head
<emphasis id="41A22056B169DAEAA2728EEE35305282" bold="true">d</emphasis>
spirasters
<emphasis id="962B3FF47173909E07B5D9133C68C0E6" bold="true">e</emphasis>
spirasters with ornamented rays.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D66E31EC2ABD872810A156BD4B8AF0B">
<heading id="A73526E7B2BF197A2EF79678212063AB" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2E79BA2F6C299245ABB2190AF5AFE9E">
This species is present in the Australian region,
<collectingCountry id="4D391CFCFF93BA09D6CA614DA68D81C0" name="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, the
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, and
<collectingCountry id="B65FEDCA16EC678D9121C7D0EAAB568C" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. In Indonesia is recorded from
<collectingCountry id="3BA3242217926B41BB4AECAEEBD2DBEE" name="Indonesia">Ambon</collectingCountry>
; this is a first record for the Spermonde Archipelago (Langkai Island; reef flat).
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114
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<emphasis id="8EA9F7DD7A23F09CD90C8D938ED0C69B" italics="true">Clathrina rodriguesensis</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="9459FE5F571328DD8C7762D743BE90B2" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Clathrina rodriguesensis van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2018 from Kudingareng keke Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (Sample CEL 035) a habitus of fresh specimen (photograph by NJdeV) b SEM image of the triactines." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106224">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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<heading id="121B3C283C17003F974511497ED88535" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
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In its natural environment, the species forms a large, encrusting mass composed of wide, closely linked tubes showing little variation in diameter. According to
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, it can spread flatly across wide areas, with the tubes arranged like a ladder. The main tubes often end in an opening slightly raised from the mass. The color is white with shades of blue, grey, or pink, turning pale beige or brown when preserved. Consistency firm and with asconoid aquiferous system. Spicules are only triactines.
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<label id="F5C2FBF323D98BF8F7D5D0250B0CCBB1">Figure 2.</label>
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<paragraph id="1DD0BE93270636CB0A30C57D8DA88F18">
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from Kudingareng keke Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (Sample CEL 035)
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habitus of fresh specimen (photograph by NJdeV)
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SEM image of the triactines.
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<heading id="AC257AE17207DB056A5B71D50701BD95" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
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Previously, this species only recorded from
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). This is first record for
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<treatment id="580ECFDD832C57549E9AA6ABDBBE9262" ID-arpha="580ECFDD-832C-5754-9E9A-A6ABDBBE9262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:580ECFDD832C57549E9AA6ABDBBE9262" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/580ECFDD832C57549E9AA6ABDBBE9262">
<subSubSection id="80A9E942E4772E5AE7BD4612596343E6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BE460769F91F081A2786C79E6085CF84">
<taxonomicName id="0DF478DED6EA105BD666077B92F40C46" ID-CoL="8H7FD" authority="(van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015)" baseAuthorityName="van Soest &amp; de Voogd" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Janusya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubuloreticulosa">
<emphasis id="029D48AAC6F0BA76C41097AFB015C9DC" italics="true">Janusya tubuloreticulosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E2CDF2DF4266EB20BB056B7C3C611251" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest RWM &amp; de Voogd NJ" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1. 1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="591382090967DE8AAE381BCCD2ED6BC3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8C814E5D1FA04845E16200E7A3F88C82">
<figureCitation id="6B0D5BC478BC15AEC41A6E89ECF4FE32" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Janusya tubuloreticulosa (van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015) from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (Sample CEL 001) a habitus in situ at Samalona reefs (photograph by NJdeV) b LM images of spicules, triactines and tetractines (arrows)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106225">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVOAC" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="C4E835FE31B5772B32B05348F61CBB57">
<heading id="54B8881AD80BA4A2952EB4CDE795CB84" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE318A5AB233B8CFF5839D092919EBC4">
An orange flattened mass of short oscular tubes, connected at the substratum by a basal tubular network, the erect tubes maybe divided into one or two side tubes. The walls of tubes are thin with spicules are dominated by triactines. Triactines predominantly equiactinal with size 14.93–120.79 (83.54) × 3.39–6.76 (5.48) µm (
<emphasis id="25C257C7C94D153175EB1BD93CC96B9A" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 20). Tetractines are also not rarely found with size 28.04–103.79 (83.77) × 4.98–5.94 (5.48) µm (
<emphasis id="778097C66A55DE2CCA89A586D827D67F" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 11).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F39DE41838187195F43C546E7FF24098" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure3" ID-arpha="2860775A-1592-588D-B603-A640CA2BBB6F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106225" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="5C77EEF3DEB0C994584679070DD6A5D5">
<label id="B3485DF07A50FE5DB1A893E1C22AFFC4">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18D428B4C268E2A0B94666696FD96F1B">
<taxonomicName id="C49BB8DEBE0F330027FE2A87705DAD24" authority="(van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015)" baseAuthorityName="van Soest &amp; de Voogd" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Janusya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubuloreticulosa">
<emphasis id="81A54C117BEDAD8DD8F3BA0823240C08" italics="true">Janusya tubuloreticulosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="54CA41F5B07D21AC55CC08942F662D92" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest RWM &amp; de Voogd NJ" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1. 1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (Sample CEL 001)
<emphasis id="7145C553D3D953C02A64165DD3C5B457" bold="true">a</emphasis>
habitus in situ at Samalona reefs (photograph by NJdeV)
<emphasis id="2C7FA94B42DCB434D1C7200A0C9B1031" bold="true">b</emphasis>
LM images of spicules, triactines and tetractines (arrows).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2PAC" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="710362CA9CEBD21AD148A1C99E31B7F7">
<heading id="2C617C6FE55D82012285B7930602F551" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7AC64C7D08A6CA6728B2D58A35631B">
Originally reported from
<collectingCountry id="19B6DE44F5A87422F73E691E4B8C7468" name="Indonesia">Ternate</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4B0AEC7E4D675D68854740983A6B6AE8" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
). First record from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="2E07A4E21E78AB466B69F3BD0F964C0F" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9258F4A4B12DE5C949E667E7310051A2">
<taxonomicName id="0CF9CCA354BEC55D2C7A84B7FEFAD470" ID-CoL="76WD9" authority="de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="C6124439AA88781E031B9D2DA524E771" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E6E0DD3D1BA70460FCBB1D0C4F119680" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="EBF972848D7E99EBD1B6E79A89908A57" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A51D08942575752030702B84B14C5E8E" author="de Voogd NJ &amp; van Soest RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193 - 209. https: // hdl. handle. net / 11245 / 1.197534 [accessed 13 - 10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C0ED1C00A655FC42CA4BFA5F6F1E071" type="description">
<paragraph id="B4A82B37E9548F9CF9C254878603BB68">
<figureCitation id="F9E767DCD9E766510EFEFE2850F43F9E" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Petrosia (Petrosia) hoeksemai de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002 a habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b three sizes of oxeas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106234">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYWAG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="683D3A015F7A0B473FE54DD9EEB6FB2B">
<heading id="B40DB3CDB6CFD055419BCAC8B8F16282" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59E1F609C58FE573A679D88E3A4259E6">
The sponge is thick, massive, and encrusting with rugose surface. Color brown outside, cream inside, and turning blackish brown after preservation. Choanosomal skeleton shows pauci-multispicular spicule tracts. Three sizes of oxeas, primary oxeas 182.3–272.9 (219.6) × 10.8–19.2 (14.6) µm (
<emphasis id="FA00B4404FFD785BF4F0EF00CB019D75" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 28), secondary oxeas 126.4–221.7 (173.6) × 6.7–11.4 (8.7) µm (
<emphasis id="E6C813F7F8030531E1E98CDE82730BC5" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 32), and tertiary oxeas 58–123.9 (83.1) × 5.6–10.5 (7.5) µm (
<emphasis id="C1DD163BFF0991C109F57918CDA1F79D" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 28).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99E44E8AA2D18F14E1F1C088F8B149D7">
Seven species of
<taxonomicName id="E8343299D1564B7F9BA376448F48D2D2" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96434D815CA190C69EDF2EA65A4977C0" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported from the Spermonde Archipelago, i. e.,
<taxonomicName id="A0165282E4BB7F88BF034EF11E19A9E8" authority="de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="35ACE85EA7A08912CABA2BB77738A46E" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="85F0C18472BF6D0875B1968123523EE3" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9F4E3CE72450D64E3AE41AD4D377D47" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6332D96DB0C0595805C84852F62F5916" author="de Voogd NJ &amp; van Soest RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193 - 209. https: // hdl. handle. net / 11245 / 1.197534 [accessed 13 - 10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E22C5E5C29A7AE7BAF8ED0E3CFAAAD2B" authority="de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alfiani" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="39D9C414B2AF4CEC0FFC31714ABB0E9F" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="54CD24859FABD896B9856836E19B153D" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74B5CC8F2C2ACB0115E2955975A95CC5" italics="true">alfiani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BD952A9E12560682EB8A08E5ECCADE48" author="de Voogd NJ &amp; van Soest RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193 - 209. https: // hdl. handle. net / 11245 / 1.197534 [accessed 13 - 10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F58F51AC90CEBCC94C39DADA678FD21D" authority="Wilson, 1925" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lignosa" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="A121BC25A20F5647E8DB6B083B3E3B25" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="50A01C672D594DF5712F96BF58CF039D" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="6C45E700F81003DF2599EA2E184D5B36" italics="true">lignosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="59E3B69904937ABA686D2BC852F45EAB" author="Wilson HV" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions" pagination="273-532" refId="B102" refString="Wilson HV (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions 100: 273 - 532. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 21261 [accessed 12 - 04 - 2020]" title="Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer “ Albatross ” during the Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/21261" volume="100" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="30D48B14ADB85393DF6885B524BB7619" authority="Lindgren, 1897" authorityName="Lindgren" authorityYear="1897" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigricans" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="4A6EF103B7039ECE31ED0D7E65838BB2" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B2DE0518009BEEA6A802BEC7F6D07C33" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="788EDB157122042606C9BD66FF8EB40B" italics="true">nigricans</emphasis>
Lindgren, 1897
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3F628DDA13E6EEBC08EDD128D69AD7BF" authority="Wilson, 1925" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plana" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="A8E57E0CC2C2B7C48C4516FD54641792" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="01EBD37FD6F5C13EE277AECEFF75444C" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C2F3FBE9F94F28036F9988E0A45BEF89" italics="true">plana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E1B0AAF4A9C3BCD1A1B31A8C70D9B1FD" author="Wilson HV" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions" pagination="273-532" refId="B102" refString="Wilson HV (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions 100: 273 - 532. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 21261 [accessed 12 - 04 - 2020]" title="Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer “ Albatross ” during the Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/21261" volume="100" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73EBCE1D750576E18F5447B8CA684931" authority="(Wilson, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cortica" subGenus="Strongylophora">
<emphasis id="75CA1CB7C47B202396C5564A5869FD1F" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="D84BE45E279355882F0E8747FB970847" italics="true">Strongylophora</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A5F48DB6A24A21B5C299454D90912362" italics="true">cortica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2ED173F75C848F3A453555112E1219BA" author="Wilson HV" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions" pagination="273-532" refId="B102" refString="Wilson HV (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions 100: 273 - 532. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 21261 [accessed 12 - 04 - 2020]" title="Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer “ Albatross ” during the Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/21261" volume="100" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="13871A502B94A74E1D3BA9014DD04C6D" authority="(Thiele, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylata" subGenus="Strongylophora">
<emphasis id="20520DBBCD79E7033C359D5A20D1C8F7" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="308724E0A2119D9E7BCD836CAC629B21" italics="true">Strongylophora</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B3260FA5EC48DE19B4E0A04BD6D778D3" italics="true">strongylata</emphasis>
(Thiele, 1903)
</taxonomicName>
. Two species were originally described from this area,
<taxonomicName id="C064C0E36BB158D34E5C22ECCDC6D4C0" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alfiani" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="48602D86C113DA59CF2839D1894EF467" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F20B9AAA4B852011FEC8D34D852C7E60" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B65F9309FEF46EA9097CB7054FE10AED" italics="true">alfiani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F9599ED1A894D8FFCB03C8B26DDCD9F9" authority="(de Voogd and van Soest 2002)" baseAuthorityName="de Voogd and van Soest" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="6A64B499BF30183B74C8E93B623D1A40" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1FDDB1F6F258BDAFBA1058D28F547117" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="D4C138077C469B725607E4AD8B006520" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B62FDDD8050003E01C0A6577FB564E0B" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Our specimen shows slightly bigger secondary and tertiary oxeas compare to the
<bibRefCitation id="443100F498755A499E7F8E320C21A983" author="de Voogd NJ &amp; van Soest RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193 - 209. https: // hdl. handle. net / 11245 / 1.197534 [accessed 13 - 10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd &amp; van Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
specimen. Comparison of spicules measurement between Indonesian
<taxonomicName id="8DF2116516274F6CCD8AABA033662AAB" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B085673E3855C278F3D7D44398434786" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen are shown in Table
<tableCitation id="32EF05E74DD75B73CC4C07F4B2900B20" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of spicule measurements (µm) in specimens of Petrosia (Petrosia) and Petrosia (Strongylophora) from Indonesia.">1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C2E4533709DDCFDB27CCA40798345698" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure12" ID-arpha="F0ADF597-899F-5C57-8D7F-D889B761AA10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106234" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="DF0DC492500A899A59BF635F2718AE1D">
<label id="ABB4E9E19DF900789FCCC1F5AA049C7F">Figure 12.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="559F8674CC3C1BF8C6F088DC47E4725F">
<taxonomicName id="9C040015F4C11F0C6AE8C046698654DF" authority="de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002 a" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="10A3406BE61B2E24A5CCCDAE42BC9349" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="5EC85524CD8AD315D70369F55396C6F1" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B74D3669D75B60D87BB31EFB95B2ED11" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AD2201C175D24EAE5BE28A9189FFF351" author="de Voogd NJ &amp; van Soest RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193 - 209. https: // hdl. handle. net / 11245 / 1.197534 [accessed 13 - 10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd &amp; van Soest, 2002</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="3325E115A593DC46FCC303194ED6D8CF" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="E2DBAA01CCFC39C7A73EBBA936A61EDB" bold="true">b</emphasis>
three sizes of oxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F7499F7F9EF87BA0B5069122EE8835D2" startId="T1">
<paragraph id="20371783EA1C0827C09850BA1D6AF11E">
<label id="6490670D7688F7E1E2B904678CCF26C1">Table 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D37CA5BB3DAA86E41F3039BB8401D0A">
Comparison of spicule measurements (µm) in specimens of
<taxonomicName id="B685817D7444468AEB27A31551DB208D" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="F3121958A3236CD3470C8485922C50C8" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B3C735863939D3175084CBE98C1AB758" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="61414756844CA21F1CE9EDE6FC7A2163" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Strongylophora">
<emphasis id="C1975A78190FA720EC84ECAAAF4E51AF" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="41F630E45B4389A59E7D31E5D5AAE4A9" italics="true">Strongylophora</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Indonesia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="02C5CC988D592879CC1483B70578CBE5">
<table id="TID0EZ2DI" rules="all">
<tbody id="DD8992A7FF31E4C038624CBF81EC57AE">
<tr id="C94C7828E655BA6B19108D35F98C1D5A">
<th id="B8EB566F08F842724EDFC1A1D12137EB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th id="008A26F77B705B3D422E2DDBD6B4D856" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Oxeas / Strongyles 1</th>
<th id="4C6FDF2A19AE0D39885011DF48C0AC3A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Oxeas / Strongyles 2</th>
<th id="C3B02B0341F99846CBF868CED814D4CC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Oxeas / Strongyles 3</th>
<th id="322D1445DEBE22B402B96CAD7EA05A23" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr id="95C917EE6B852523583D5F7767E356A1">
<td id="37CDEC064ECEFD274A48DCFC9C15B595" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8EBCBC94D1D12DA2B7D1B839EDF0DD4F" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="629A1F03CCA8FBF55CF121808B8B5C8A" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="EA3C39E4E4845C04F78E425570BD2CB3" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="93C5FEF9FC5E87E8962AA6C27ABA6D0A" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="9BE30D18D85BCBB659CAE77038DB0BB8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">182.3–272.9 × 10.8–19.2</td>
<td id="DFDC3918B6BBD0F3B9E9ED00ABAB5120" colspan="1" rowspan="1">126.4–221.7 × 6.7–11.4</td>
<td id="BB48CE544EE5DA6ED02A198DFE324FDF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">58–123.9 × 5.6–10.5</td>
<td id="D6E7D11C2F08B5E5AE5D9745A8EC3350" colspan="1" rowspan="1">This study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A9C893F71A2CB26412B46694DEE8D5E9">
<td id="99E65FA2002C5B4A71A74EE4D9ACEF0C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="819732557FC00917B6B49A5E900A2960" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoeksemai" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="3F96C5843011285301DF6744989A3740" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F6773060846697A42B263D53E28EF45A" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="263FF0115EC18BF9A3900D137CE1F687" italics="true">hoeksemai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="7A846E4920F489905808E87902C6DB12" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240–305 × 10–20</td>
<td id="34C4E536BB79C5032D2C3AB6F2FE2F4D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">90–130 × 7–12</td>
<td id="008A8F9BE65EEF814473F160A1133AC9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">40–75 × 5–9</td>
<td id="16E85E2581CE9F06E613A5073E617A83" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="AE8A06F242CAF015C0623CE4F6D50E64" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FAE26FC02124EE06A9998C0D4E5892">
<td id="77270F10CC50469C87A65F49F2A8F4A8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="72D1EECB5ACD4D60111A6CEAFA1204FA" authorityName="de Voogd &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alfiani" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="39D5A106F545D3241D1D728A4932DF09" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="090ECF44CD97B3F3F85C972453EB954E" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="9739AA628F5C90D487BC9553674F7898" italics="true">alfiani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2D9871C7BE2D1F709E1576B8F1C76729" colspan="1" rowspan="1">183–253 × 10–15</td>
<td id="ACD0DE6FEF3D4FB804378396E4C39066" colspan="1" rowspan="1">106–153 × 7–14</td>
<td id="6F7F0AF5D0D0997217FABD50F650E238" colspan="1" rowspan="1">60–70 × 6–7</td>
<td id="BE50AD33C42E37ECB54AB3E527F77F07" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="BF1B6D0400F8505F11F85A4E3FCD8B68" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDA2E83798DAE45F406E71ED2C56D0A3">
<td id="CF40342849786ED8F84FB2183DE13B2F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="36340766CF3BF8A0FC88F28E37449EBC" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lignosa" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="E21E61093BBA9BF906C43769713E56DB" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CE5E245C96BDAC047178D88CC0167A76" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="71F85B0CA93DD9B025F96303DCE5E1BF" italics="true">lignosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="48CD9D04275C6074CA10774F9276BBE1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">230–300 × 14–18</td>
<td id="8B9CFBA65F15ECE7E2E689A4CDDF1FAE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">75–150 × 10–13</td>
<td id="189DB86214F136C0B5F2EA1DAEEB7A0F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">35–65 × 7–10</td>
<td id="086AD9AA7C08DFB33ECA55616EEEF75C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="37A71C9B24D4BFE4763222022AF7ACE8" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1ABF5533183582F9746023640A805229">
<td id="5C56B0C4D6140219E7F8D60E0AE478C4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="51B2E82CD0021CC6E8C52A8DB6581CD3" authorityName="Lindgren" authorityYear="1897" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigricans" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="CB5B29DCDFF42686B8D51E6C24EF0F12" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="674498EAE902FA77CCA8AD06B6DCF0E7" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="91BA7E9179ED2B6DC8B452993AD0F67F" italics="true">nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="167F46D41244E2C79984FF6F6CABE369" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240–305 × 8–16</td>
<td id="D1D93FD81B1677D720DE817C1EDF79AF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">120–188 × 9–10</td>
<td id="92936356BEB2BEFBE8DC79E6B5512A42" colspan="1" rowspan="1">57–85 × 5</td>
<td id="BE7A6B34E81CD9A019232AAFA418ACAA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="E428EB11271308B03AB534793C4D3452" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3739C5ADC9AFF9F45E7C9F732FBBF1E2">
<td id="F76812EAEC000B6598BA38F2E21ECE9A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="FD4F8E66EE6637FBC8918867A410A581" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plana" subGenus="Petrosia">
<emphasis id="71FBC79E88EFDB90B640461675576A8C" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C488CA1518EFFB06E5B88C4EA9F7F5D0" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="D7FEC54EFE9E526A56917DAA861B377D" italics="true">plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="3B7206B05AB47BFC39AB57A56A08A9FB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">190–290 × 7–14</td>
<td id="86518F5AA85A03664FFC17E6452392A0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">95–130 × 7–9.5</td>
<td id="8215135B4E976C77BD15A954547DCC13" colspan="1" rowspan="1">43–75 × 5–9</td>
<td id="9480753FF48803E4C77CB68FC649F3AC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="A169A060D137036CFF7FF1185FF98A3E" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CFDAE59A03ECBD1C44DE496E7700992B">
<td id="5532CF949200E907E89DA0E955B97360" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9C1EFC2C196456D67D021FD8F8961EB4" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cortica" subGenus="Strongylophora">
<emphasis id="7134B5832514E690B8F2D864290F894E" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BEF28064D79C017B32A69D98778E6F8" italics="true">Strongylophora</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="206765878A962308312D99A017E18880" italics="true">cortica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="34480953E3FD744E6F3BD98F7912F134" colspan="1" rowspan="1">300–360 × 11–14</td>
<td id="B626461F8AFFBB9A395676211EBA31F7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">80–200 × 11–14</td>
<td id="2F35A17E387743CB2A9BB8358DCF58F0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21–50 × 3–9</td>
<td id="13D74409594EDDD1F8EC60EB59BA7C63" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="04C51BFB8109E9FB4EB7676CA73689EB" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B0CB2261DC1BFE01A4EE0DCA60040CDE">
<td id="D0B3E80A6DE4161EB72538570DB96290" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="48E067F7E7995A01C7E07981FE99E9E5" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Petrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylata" subGenus="Strongylophora">
<emphasis id="24B21D726A59E0C51969C3FB6017D136" italics="true">Petrosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B59045AA35E9E84C24FE9AE5C48D5BE6" italics="true">Strongylophora</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="776A7EE3A93F1BAF2E5DE1E96C3E7B4B" italics="true">strongylata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="92489B5D877E9D836779BDC4B549E83F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">326 × 18</td>
<td id="EC601ACFDE2FAD56CBD82B9BF5F0F9CB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">95–145 × 10–12</td>
<td id="BDDAF670C506F247013206B8564DF660" colspan="1" rowspan="1">44–60 × 8–12</td>
<td id="F7346C4FD4A6BEA54BED0889C43B0533" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="3345ECC152D1B5647F8ACC5C5393320E" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHHBG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BDD679115B9C08A86DD3F4E397D03ABD">
<heading id="255E02CB57BBE3517C449FAC13AC1580" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="16146E1331FC346E82EE980872BBC203">
Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago, attached vertically; reef flat; also reported from
<collectingRegion id="0B3C780EE887F30A249E83586675F330" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">north Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="58586EC131A4F456FCCA25D2F8CA227E" author="de Voogd and van Soest" firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pagination="193-209" refId="B26" refString="de Voogd NJ, van Soest RWM (2002) Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 76: 193–209. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534 [accessed 13-10 - 2019]" title="Indonesian sponges of the genus Petrosia Vosmaer (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)." url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.197534" volume="76" year="2002">de Voogd and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

189
data/61/6D/3B/616D3B6367EF51868AE5F96673DA990F.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
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<mods:title id="CC077520BB0568DF9D6D9306FA10B189">Preliminary study of marine sponges (Porifera) in the littoral of Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0C6CF72496FD78D10C8F33B301954C0F">Putra, Singgih Afifa</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="616D3B6367EF51868AE5F96673DA990F" ID-arpha="616D3B63-67EF-5186-8AE5-F96673DA990F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:616D3B6367EF51868AE5F96673DA990F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/616D3B6367EF51868AE5F96673DA990F">
<subSubSection id="9E471B394C3D4C53CE5303BBCED6110B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="552EE6EA4279CD79206485FF4FD762C4">
<taxonomicName id="DD641D9FD7265EA3B43A5AB56C5B63BA" ID-CoL="6KXHV" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegantia" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="BA0AE451C13A19244E4DECDAAF358603" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="17236ED98CEB380DC79C2138DC33CD5B" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="FD31BA89392E895DD90D6311E8624849" italics="true">elegantia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CD82363A92F7DCA28BC72C608AFD84E7" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4E9264CAC963A83817F34E00F28D347" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D31EA05B8AE7C9385E7F50A3E6A1B31">
<figureCitation id="5B0F5AA20518CA6B59C9992A70BFC1BB" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Habitus in situ a Haliclona (Soestella) elegantia (Bowerbank, 1875) at Kayangan Island, the Spermonde Archipelago b Haliclona (Soestella) sp. 1. at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago c Haliclona (Soestella) sp. 2. at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (all photographs by SAP) d two sizes of oxeas and sigmas of Haliclona (Soestella) elegantia e Haliclona (Soestella) elegantia spicules reticulation f Haliclona (Soestella) sp. 2. spicule reticulation." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106231">Fig. 9 a, d, e</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EI5AE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="2CE837DFC01B2B8FA496DF9DEE5EAFBD">
<heading id="4EE765ABBDC5348ED7125FBE9F972DD2" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73E6FE2BFD3928DD029BDC06CF1C4EA9">
Small specimen (l × w × h; 46 × 34 ×
<quantity id="C8DD813631A2EF306FEEBD5AC457202C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
) and fragile, found growing in turbid water near the coastal city of Makassar. Massive shape with large oscula (
<quantity id="2252C86926EBE7344157BCAEB3933EB9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
in diameter). Color in life deep blue and pale white in alcohol. The choanosomal skeleton is paucispicular tracts. Spicules are oxeas, larger oxeas 163.9–196.2 (163.9) × 7–9.9 (8) µm (
<emphasis id="267330DA585944237884CAF324AA06D0" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 20) and thin oxeas 92–156.1 (127.5) × 0.8–5.7 (3) µm (
<emphasis id="7AAB452BC4C9321AD1513CB665B63D61" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 26). Microscleres are sigmas. The subgenus
<taxonomicName id="B38A00337788F06ED4F28996C1123FB8" authorityName="de Weerdt" authorityYear="2000" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="12285E690C466E614D3BCEB63EBE4568" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="83CBBD8E7CDDEC0D3AA789E2EAF2E1F6" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
consists of 25 species, and only
<taxonomicName id="2755B87F882C3A06E27D24714D060324" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegantia" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="0040C1B44FC6DD001C0293EBFF49525E" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="FFECFFD4C376F59C19D86D00249F396A" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A7C68E3E24DCAB8ACE2F6140189620D6" italics="true">elegantia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is registered from the marine ecoregions of Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation id="4A35C9AFEF265853154B6FF21C6B91F7" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" author="Putra" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Putra" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-74" refId="B70" refString="Putra SA, Ambo-Rappe R, Jompa J, de Voogd NJ (2023) Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820–2021): Checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa 5298 (1): 1–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" title="Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): Checklist and bibliography." volume="5298" year="2023">Putra et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). This species is poorly studied; in fact, we have found no studies after its original description. Bowerbank’s description did not include an illustration, but the specimen was described as of small appearance and small spicules (short and stout) with fragile and elegant uni-, bi-, and tri-spiculous reticulation on the dermal structure (
<bibRefCitation id="9C7F724496C07F1BA7F2DB36C5B3CEE3" author="Bowerbank JS" firstAuthor="Bowerbank" page="286" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281–296. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank 1875: 286</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C9BFAA3FBD642787A37CDDD043F1F1" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure9" ID-arpha="4EF330C3-5A26-5A1D-BA22-9177F6C3D31F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106231" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="480FEDA0A3469CE98E923AD8C885DDF8">
<label id="A8A18383FFEE2D1FC1E295D7206E7A36">Figure 9.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="952AE20A523B18714F3BA66BE218E397">
Habitus in situ
<emphasis id="6F258C60FCFC3D4C25E87F2A17875A78" bold="true">a</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="593B92BF5A691CF0B5F9E7A29CFBE4C7" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegantia" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="1F50A6A0F7384146EB7825FC2FF8A0F1" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DE8D5FB9F539FAF398A38EE0C96F5F9A" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="86BE0BBA8E652516D30EDC855F765719" italics="true">elegantia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B9C51D8BC3B02AB1AB355CA992547ACE" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
at Kayangan Island, the Spermonde Archipelago
<emphasis id="B0DC6A44D859FD1DF92D9232F42449B1" bold="true">b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B6BC40B6A5AE305BCCECA9E52273EFD2" authorityName="de Weerdt" authorityYear="2000" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="BE45A5CF2818232659B1DAD6072D49DE" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E39998F8E7A0DD77FACD857AB8E1CB63" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1. at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago
<emphasis id="E7353830E54417E23719869064CEAF4C" bold="true">c</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4A98983C06CE47AA2A6237A235D0146" authorityName="de Weerdt" authorityYear="2000" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="C14AB089A8EFF9B4F1304C2F63C20A70" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="8CB0987A2DEFB06131E3E39BE9340ECF" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2. at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (all photographs by SAP)
<emphasis id="E6A1D4FFECB71B1897AD51B238850589" bold="true">d</emphasis>
two sizes of oxeas and sigmas of
<taxonomicName id="B3813EED64977E082AABF895AEBBA2A1" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegantia" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="5D129A814149FBF869529806DBDD42D5" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AA522E3B7F645B34A556D6FD9C594A58" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="3A75969503B11CEC8D1E32E53EB55819" italics="true">elegantia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="35EC2C82C5158D990FE986D4F1546A32" bold="true">e</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8E6F34895DE48BA8BB35D8805974B327" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegantia" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="D7E34A3176155F14A4370F0EEC8A62B7" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DC189364CA08D2FC820E650A1A2DD979" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="044F2EF1C342960B8ECAA53874A41C36" italics="true">elegantia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spicules reticulation
<emphasis id="AB093F3B8BA958A4D15945604D3C4EF9" bold="true">f</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EF897CC72BFA79A0AEECE33C50F5D8" authorityName="de Weerdt" authorityYear="2000" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="874800355A1770A9A5C0A4CD676B8F77" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C128FEE938A776193228AFF5976B94BA" italics="true">Soestella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2. spicule reticulation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYCAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D4C97C823DF9544B9667056DA0C6F24E">
<heading id="127F4AE5F80ABA86BDD9AA81A094D8B7" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CB61758C076FDBF7994E82BC79650C5">
Previously recorded from
<collectingCountry id="9F23B46705F3E2E461EC7F12EF779D11" name="Malaysia">Malacca</collectingCountry>
Strait (
<bibRefCitation id="5ED873A9B589DC628F3A4C00188E309A" author="Bowerbank" firstAuthor="Bowerbank" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281–296. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank 1875</bibRefCitation>
). This is the first record for the Spermonde Archipelago (at Kayangan Island, and Gusung Tallang Island; turbid environment).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

128
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<treatment id="65A51917C90B55C692216136633AA2EC" ID-arpha="65A51917-C90B-55C6-9221-6136633AA2EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:65A51917C90B55C692216136633AA2EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/65A51917C90B55C692216136633AA2EC">
<subSubSection id="5C5170FC652B9F457F8A4C52A9295F8E" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6A9F0460E22C529B6A0CA780A7E35862">
<taxonomicName id="283EA723F9171DF3E5505715C2089713" ID-CoL="6MWKW" authority="(Dendy, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="9194CC851733C2A8EC8E55BEFEEA42E8" italics="true">Ircinia schulzei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86754361D5B6CA8E0BD039A7F3B195DA" author="Dendy A" refId="B32" refString="Dendy A (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. In: Herdman WA (Ed.) Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. 3 (Supplement 18). Royal Society, London, 57 - 246 [pls I - XVI]. https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7402 [accessed 18 - 09 - 2020]" url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7402" year="1905">Dendy, 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FCB352AAF0243284CE35717752D7BF00" type="description">
<paragraph id="2045D7AAA366580C9DD6E24FAAE6B4A0">
<figureCitation id="E5486EF08ADA61F69E93056340D646D0" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Habitus in situ of Ircinia schulzei (Dendy, 1905) at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106247">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EURBI" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="DFA042DEBB17733D4273B204F6C36D7D">
<heading id="CF5BC64DF3316AE102C8933A68010D9B" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F2BB512953D4C618DAB32C298D91AEF">
Specimen attached to hard substrate, cylindrical with irregular short or club-shaped branches and rugose surface. Color in life is pale green and pale white in alcohol. Small oscula are found in every branch, sometimes on the tip. Skeleton is laminated fiber.
<taxonomicName id="417D8F7A9A937448DF72154D9B9AACC4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Irciniidae</taxonomicName>
are massive, or occasionally encrusting, sponges that display a wide range of forms, e. g., caliculate, lamelliform, lobate, and digitate. The species of
<taxonomicName id="FF9092220367CC159F296625AFC964B8" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1833" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="589AD445EB442A684175976E8D6BF074" italics="true">Ircinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are pithed and laminated with primary and secondary fibers (
<bibRefCitation id="7F3202703DA406070A9AD5075F9817DF" DOI="10.1080/00288330.1999.9516899" author="de C. Cook S &amp; Bergquist PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research" pagination="545-563" refId="B21" refString="de C. Cook S, Bergquist PR (1999) New species of dictyoceratid sponges from New Zealand: Genus Ircinia (Porifera: Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 545–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1999.9516899" title="New species of dictyoceratid sponges from New Zealand: Genus Ircinia (Porifera: Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida)." volume="33" year="1999">de C. Cook and Bergquist 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C2B19B64522A83213CC4E0A1EB5DDD32">
<label id="4D7268EFB902F11E0D6C533CEB0780C9">Figure 25.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7546BBCDDFB18C2202FF98AC3FD3E8DB">
Habitus in situ of
<taxonomicName id="D20F6829A34AF298ADD06C8DA0DBED00" authority="(Dendy, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="1EAE2C226E67AFCBB6229218FBFB8E9A" italics="true">Ircinia schulzei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2C974F3C24A8AA0034BA38338561514E" author="Dendy A" refId="B32" refString="Dendy A (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. In: Herdman WA (Ed.) Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. 3 (Supplement 18). Royal Society, London, 57 - 246 [pls I - XVI]. https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7402 [accessed 18 - 09 - 2020]" url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7402" year="1905">Dendy, 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP).
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECTBI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C9C37BCB0BC0EFA010EB72AFC7FC07A4">
<heading id="23E5E3550C1F1D7DD5095538E811BC73" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F359376A1150D9B8EB3E91A6C9FEEE0">
<taxonomicName id="FEFE48C2B733FDC5ED4674024CBD83C9" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="70A72043B4023B7D5DFE92596261AE8B" italics="true">Ircinia schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first described from
<collectingCountry id="7895E96D05FBC58C8F3D6696F13268DD" name="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="8B0B33BFC9B7C4C1D0E046E6453B5503" name="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
today;
<bibRefCitation id="1F9D1342075340CB1B79BC71E60028D6" author="Dendy" firstAuthor="Dendy" refId="B32" refString="Dendy A (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. In: Herdman WA (Ed.) Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. 3 (Supplement 18). Royal Society, London, 57–246 [pls I – XVI]. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7402 [accessed 18-09 - 2020]" url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7402" year="1905">Dendy 1905</bibRefCitation>
). A previous record from
<collectingCountry id="06255C047E75A2894D91A3FE61E18B2D" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E53EFD0109EF1220C058ED4F8F1DEC45" DOI="10.1017/S0025315498000769" author="Pulitzer-Finali and Pronzato" firstAuthor="Pulitzer-Finali" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pagination="593-607" refId="B67" refString="Pulitzer-Finali G, Pronzato R (1999) Horny sponges from the north-eastern coast of Papua New Guinea, Bismark Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79 (4): 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315498000769" title="Horny sponges from the north-eastern coast of Papua New Guinea, Bismark Sea." volume="79" year="1999">Pulitzer-Finali and Pronzato 1999</bibRefCitation>
) and this new record in the Spermonde Archipelago shows that the species could be widespread in the Indo-Pacific region. Our specimen was found living between an anemone and other sponges on top of a rock in the reef flat of north-west of Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago.
</paragraph>
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<mods:namePart id="D908B7FD45439E845E0280E7FBBE8241">Liu, Haoyu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3FA23F9E8B4F84A13EDA908F5EAEC92E">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="043683D56FB19D77396D6D80B8CEAEF8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FAD14521910032477C6C65A44875F566">
<taxonomicName id="8AC48BA5B8D65254C4F67911923792A2" authority="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityName="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expansus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="16A3759F538BBB52637794AF62C9B905" italics="true">Macrolycus expansus</emphasis>
Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C8ECB19F868E331EA826FBDB3B3010B5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3AF6EC742D109E68547E7358CE72EDF" type="description">
<paragraph id="1EC2A7616D68EEEED46A12EEFED98086">
<figureCitation id="31A09D0E196A3FAE92B14D8FB36A27B3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">Figs 3 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BF9657C65BB167A92A2B8ABFC963DAE7" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 D – F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ERKAE" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1219212007CD5BD9C84641DB6EE451EF">
<heading id="F4EDD06DCC017456E6364F9E3F6E969E" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F28F724D3F7AFDBB4AC543363504997">
The species resembles
<taxonomicName id="B45CE0D1EFEB7A0E124DACEF0276DB48" authority="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="F6DB2DC9DDFD4DE834470DB27BA8259D" italics="true">M. guangxiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5CDC7778935CFE1F3347E1910EB087C6" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li Y &amp; Bocak L &amp; Pang H" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">
Li, Bocak &amp; Pang,
<quantity id="A032586AD6A717487FF8D4853C7B7568" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1181" unit="in" value="2015.0">2015 in</quantity>
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the general shape of the phallus, but differs in the longer lamella of male antennomere III, 0.9 times as long as the joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7F7D7E37E033955FAF4B4126CB597C90" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
); phallus with subapical part strongly inflated laterally in ventral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9B76D5A2DFAD99896A3C7C65D1E88EE3" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 E</figureCitation>
), apical part strongly expanded ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AB5B3E2CAFCDDE57BB9DF8BB89BBB594" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 F</figureCitation>
). In comparison, in
<taxonomicName id="1CF257D04B6258B63277532824B6E3B8" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="A75927AC7125851006855D41A28E725C" italics="true">M. guangxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lamella of male antennomere III is shorter and 0.7 times as long as the joint itself (
<bibRefCitation id="AE44E79A6A755F6C70519BD161DF6E31" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Li" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 45), the subapical part of phallus is moderately inflated laterally in ventral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1569E8906D1A9AA2AF7D083A8A91B328" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 B</figureCitation>
), and the apical part is moderately expanded ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="264ABEDA51D7AE9781C06B0DCE693476" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFMAE" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2056DD560DA3F996FD9D923A620C3202">
<heading id="2BFE189D1839BF63713978DE9A1556E9" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6FB9E8437D460033E03D353F28B2A468">
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<taxonomicName id="1CEBE70D206FCCE29EC62C71051440DF" authorityName="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expansus">
<emphasis id="CDF4353C86A200DA9D4043F4A232D387" italics="true">expansus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(to expand), referring to its strongly expanded subapical part of the phallus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVMAE" type="type material">
<paragraph id="905FA3DE42A3B4C1909F10F3EA185F6D">
<heading id="2BDDB4C78A8E6294D42B99C122ACE6EF" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CBAAB63337458D6F6A62251AD274BDC">
<materialsCitation id="E0F61BFB19D8E29E7ECAC4EBB2E86AE1" collectingDate="2007-07-29" collectionCode="IZAS" collectorName="L. K Tan." country="China" location="Zhejiang" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Zhejiang" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="E943B5476B57626FE325A3588C4DADEC" bold="true">
<emphasis id="1B2D9E4E2529C72CF8E77E5F4065BDE6" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="AE5B4A6E6B8DFBD1F37E9033DAF56780" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="80991A50D43CACFCA04F9AFE7D9FFDBB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="7E273B190F48D197A75863454824979B" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
<named-content id="3DCC7AB1F12C6C6BFC3B5ED08CB33B57" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/institute-zoology-chinese-academy-sciences" xlink_title="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China">
<collectionCode id="7108A5595A723F4E0BD3E8B3DD15B8C6" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/043p-ts4f" name="Institut Zoologii Akademii Nauk Ukraini - Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" type="">IZAS</collectionCode>
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),
<collectingRegion id="ED63D0B866122ED74D325947453DC13D" country="China" name="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
, Longquan, Fengyangshan,
<date id="A07C1FA3F58959E4C7A812F745AA2853" value="2007-07-29">
<collectingDate id="44AD929B93456459BCDCF6B94C97269A" value="2007-07-29">29. vii. 2007</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="68474A3FB342A8D96FEDCF80B000318E">L. K Tan.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFNAE" type="description">
<paragraph id="B4F82FAF342B7FF1EF7FAEF018337DC9">
<heading id="68D8DF2CB0F73E22D9DE782977F68510" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E3B8EE9ADEC9CDB2504BF622A197BF6">
<emphasis id="6374C94325285639B10422FF4D1594DE" bold="true">Male</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="AE27A3EB29593E6205CDDE3C914E8854" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
). Length
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, width at humeri
<quantity id="5BDCB1A4A63FE785CF78446E60CEC6AF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B354A7147916F12770B0EC4EBF92B9D">
Body black. Pronotum, elytra and scutellum dark red. Surface covered with decumbent red pubescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CD23AEE59C92C1F933BA7198ECA91B2B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF3354B4507D5A13638F4ABA2600A87A">
Eyes small, interocular distance about 1.6 times greater than eye diameter. Antennae flabellate, overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Antennomeres III – XI lamellate; lamella of III 0.9 times as long as joint itself and rounded apically; lamellae of IV – XI pointed at apices, lamella of IX longest, 3.9 times longer than joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A123D3485E234129DAE1879568630D1D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7CCC8F1AD9129B74EC673616BB137C3">
Pronotum square, 1.2 times wider than long. Anterior margin widely rounded and projecting anteriad, lateral margins feebly sinuate and posterior margin bisinuate; anterior angles confluent with anterior margin, posterior angles sharp and moderately projected. Scutellum trapezoidal, feebly emarginate at apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F55D3CB934CB9C5EA111C521BAD03788" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679398BB0781221A736625669EBD790">
Elytra 3.9 times longer than humeral width. Costae I and III weak but visible along its length, IV as strong as II (Fig.
<figureCitation id="169458C99DEF50F8C68336A6C46169F4" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5546F58D73FE3B4DC32C14A42B60404">
Phallus slender (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CD9C929A7524A9F5D5F5B9C28F3527ED" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 D – F</figureCitation>
), basal part stout and distinctly narrowed towards middle in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="605DF33F96946D7F9B78899EB8C5E7C9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 D, E</figureCitation>
), subapical part strongly and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about 2.8 times as wide as basal part, with an oval ventral-cavity, apical part nearly parallel-sided, apex with a deep V-shaped notch, about 0.19 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 3 part stout and curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD64A3983E13DAD3196934C7F8B5AD32" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 F</figureCitation>
), subapical part moderately inflated ventrally, apical part distinctly expanded ventrally, with a tapered lamella.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXOAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5D604A1C625854819B30C076C2AC2F07">
<heading id="FF45A228A192608F5A5C59C39A6E8969" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB06E1ED26067A089106E12DADAA620F">
<emphasis id="AB2C1A7CD1C39CD8A57683A8A6AA6AA4" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="9B69216E9706C6E7DBD18CA3E0561E3B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group in the world." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106280">2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="B57FAC51792749E3A7A0517479C8C184" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="180E89EE756946F7AEFB9483F61B94C5" country="China" name="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:namePart id="852E92839A547961318E80F32ED4A698">Du, Ruolan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D8EEA9C86B3F715E2FED5BD77F4AACB">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="80CE5A6B135DB0FB0F04A84B7706F3EB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8837E80BD764EF72439B5B98DF4033E9">
<mods:roleTerm id="6BCDF93D5B892E0D255D1D2CB3838115">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="648726CC800F7F2B9844DED619905856">Yang, Yuxia</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8AFB3B576D222542D24E56E5FE22CC15" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3118-6659</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="103043B8F268FE3C140A4919143CE8C6">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9335451A27812A30F0CA851FFDD0D1CE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2649C837B9B183EED463169F69E0DAF8">
<mods:roleTerm id="5EA32C67F507170B80B4DA207AB18BC5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5A33A05F41A6BC7A91620954D4CA0B37">Yang, Xingke</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FEE3B1DC80196BE5B07958914DBCEBF1" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3676-6828</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D73BA08F69C79D340AF0EE875005B1BE">Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D8660407DCFA4B0FC02CD671AF7AB2E8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0DFEDF78C609C44D7C0F8C5CD80E28E5">
<mods:roleTerm id="A01CF18A29957F81272BEA3FF6EA5D51">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E895E99EADEF91319D1E0BF4FC25E126">Liu, Haoyu</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="545F2F31E41C3A5FA541B75E198BA5BA" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1383-5560</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9E8413497AFE426EFE1C7541B14D9FF7">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:part id="E41CB88ABA5E9F3D9501FAE4C988D010">
<mods:date id="B8CA4E7F117F595D6F8DD5985FF56016">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="29AD593CCF4113A7E70D38C6A6BDE586" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B4125E2ED7340FE7D5AB4F8E268B0D68">2024-08-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="60B9E55E1DD7FA57C523851226886AEE">1208</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="425A455FEDE6AC14766B342E3EDBB4BF">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="60183EF3A495381A401F118DCA50BF01" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="776D4899C693DC742BD8A98320AE29D3" type="ZooBank">48F428DA-4F53-4B37-AA3A-608A19B5F7D4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="8C86DBAB936D5296BAD2F8A9882D7798" ID-arpha="8C86DBAB-936D-5296-BAD2-F8A9882D7798" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/559D7E0F-0505-4958-A098-D8D381CD8480" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:559D7E0F-0505-4958-A098-D8D381CD8480" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:559D7E0F-0505-4958-A098-D8D381CD8480" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C86DBAB936D5296BAD2F8A9882D7798">
<subSubSection id="A8B9AE4A4E0A4731BE5967F186AAA378" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="69BA7225949A00B47EBD6A2EAD23F51D">
<taxonomicName id="20EA907EA993851E5E05F89CFC88FA1C" authority="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityName="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacipennis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="60C6261946971A33608680F4D1217132" italics="true">Macrolycus opacipennis</emphasis>
Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1B6651083A1927DEB5D5CC1EB2D595A" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7E7BE9463924AC7CB3656176258ECAB7" type="description">
<paragraph id="587D7A5ECD4026AE14A6A92F709E263C">
<figureCitation id="3F0CA537F176C65B2760BF6CE065867D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">Figs 6 G – I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CA0FC184160D90DDCF6AEF7C87E3B0BC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A, B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGBAG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="92F8943F2D836D1783E6FFA5C3100F43">
<heading id="6E660D019D7CBC55916B492E8AA6BB89" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FCBB43BDB991F91F1F4033AB89A1EC45">
This species differs from all others of the
<taxonomicName id="3D4F9963361CC9E0B779E04BEEA1E4D4" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligulatus">
<emphasis id="84A9189DF70218CEA8A9106C1D57B644" italics="true">M. ligulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group in the elytra darkened at costal intervals (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EA471B17C348238E4D33033F1A4AC543" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
), while never darkened in others; basal part of phallus progressively widened towards middle in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B2933FD6E0095DB16E99E0D5A6F8338D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 G, H</figureCitation>
), while narrowed towards middle or subparallel-sided in others.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FA6A23416458D3E7DA6F37E6E0849C06" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" ID-arpha="AAC4DB75-DBCF-572B-90E2-5D4A6AB12919" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="9B63EE9E9F95D74731CBCC719BB34F55">
<label id="C014E771F0083636E5B8598E3D91F2C9">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="191572C4CF0ACA426FF45AA9570ECA1C">
Habitus (dorsal views) of
<taxonomicName id="6C3F5117C72D2C11CF5EA65E2747E3E5" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacipennis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4A8A7FA11042FE293F0302C9D5A2F57C" italics="true">Macrolycus opacipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="58C8E7E65191ED7BD7CC5B0EBE3DF52C" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="FCDE309B9A1AE5D366438863E047C92D" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="CED4A4A4CB48D81445B715DF0FAE9998" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7858292B84786DAA571C07D7A8E43521" italics="true">M. curtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BFA51B7A1B2C06C0EBD274569BAA6B0" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="8DA9EE0EA764F334D1E960E18CC19D57" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="9BF1A6BD757ADA499CAA271DFF0D8BFA" bold="true">A, C</emphasis>
males
<emphasis id="25C81799924956CD5CF0F37F680F5C5A" bold="true">B, D</emphasis>
females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKDAG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DBC208018E99C70A13F24AD5D9ED2762">
<heading id="74D92E6265FF2C04C1650B9793BC3FEB" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="734E36C5E993C66146D91B58F0AA60BA">
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<emphasis id="5C112F478320625DECAE1448C7722882" italics="true">opacus</emphasis>
(darkened, obscure) +
<emphasis id="EAE3590F13C6258978EAC5ADF571292C" italics="true">penna</emphasis>
(feather), referring to its elytra darkened at costal intervals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUDAG" type="type material">
<paragraph id="7A3E1FEFFD805D3D4B8FE1988904F0B4">
<heading id="99BB945B1D756D45787743A326887322" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDEB81A5AF2EDB6599DB708A584DC411">
<materialsCitation id="C05FBE2D34381F526D1542AD1BF3A07D" collectingDate="2009-07-03" collectingDateMax="2009-07-04" collectingDateMin="2009-07-03" collectionCode="MHBU" collectorName="G. D. Ren &amp; Y. B. Ba." country="China" location="Ningxia" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Ningxia" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="4B6CC3B7E09273E85E9C70D97CA896D4" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="1E5C1BAE06C5EBE46DBCB215D14183DA" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="7E635FEB83412D375CEF58090DC290A4" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="3F2644BA8EADF421A6D786D030773578" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E6DAG" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="10FCBBF42D2694F512C5723F18DCB6C0">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
),
<collectingRegion id="9D237565053CF03AFFBA7020FBB144FD" country="China" name="Ningxia">Ningxia</collectingRegion>
, Jingyuan, Wanghuanan,
<date id="52421DECB17231246B04776889F476C9" value="2009-07-03" valueMax="2009-07-04" valueMin="2009-07-03">
<collectingDate id="9CA54873DC3BAB4ADFA08FED51234BDC" value="2009-07-03" valueMax="2009-07-04" valueMin="2009-07-03">3–4. vii. 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="5FF5833A814DEAAE2B5AB421595582E5">G. D. Ren</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="734CD62F55E9E207DA80068364FD5254">Y. B. Ba.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="AF662CD76BF17D6EFF04CEE24785A5D1" bold="true">
<emphasis id="7548C8BBF486989052ACCF3C9B0A3F77" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="83ACBCB29139F161D3E0497718210AD0" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="1737B69B986DE8D7A81B0FCE0984B925" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EIEAG" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="A4CC0529EB730F13A67B8218C9388FA3">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
), same data as
<typeStatus id="031113CA5E46ADE69735F59958E7F6E1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENEAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="E291C90CF031019E8C0E4439306F1F0B">
<heading id="700A47906DEA2B9C8BE35FD63563DB2A" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="133E0971CC98B8026CB269C3817FB90D">
<emphasis id="0ECE49FDA4F986C1EAF061E99577EF02" bold="true">Male</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D7868CA0CB3ECD8C76A72B7D402EAFE9" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
). Length
<quantity id="AC31B6C58CF60556C2B58244DA9DA211" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" unit="mm" value="12.1">12.1 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="4FD898F4E67D585F458F34454A4DE111" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C24D4A68783725EF5A0A29D15385D2C4">
Body black. Pronotum red with a square black patch in the center of the disc, elytra red and darkened at costal intervals, and scutellum red. Surface covered with decumbent red pubescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B07B9721B3C44896C774FA86E56DA4F2" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E961C9748B873BE4EA70DDB96D9ECF36">
Eyes small, interocular distance about twice greater than eye diameter. Antennae flabellate, overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Antennomere III with minute lamella, 0.6 times as long as joint itself and apically obtuse, IV – XI lamellate, lamellae pointed at apices; lamella of IX longest, 2.9 times longer than joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A0DAEBC6F1A0641D9746D8F35DB419BC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9BD7C445795904197A2EA8C9AF616798">
Pronotum square, 1.2 times wider than long. Anterior margin widely rounded, and feebly projecting anteriad, lateral margins sinuate and posterior margin straight; anterior angles rounded, posterior angles sharp and moderately projected. Scutellum trapezoidal, emarginate at apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E98C22EB0EA81069387A7D301442DCB3" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45F0BF85725412E8DFCC407769510A7A">
Elytra 3.7 times longer than humeral width. Costae I and II as strong as IV, and III visible only basally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E14AC82DFD6A50563BAF304767A41D81" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66ADE3DA35243690AC9EF0307E1E645B">
Phallus slender (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B62AFC9A9C6588CB2DABEC5095EB4AA6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 G – I</figureCitation>
), basal part progressively widened towards middle in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B7EC33986E51C0F37807E79C2E126CD3" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 G, H</figureCitation>
), subapical part strongly and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about 2.2 times as wide as basal part, with an oval ventral-cavity, apical part nearly parallel-sided, apex with a deep V-shaped notch, about 0.39 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 4 part feebly curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D5F35A9EE9D0D10DA2CFA823536FECC7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 I</figureCitation>
), subapical part feebly inflated ventrally, apical part moderately expanded ventrally, apex with a tapered lamella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="289B550FEB26D8FBED83E66600187348">
<emphasis id="D8AB732CD6C38D368945778FA5E2CAC9" bold="true">Female</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="BCB5E3F74F14B6D1549E6F4B51A37A4B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 B</figureCitation>
). Similar to male, but larger in body size. Length 13.0 mm, width at humeri
<quantity id="FBCA86C1D5D820D572F6AC4BC264EA18" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
. Antennae serrate and shorter, overlapping basal 1 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Pronotum 1.4 times wider than long. Elytra 3.0 times longer than humeral width, uncovering abdominal tergite VIII.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHGAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="EEE40B36C8844CAFFFE0B521B3F46390">
<heading id="D67E0F97BB0030471C1BAE6B675B4BDD" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67CB6AC78519767E4698C7828BD0459">
<emphasis id="96B6C06F0814E560893298E43A1A85CD" bold="true">
(Fig.
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<collectingCountry id="12D9B358E2788928555992EF923912CF" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
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<emphasis id="AF82C834D3895AFD8B591C1A8B9655A8" italics="true">Stylissa massa</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="C8BD5D2A46509E51BD0C2562E7583175">Massive, soft, and friable with rough surface and medium-sized oscula appear on top of the ridge. Yellow-orange in life and brown in alcohol. Spicules arrangements are of styles and strongyles.</paragraph>
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is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific (
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). Since
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is known to be widespread, and recent studies using molecular techniques show the probability of distinct cryptic lineages of this species in the Indo-Pacific (
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). Our specimen was collected from the Spermonde Archipelago, south-west of Samalona Island; reef flat, attached to rubble and dead coral skeletons.
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<label id="E4C2F1F27DC6F33DF8F854FF7064AFB4">Figure 16.</label>
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Habitus in situ of
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Massive or thickly encrusting sponges without a distinct cortex. Megascleres are triaenes of different
<typeStatus id="823DA781C44FCF7129F7E9B8F8A33B55">types</typeStatus>
and large oxeas. Microscleres include spiny microrhabds in addition to euasters. Microrhabds usually form a dermal layer (
<bibRefCitation id="635BE874CF5D6CF42C85003EB829DED8" DOI="10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_12" author="Uriz" editor="Hooper JNA &amp; van Soest RWM" firstAuthor="Uriz" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher, New York" pagination="108-126" refId="B92" refString="Uriz MJ (2002) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM (Eds) Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher, New York, 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_12" title="Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870." volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges." year="2002">Uriz 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5D78FE62CF018637E1FEABFF57459083" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure21" ID-arpha="4317324A-980C-52BB-88A4-F4A201B6C04C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106243" startId="F21">
<paragraph id="E937D8BB0F31FD75F4C38D735CB415B0">
<label id="A52E6742C726F32596E360833E590835">Figure 21.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06DB2CB71651726732D2751D6A9E2CEB">
<taxonomicName id="68DC4C81375365348781293E2CDC1072" authority="Bowerbank, 1862 a" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ecionemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acervus">
<emphasis id="DBA746CD4CBD848445461AB2DEED62B3" italics="true">Ecionemia acervus</emphasis>
Bowerbank, 1862
<emphasis id="483C0A575B07E8AA260314FFAA882836" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV) (CEL 016), and SEM images of spicules,
<emphasis id="E736D09B8BECF681C1D7EA1610C2953D" bold="true">b, c</emphasis>
somal chiasters / strongylasters
<emphasis id="281FA58AF865ABBF6AEA999570B508C2" bold="true">d</emphasis>
cortical rough microrhabds / microstrongyle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E46AI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8C4CEF6E300FF055EA8EA03144E0B519">
<heading id="B0D3CCF744A89EEE20E9F93BBF607CA6" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0824DA60553851F57857EF11F95E997">
Indo-Pacific,
<collectingCountry id="5E0C52CB19C437741FBEA2A37C25C08C" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3214151B49D7AA34ED82A40AB982B89C" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. This species is common in the Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="3123DD0BDDFE539A851C1F7DA92ECD1E" DOI="10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_12" author="Uriz" editor="Hooper JNA &amp; van Soest RWM" firstAuthor="Uriz" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher, New York" pagination="108-126" refId="B92" refString="Uriz MJ (2002) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM (Eds) Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher, New York, 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_12" title="Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870." volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges." year="2002">Uriz 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen was collected from Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

236
data/A9/B4/FA/A9B4FA5F79D151F9897CE3AD74EE9A2C.xml Normal file
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<mods:title id="91F00C81E2A97B6A3CB3C433016B4098">Five new species of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group from China (Coleoptera, Lycidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="134091617526A456BE686E4FE8B7B85F" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="84A147B3E6D89AEAFCF1E1EDED89A8D9">
<taxonomicName id="79A8BA4AC1435D97FF14446A6C938750" authority="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityName="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="46188F3BCB317A90F18A4CF7670FCB2A" italics="true">Macrolycus costus</emphasis>
Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="92A3199B20B167218F5ED7EED31F4261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFFBE6B0E0E0AE0CBB6835BE004262F2" type="description">
<paragraph id="CD9CE400413FA8F72D807FB53031C302">
<figureCitation id="84BADD8A30AC797F94806622166BC0DC" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">Figs 5 C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3C05D600D2351E9DE9C48B371D323C2B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D – F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E61AE" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F7B0FB462D389A7CF321D378F1C80F48">
<heading id="53B1FD7D3F87835C24A39EBFEBBBAF71" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82A59B13C8A2F8EAD79EE47E4DCF5003">
The species resembles
<taxonomicName id="0BDA08466A2DF99A4B39ABD91C9F54D8" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="C6CC30B4051F0120F9655BB074D8F7EE" italics="true">M. guangxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs in the male antennae overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined and a strong elytral costa III (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EFEA2A1A5793203387A76B13A851F4E3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
), phallus extremely slender at basal part in ventral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0689799E76F984B808D787779D3B03AC" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D</figureCitation>
). Unlike in
<taxonomicName id="11E6859D8D3CE73C4AAABFFC81DF8C9A" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="96B3C9D63DFC6BE6E77946078E95214A" italics="true">M. guangxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the male antennae only reach elytral mid-length, elytral costa III is usually weak (
<bibRefCitation id="B178B518222C75BE62932E205444D5F1" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Li" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 9), and phallus is relatively stout basally in ventral view (
<bibRefCitation id="75B1CC2429B0C74FB77462DC1E16D912" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Li" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 29).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EL3AE" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D2C325A937907CEFD729A67F6F0E4BA2">
<heading id="3A2BD4B1353B8F8FD80BF62C3D8FF972" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA59ABCEB68C54725FF512F3E04F5602">
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<emphasis id="AEA2A7419D2717C8D3DBC9FCB86A9FC9" italics="true">costa</emphasis>
(a rib), referring to its strong elytral costae III.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ET3AE" type="type material">
<paragraph id="D8CC30A016E2729F40E0BD9CEE71791E">
<heading id="1C37C2595B81AF63B63D6C45CADE74C3" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A46072EEDE8BA300298DCF6A79CD987F">
<materialsCitation id="CDC15E9135893166B0EB536BFB7A908E" collectingDate="2011-05-27" collectionCode="MHBU" collectorName="H. Y. Liu." country="China" elevation="1100" location="Damingshan" municipality="Wuming" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Guangxi" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="715418EBF29A5561CF3C6C4853C8D37E" bold="true">
<emphasis id="7988473805F135A34055BECA0390061D" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="65C202AEAC06F193B021C6AA4D716305" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="D0B5463DC9A62D4AEE373CCE4591A570" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="CD265F3039BBE332E8C4731C49A268BC" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
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<collectionCode id="5FAA96C71C38F4D6DFB8CA35E79BE9B8">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
),
<collectingRegion id="F778C7D05D76660C199BBB717FA011AA" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="D57CFBD6796FA13EFAA8D0867F645655">Wuming</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="247FB9B82256511322AEBDDB55D7DFC1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A9B4FA5F79D151F9897CE3AD74EE9A2C:247FB9B82256511322AEBDDB55D7DFC1" country="China" municipality="Wuming" name="Damingshan" stateProvince="Guangxi">Damingshan</location>
,
<quantity id="A2905CE905A702111161B55669FD1C9D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<elevation id="E7304EC4CB8E4B5FEC1D3AE11E696F25" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
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,
<date id="482D698811DD507C2988F7AA0F13A830" value="2011-05-27">
<collectingDate id="1FB3535F3EB3008E6D0838E3E0B68D25" value="2011-05-27">27. v. 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="104AFE2E475EFA5B0C819B7EAC0D795E">H. Y. Liu.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="7C191AF176454E6C54B9E201BFEF1B5C" bold="true">
<emphasis id="5F4F8BFE1519799C646EB9E977E2DA10" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="339776B5EF15E68623F0E737B2FC56D6" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="B1682783C41E64E428DA142EB89FF43C" count="3" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="385C485A180270E1E9BB1DD88ED9EA5D" count="4" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EH4AE" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="B98A65F0DED3817317AC0C92822454C3">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
), same data as the
<typeStatus id="E889B33DCBF09A7D805752864CE837B2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EM4AE" type="description">
<paragraph id="DF327B0721B3E637CFDF2C167C1FB9E8">
<heading id="DBBD3D8188F4DCC5D752A8A0524A9200" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="167DCC979C7315F7B9ACEFA4CA3BF962">
<emphasis id="832A57520DF937256FEB37E02596810F" bold="true">Male</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="1295913857E153359C9440B38F799B13" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
). Length
<quantity id="64CA6CBD2134DF47C59DAF35A818EFD9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24" unit="mm" value="12.4">12.4 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="C040CAA971645D3DF61427C8FC45F325" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB08AF407384D2E47B7F8FC3EA8B3392">
Body black. Pronotum, elytra and scutellum red. Costae of elytra orange red. Surface covered with decumbent red pubescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="268B97886F9F82C8A29F2466E4DBD117" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B3192C268E29A0504C90F71E9CF3FB5">
Eyes small, interocular distance about 1.6 times greater than eye diameter. Antennae flabellate, overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Antennomeres III – XI lamellate, lamellae pointed at apices; lamella of III 0.6 times as long as joint itself; lamella of VIII longest, 4.2 times longer than joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0F0AF504AD44E9E753899461373F3C50" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB504AA21C1E2A39B6883A0D33CBC043">
Pronotum square, 1.1 times wider than long. Anterior margin widely rounded, lateral margins strongly sinuate and posterior margin bisinuate; anterior angles obtuse-angled, posterior angles sharp and moderately projected. Scutellum trapezoidal, straight at apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6B75F1732744828ACB727A6B4DD7C629" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="644D1DB90264A44C8D408D827193D5BE">
Elytra 3.6 times longer than humeral width. Costa I as strong as II, III and IV (Fig.
<figureCitation id="14A6D66CA29E1FEFC9049EAEC75ACEC9" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85A5E43BAE2F0DB682F3F11300C9F51E">
Phallus slender (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C4BE7340B9E83CD78AB2A2390F1800BB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D – F</figureCitation>
), basal part parallel-sided in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="54EA25A73917F30FE5819CE6ADA77F45" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D, E</figureCitation>
), subapical part strongly and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about twice as wide as basal part, with a fusiform ventral-cavity, apical part progressively narrowed distad, apex with a shallow V-shaped notch, about 0.46 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 4 part curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4B7A1973DAFCE939C2B09ECCC47C25F7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 F</figureCitation>
), subapical part moderately inflated ventrally, apical part moderately expanded ventrally, and with a tapered lamella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAC52ACB4364D0992A81C6BDBF338554">
<emphasis id="0B38F944A74960C4E171F75E4517AB03" bold="true">Female</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="02AD6D344BD3CDEA4777B4DBAB8D5BB1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D</figureCitation>
). Similar to males, but larger in body size. Length 17.0–
<quantity id="AC194DC0943E4356F4BF9D8807953E8A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" unit="mm" value="18.2">18.2 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri 4.0–
<quantity id="ADB40A56E1FA21EBE965D5C5FC504787" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
. Antennae serrate and shorter, overlapping elytral mid-length when inclined. Pronotum 1.3 times wider than long, anterior angles obtuse-angled. Elytra 3.4 times longer than humeral width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EG6AE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="53D22F85E9C9A88CBFDCEE2934098C87">
<heading id="83F418D1CC213FCD7A3A8A3FB7DCADE3" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23BACA20C3CF6FF594EB3901B441E8D1">
<emphasis id="3FFD50C20F895BCB4C4B7E3A3931498F" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="7405BFE0B4359C807615812538CEF5EE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group in the world." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106280">2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="38F06D00FA3E92621A1F92FA43DC589B" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="C7C5EE0DEF6FD092D9F31A742761BFAB" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

129
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<subSubSection id="438A4D842533A3A037A6713AB2731C93" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC41A3DB24BC03B3464D2FDF25520425">
<taxonomicName id="D6D2EA592258734437BD3E312439156C" ID-CoL="57F9N" authority="Hentschel, 1912" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="30B6DB5FD627BC2420EECC97B2F939B8" italics="true">Topsentia indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C31B6823DB5D5B1443A335978F90A0EF" author="Hentschel E" refId="B39" refString="Hentschel E (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293 - 448 [pls 13 - 21]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7613 [accessed 07 - 01 - 2020]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="432D7486C2314F66145BA2AD31349656" type="description">
<paragraph id="7CDD8DDB26B6A16A18078751879AFE2C">
<figureCitation id="9CF5E1BA87576BEC5DB6B68CA6DE5051" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Topsentia indica Hentschel, 1912 a habitus in situ at Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV) b SEM images of the spicules." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106240">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPMAI" type="description">
<paragraph id="30B99DCEBBA9A9F5B7B5A332B70E17E1">
<heading id="4D9BE8A59240C4D910BF7413672F531D" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5AF1D4A51067A48AF9D75045D598748">
Only two species of
<taxonomicName id="1C038E09475447F4443EFFDC837184B1" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7805C91BA565EB19368A378E3C8A69B8" italics="true">Topsentia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distributed in Indonesia, i. e.,
<taxonomicName id="FD2D0738CBF67D438B85999E057FFC3D" authority="(Lindgren, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Lindgren" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dura">
<emphasis id="9BDA521855CC35F1286E47ED1CAE6021" italics="true">Topsentia dura</emphasis>
(Lindgren, 1897)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CDCFE3F659C7A500EA3EB606A8D7D298" authority="Hentschel, 1912" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="7ACF8F5440FAC41DD46D251B9DCCBB42" italics="true">Topsentia indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6C5D0F9F7564CF31F12C99AE23E870AF" author="Hentschel E" refId="B39" refString="Hentschel E (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293 - 448 [pls 13 - 21]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7613 [accessed 07 - 01 - 2020]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="81D89E2F3E4B5FE4C4E4FF47B2EA886B" baseAuthorityName="Lindgren" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dura">
<emphasis id="1DA651BB385162DD6D17EF669C60C6CB" italics="true">Topsentia dura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had further illustrations and spicule measurements provided by a previous study (
<bibRefCitation id="C5489ADD3BB5696BD8D01C14461F8EF5" DOI="10.5962/p.287472" author="Alvarez and Hooper" firstAuthor="Alvarez" journalOrPublisher="Beagle" pagination="55-84" refId="B2" refString="Alvarez B, Hooper JNA (2011) Taxonomic revision of the order Halichondrida (Porifera: Demospongiae) of northern Australia. Family Halichondriidae. Beagle 27: 55–84. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.287472" title="Taxonomic revision of the order Halichondrida (Porifera: Demospongiae) of northern Australia. Family Halichondriidae." volume="27" year="2011">Alvarez and Hooper 2011</bibRefCitation>
). These species are massive, of hard consistency with skeletons made of a confused mass of oxeas of similar dimensions, not clearly differentiated into size classes. Our specimen shows similar characteristics with the specimen of
<bibRefCitation id="65767B17DE138DDBBC53794D8F9796CF" author="Hentschel E" firstAuthor="Hentschel" refId="B39" refString="Hentschel E (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293–448 [pls 13–21]. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613 [accessed 07-01 - 2020]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613" year="1912">Hentschel (1912)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2907BE6F20D6B980EF700067D7C9EAEA" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure18" ID-arpha="8D69C658-DF53-5179-BC46-3B68885BB518" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106240" startId="F18">
<paragraph id="69D1650343B3D8CA30078E6CF72A2060">
<label id="8B594D5D7AC52140A068689410480987">Figure 18.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A60C6596A7AE19DB668D069795E48A3">
<taxonomicName id="989C8D9DAD2F9EB692D31E6E14FFB24A" authority="Hentschel, 1912 a" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Topsentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="53D6D3E688278B4481B43BAB869D69AD" italics="true">Topsentia indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DB3B35A5B561B42265D997028E05A47B" author="Hentschel E" refId="B39" refString="Hentschel E (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293 - 448 [pls 13 - 21]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7613 [accessed 07 - 01 - 2020]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="957BDEFD8B96549D7A4F79C8F6ADE74E" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Langkai Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV)
<emphasis id="8690B6094569BAA4A1F10C2937BD5762" bold="true">b</emphasis>
SEM images of the spicules.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBPAI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A97016F5C4F83DD2EE98019DDABEB797">
<heading id="C1FE17C6E8C525BE3490007BDD6A2E93" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="360D5422C1085A79711FAE23E79F715A">
Previously recorded from Aru Islands (
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). This is first record from the Spermonde Archipelago, Langkai Island; reef flat.
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151
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<emphasis id="DD8A9CC63F3CE7E445DE800DAD19709F" italics="true">Phyllospongia foliascens</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="8D67C6CA5DCC3F6C901E4C6A28372335" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Habitus in situ of Phyllospongia foliascens (Pallas, 1766) at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106248">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0E1VBI" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="24BAE8CDBCE250A1CE330C4D3A343686">
<heading id="A67848CE2D172A7FD9F7278DE0969AE3" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
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<paragraph id="8F9DD466F48E702999B6471542AFD301">
Specimen form is foliaceous and irregular flabellate branches, pale white color in life and when preserved, &lt;
<quantity id="9475FF32F87B6CE3AD56224520A316D9" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
thick. Numerous small oscula (&lt;
<quantity id="DA5DDB232F8DD9FF744EEC730F784FB1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
) scattered in the surface. Skeleton consists of interconnected reticulate fibers. This species was recently transferred from the genus
<taxonomicName id="21CFD15DC97BCE0E28E234AA81D4254F" authority="Hyatt, 1877" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1877" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Carteriospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB880BA830D83C4C258FFAC962AB4340" italics="true">Carteriospongia</emphasis>
Hyatt, 1877
</taxonomicName>
due to molecular phylogenetic analysis showing
<taxonomicName id="D9228666C1923AF25320E4D63761C050" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Carteriospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="foliascens">
<emphasis id="178B873D580EEC238F4BD5D0A5AB3F9A" italics="true">Carteriospongia foliascens</emphasis>
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as a clade member of
<taxonomicName id="345356E3A43583E01A3CB363C41A302A" authority="Abdul Wahab &amp; Fromont, 2020" authorityName="Abdul Wahab &amp; Fromont" authorityYear="2020" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Phyllospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bergquistae">
<emphasis id="EB6EB89DAD32FF2B56948EB00306BFA6" italics="true">Phyllospongia bergquistae</emphasis>
Abdul Wahab &amp; Fromont, 2020
</taxonomicName>
. The original diagnosis describing a verrucose surface is characteristic for
<taxonomicName id="37F9068901C0F11E9DBE4D936D7814BE" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Phyllospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="foliascens">
<emphasis id="50B1FDF72CE907DA313002BE5DFF463F" italics="true">Phyllospongia foliascens</emphasis>
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, but with a fine and meandering surface patterning for
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<emphasis id="D50E887A6AA5FE365784D3DC4AC415C7" italics="true">Phyllospongia bergquistae</emphasis>
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(
<bibRefCitation id="19B4BBE8A64FB7E454A4E2E611BD25B3" DOI="10.1111/j.1439-0485.1988.tb00209.x" author="Bergquist" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bergquist" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pagination="291-319" refId="B10" refString="Bergquist PR, Ayling AM, Wilkinson CR (1988) Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Marine Ecology 9 (4): 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1988.tb00209.x" title="Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef." volume="9" year="1988">Bergquist et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D1AB9AFE2C63C8398669BC58A6F0D6C4" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa133" author="Abdul Wahab" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Abdul Wahab" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="319-335" refId="B1" refString="Abdul Wahab MA, Wilson NG, Prada D, Gomez O, Fromont J (2021) Molecular and morphological assessment of tropical sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae, with the descriptions of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (1): 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa133" title="Molecular and morphological assessment of tropical sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae, with the descriptions of two new species." volume="193" year="2021">Abdul Wahab et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="47E2F5E63138991393985C5D7750CA43" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Phyllospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="foliascens">
<emphasis id="2BBF976C3BAB12F38A68B043826E45A0" italics="true">Phyllospongia foliascens</emphasis>
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is a phototrophic species that mainly relies on symbiotic cyanobacteria for its nutrient cycle. This species is also able to endure high energy environments (
<bibRefCitation id="8935D8287E7A85CA77A35DF0314AB55F" DOI="10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.025" author="Cleary" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cleary" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science" pagination="557-570" refId="B19" refString="Cleary DFR, Becking LE, de Voogd NJ, Renema W, de Beer M, van Soest RWM, Hoeksema BW (2005) Variation in the diversity and composition of benthic taxa as a function of distance offshore, depth and exposure in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65 (3): 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.025" title="Variation in the diversity and composition of benthic taxa as a function of distance offshore, depth and exposure in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia." volume="65" year="2005">Cleary et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="07994B318CF72212EF75ABDF548980ED">
<label id="4BEA19348F5CF92309880D16C4271315">Figure 26.</label>
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<paragraph id="D65A85CF7EF4D3A538CD03034D7D0010">
Habitus in situ of
<taxonomicName id="7176BD605A6BCAC7000B480F2F4C08DD" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Phyllospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="foliascens">
<emphasis id="5CFE24BC6B5936DEDDD735194DB11183" italics="true">Phyllospongia foliascens</emphasis>
(Pallas, 1766)
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at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP).
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<heading id="189C8F08C2EA0AE6044A8EE8DE43C56E" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="701C6FCABECF5E1C2ED50D24C4F194AC">
Numerous individuals were found during the survey.
<taxonomicName id="135F26FFC5D969F2F27A28E3E21C1060" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Phyllospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="foliascens">
<emphasis id="52F2C7F8347277AC44C648D8E3B9B1DB" italics="true">Phyllospongia foliascens</emphasis>
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is widely distributed and has a high density in the Spermonde Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="38AF3C048CBFCD193469D80C8753BDC0" DOI="10.3354/meps309131" author="de Voogd" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="de Voogd" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pagination="131-142" refId="B28" refString="de Voogd NJ, Cleary D, Hoeksema B, Noor A, van Soest RWM (2006) Sponge beta diversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 309: 131–142. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309131" title="Sponge beta diversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia." volume="309" year="2006">de Voogd et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen was found at south-west of Samalona Island, reef flat; Gusung Tallang, turbid reef. This species has been recorded from shallow waters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
<collectingCountry id="DC70D972AB03F6CF48966597C2390824" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and
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(
<bibRefCitation id="948059E83F01F56DDB00071E15165A9A" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa133" author="Abdul Wahab" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Abdul Wahab" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="319-335" refId="B1" refString="Abdul Wahab MA, Wilson NG, Prada D, Gomez O, Fromont J (2021) Molecular and morphological assessment of tropical sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae, with the descriptions of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (1): 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa133" title="Molecular and morphological assessment of tropical sponges in the subfamily Phyllospongiinae, with the descriptions of two new species." volume="193" year="2021">Abdul Wahab et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
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<mods:namePart id="24FC0E44676304F475373BFE4DCCEEDB">Jompa, Jamaluddin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="10BEE9D53BB50F34568878750F55EFCD">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6682F143413F81E469C2EE0AF13DCE1A">de Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7FAD5C12E874A598C81C8C8D10FE9F43">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Understanding Evolution Group, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="BACB59ED79A353429C49F80E75919C18" ID-arpha="BACB59ED-79A3-5342-9C49-F80E75919C18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BACB59ED79A353429C49F80E75919C18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BACB59ED79A353429C49F80E75919C18">
<subSubSection id="426646C087B01E2E3D3763EB19A23992" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="51325A9BE88ED13E4AE8D50F9D0BEEE9">
<taxonomicName id="598B5252F48B86DB5B508EF7320D7872" ID-CoL="3JC8G" authority="(Esper, 1806)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1806" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cymaeformis" subGenus="Gellius">
<emphasis id="6C60F161D349C99F4A969171B2C0E3E2" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ABF37E1AE15DAAFC3B0FE326BDD49AC6" italics="true">Gellius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="FA853272D8FB1A82D23E1DBC8F1154F9" italics="true">cymaeformis</emphasis>
(Esper, 1806)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B8728B90779B7148394F3CECC2E16274" type="description">
<paragraph id="F60DE37B00CEA1210A2EABBCB686CB92">
<figureCitation id="12A76FF10E596D1914BAB3E073E04D9F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1806) a, b habitus in situ at Samalona Island and Kayangan Island (respectively), the Spermonde Archipelago (all photographs by SAP) c LM images of tangential section showing Rhodophyta symbiont and unispicular tract (box) d sigmas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106229">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELRAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="F07EEC24D080698F342795195C4ACFF3">
<heading id="3ED3789554045E3056257D11A63017F7" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DFF348FEF67DC83C6F849B8CC1F7B639">
The appearance is thickly encrusting to repent or arborescent (bushy). The specimen is hard and smooth on the surface, with a broad erect base with short branches. The color in life is dark greyish pink (dark purple) with desaturated dark green on the tips. After preservation, the color is pale pink to yellow. Ectosomal skeleton shows unispicular tract and covering the associated branching microalgae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AC02FE6A18D85908F52AE28B25DB617B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1806) a, b habitus in situ at Samalona Island and Kayangan Island (respectively), the Spermonde Archipelago (all photographs by SAP) c LM images of tangential section showing Rhodophyta symbiont and unispicular tract (box) d sigmas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106229">7 c</figureCitation>
). Spicules are oxeas, 109–154 (129.7) × 2.3–5.2 (3.9) µm (
<emphasis id="ADB1868711189F93E20BA36E9A7B3C33" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 27), and microscleres are sigmas.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D77F039E235B619234E20B0FBB692A37">
<label id="01581C26EEDF522B56A1B245505EAA0A">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E0E9C5C011FC21F8BE71511ABBB1F6A7">
<taxonomicName id="05AEB319CC3880A78E6731FD119E2F15" authority="(Esper, 1806)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1806" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cymaeformis" subGenus="Gellius">
<emphasis id="73AE702F5A8D5323A47A12426E6D0583" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D6F21CA69A361552C4FE8A3C634FFD3" italics="true">Gellius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="E404DF2D0F8CDF9BAFE552557FAAF131" italics="true">cymaeformis</emphasis>
(Esper, 1806)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EC1D0EAF8DA9A641D55D86D057EA5AC0" bold="true">a, b</emphasis>
habitus in situ at Samalona Island and Kayangan Island (respectively), the Spermonde Archipelago (all photographs by SAP)
<emphasis id="19F9BF40A91C8F8B1A479967C3E507EE" bold="true">c</emphasis>
LM images of tangential section showing Rhodophyta symbiont and unispicular tract (box)
<emphasis id="0977B8CC987701B1393C7ADC480BA0B1" bold="true">d</emphasis>
sigmas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE303C93054F67D46580C67EFCFD2BC3">
<taxonomicName id="4FFB3B792F6AA784083A2CC730482002" authority="(Esper, 1806)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1806" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cymaeformis" subGenus="Gellius">
<emphasis id="E5FB414FAFCD7F385F7C2DB53673E5AD" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="9952605A1EEB37AF2227F745525F58A7" italics="true">Gellius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="4E9D8571D0E0C5DE9FF01BA65CFFBF79" italics="true">cymaeformis</emphasis>
(Esper, 1806)
</taxonomicName>
was abundant in turbid water near Makassar City. This species is known to be associated with the rhodophyte
<taxonomicName id="9D0A416A2E55F6D23D2DF9C23E5B4108" authority="Zanardini, 1878" authorityName="Zanardini" authorityYear="1878" class="Florideophyceae" family="Lomentariaceae" genus="Ceratodictyon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rhodymeniales" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="spongiosum">
<emphasis id="B653B02BC2134FCB22607179C0B74EDC" italics="true">Ceratodictyon spongiosum</emphasis>
Zanardini, 1878
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="768B4CB4E2577D95C8B9E01010F5C0D6" author="Azzini" editor="Custódio MR &amp; Lôbo-Hajdu G &amp; Hajdu E &amp; Muricy G" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Azzini" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional (Brasil), Rio de Janeiro" pagination="157-164" refId="B4" refString="Azzini F, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Bavestrello G, Pansini M (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custódio MR, Lôbo-Hajdu G, Hajdu E, Muricy G (Eds) Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Museu Nacional (Brasil), Rio de Janeiro, 157–164. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=283141 [accessed 15-10 - 2019]" title="Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam)." url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=283141" volumeTitle="Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability." year="2007">Azzini et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Its morphological appearance is possibly similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="9285B2E82CF6DDB579791BE12F89ED7A" authority="(Esper, 1797)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1797" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cartilaginea" subGenus="Halichondria">
<emphasis id="8EA063A141822205ECA655FF739D6301" italics="true">Halichondria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="D72054EA8173BE01D1EFCD2C9EC6F531" italics="true">Halichondria</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="35B190555B1F19DFA2402E2AF09BA57D" italics="true">cartilaginea</emphasis>
(Esper, 1797)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="34876244812AA4FF89759AF2E8460F3C" authority="(Wilson, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Demospongiae" family="Callyspongiidae" genus="Callyspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="samarensis" subGenus="Cladochalina">
<emphasis id="A326A20593F93B721F6CDBBCD9B7C11C" italics="true">Callyspongia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="27380B412A7C3FE667BCA8E764DA5DD0" italics="true">Cladochalina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="D27973B5C1335D7877D2E85BA64066D8" italics="true">samarensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1BD79730A13911DB5D794B5E0A7AC297" author="Wilson HV" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions" pagination="273-532" refId="B102" refString="Wilson HV (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions 100: 273 - 532. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 21261 [accessed 12 - 04 - 2020]" title="Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer “ Albatross ” during the Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/21261" volume="100" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYUAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="74FE340A3FFBE4A9A52DCD10FD3C2F45">
<heading id="C0ACAAFBDFBB3BD9D079AC3FB160BC71" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEDD57E0003916E3932B3C1B14D106A3">
This species has been recorded from marine karst lakes in
<collectingCountry id="38AE32CD120A0827B99B6A474BB57287" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E0FA41671BC2ACA9FD49209C5F55D424" author="Azzini" editor="Custódio MR &amp; Lôbo-Hajdu G &amp; Hajdu E &amp; Muricy G" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Azzini" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional (Brasil), Rio de Janeiro" pagination="157-164" refId="B4" refString="Azzini F, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Bavestrello G, Pansini M (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custódio MR, Lôbo-Hajdu G, Hajdu E, Muricy G (Eds) Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Museu Nacional (Brasil), Rio de Janeiro, 157–164. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=283141 [accessed 15-10 - 2019]" title="Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam)." url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=283141" volumeTitle="Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability." year="2007">Azzini et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), in shallow waters of the South
<collectingCountry id="F1BD2FA1795749BAD4F5499069AB80A6" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="74C9349B96D135B620C35B9AC1908FBE" DOI="10.1017/S002531541500017X" author="Huang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Huang" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pagination="417-427" refId="B46" refString="Huang YM, de Voogd NJ, Cleary DFR, Li TH, Mok HK, Ueng JP (2016) Biodiversity pattern of subtidal sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the Penghu Archipelago (Pescadores), Taiwan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96 (2): 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541500017X" title="Biodiversity pattern of subtidal sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the Penghu Archipelago (Pescadores), Taiwan." volume="96" year="2016">Huang et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5ECFF83E1A0F34BF4A63EC344CFAC66D" author="Lim" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lim" refId="B53" refString="Lim SC, Putchakarn S, Thai MQ, Wang D, Huang YM (2016) Inventory of sponge fauna from the Singapore Strait to Taiwan Strait along the western coastline of the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 34, 104–129. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/publications/raffles-bulletin-of-zoology/supplements/supplement-no-34/" url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/publications/raffles-bulletin-of-zoology/supplements/supplement-no-34/" year="2016">Lim et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), and in
<collectingCountry id="67E5C18B892BBF286171E7291BD8F2B5" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D37A2CE19AF2175650DF9741E664A0C7" author="Li" firstAuthor="Li" refId="B51" refString="Li T-H (2013) Preliminary survey on the biodiversity of marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the Southern Water off Penghu Archipelago. National Sun Yat-sen University. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2sn4n6 [accessed 28-02 - 2022]" url="https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2sn4n6" year="2013">Li 2013</bibRefCitation>
), Andaman (
<bibRefCitation id="257FFAB7FF19A1BAD7DF3C9A9CE98196" DOI="10.1016/B978-0-12-801948-1.00001-X" author="Immanuel" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Immanuel" refId="B47" refString="Immanuel T, Krishnan P, Raghunathan C (2015) An Updated Report on the Diversity of Marine Sponges of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Marine Faunal Diversity in India. Elsevier, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801948-1.00001-X" year="2015">Immanuel et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F04539BEE82DA9E8DC47A004E7846DB5" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EEEEAFC773854751B9B407CC8EEB3CFE" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4885.2.10" author="George" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="George" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="277-300" refId="B38" refString="George AM, van Soest RWM, Sluka RD, Lazarus Z (2020) A checklist of marine sponges (Porifera) of peninsula India. Zootaxa 4885 (2): 277–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4885.2.10" title="A checklist of marine sponges (Porifera) of peninsula India." volume="4885" year="2020">George et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), across the Indonesian Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="DD4913500DCFE726DBD029C77DB60056" DOI="10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00238.x" author="de Voogd and Cleary" firstAuthor="de Voogd" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pagination="205-215" refId="B25" refString="de Voogd NJ, Cleary DFR (2008) An analysis of sponge diversity and distribution at three taxonomic levels in the Thousand Islands / Jakarta Bay reef complex, West-Java, Indonesia. Marine Ecology 29 (2): 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00238.x" title="An analysis of sponge diversity and distribution at three taxonomic levels in the Thousand Islands / Jakarta Bay reef complex, West-Java, Indonesia." volume="29" year="2008">de Voogd and Cleary 2008</bibRefCitation>
), and north-west
<collectingCountry id="A56BDDFCCBF425B065BD953AF86F5A96" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50AB8FC4DF3202B73E9B7FE4B28D8B00" DOI="10.18195/issn.0313-122x.84.2014.069-100" author="Fromont and Sampey" firstAuthor="Fromont" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum" pagination="69-100" refId="B36" refString="Fromont J, Sampey A (2014) Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: Sponges (Porifera). Records of the Western Australian Museum 84: 69–100. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.84.2014.069-100" title="Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: Sponges (Porifera)." volume="84" year="2014">Fromont and Sampey 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Our samples were collected from a reef flat north-west of Samalona Island, overgrowing corals (
<taxonomicName id="C41F8F9161AC3D5C7FB2D3EE6E5666C9" class="Anthozoa" family="Pocilloporidae" genus="Seriatopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="2FF1FFE00ECC7CEC99ADEC30ECB7E39F" italics="true">Seriatopora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EB99CBE47DFC6A00F446A106CD031A9F" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="913929DA0FDF98E19EC2BDD2903B02CF" italics="true">Acropora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), also from Kayangan Island and Gusung Tallang; turbid reef environment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

183
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<mods:namePart id="CDC2F43778E0F37095DE13A96FE042A0">Ambo-Rappe, Rohani</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="905868E37335D383CBFAED645D94877C" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9276-7492</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="83D2EDCD3CA332F5136D3FF7B4AAADF0">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EBEC1B9DF2C68DC7FFDD5E9011BA06C6">Jompa, Jamaluddin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9B9D8509D59BBD61BF5804466FED9FC4">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="46B4FFB470FD3688477DFEC8637DB062">de Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FE6E69837151937C88DFE25125BC25E1">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Understanding Evolution Group, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="122F6AA8FD40CA644F47512C8B634F19">
<taxonomicName id="97B416A9DFA0F2B42821C94C8B81E522" ID-CoL="3JCDQ" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="venusta" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="DF3BFAA9E3DD0B56C3D84DA2C716B4C6" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="5BD9A6E60257FDB010A357A165851F09" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="50EB2AC4E594BDB0F66C1DDB90A29936" italics="true">venusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="906A33F20F68135F54A1642A8B9D5301" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DC2E1EFE504E66646E2925DFA343C01" type="description">
<paragraph id="23A68892AE224A287B8118C6FE42D620">
<figureCitation id="103BCEC28BD2B8E27B71DA485E77271D" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Haliclona (Reniera) venusta (Bowerbank, 1875) a habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b LM images of tangential section and spicules reticulation c oxeas d close up of spicules reticulation." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106230">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGYAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="9BFF7E24BD7EFDE701A251DB2AA8EDDB">
<heading id="0C84DF825F19590BC1ACDF16C5ADD659" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10584B5959150B724509C4B9D21E49A2">
Specimen form tube, soft and delicate. Color yellowish in living material and yellow to pale white in alcohol. The skeleton forms an isotropic reticulation of a single line spicules. All spicules on this specimen are oxeas, 88–109 (95.2) × 4.3–6.5 (5.7) µm (
<emphasis id="F96953DDFF1A62CA85D881EF12670299" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 20).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOYAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="76A02E11D6EB3330C6B3E216FFA6E5F2">
<heading id="591CFEFA986860194F62879596D88604" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86CBEEBCAF4D580A212A120B6BD2CB45">
The WPD checklist only lists four species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="70B8169C99E52630D105D84933AC13FC" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="23DD12CE27B1277D1DE9C0B5A29DA949" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded from marine ecoregions of
<collectingCountry id="9100AC64156DB071070BB723AC783EBD" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
with two as doubtful species,
<taxonomicName id="F912D0987EBDC309A65E304C28F6DD3E" authority="(Grant, 1826)" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cinerea" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="42844A0F8743E9FE437B6672CF87C617" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="6016A3BA813D1A5E373D9272D2AC3A08" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="052692ED5E30D37E3DCCD56C5A093239" italics="true">cinerea</emphasis>
(Grant, 1826)
</taxonomicName>
(doubtful species),
<taxonomicName id="E2EAFE7A63D30D4A288E4A07CB8B3056" authority="(Hentschel, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fascigera" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="C6169897CA95C90638CA4E55A78F911E" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2AE01BF1D8A7EE8840C04B216DB06C08" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="398084CF545F860CEDCEDF1A72AC0AF7" italics="true">fascigera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D63F9D25844924FB5E78DF0A81AE192B" author="Hentschel E" refId="B39" refString="Hentschel E (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293 - 448 [pls 13 - 21]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7613 [accessed 07 - 01 - 2020]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7613" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44075371F2BBD0F086380ADCAA2CB8F2" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="infundibularis" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="57223C3C9EC233C733EF48732BC47F41" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E6707C5C77328E9B69CD1426E0EDA715" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="7DA46177282447A6BC842A839DE7DFC1" italics="true">infundibularis</emphasis>
(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1887)
</taxonomicName>
(doubtful species), and
<taxonomicName id="647E9D3984B490F5383371B84DAB3094" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="venusta" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="B366C20AE04219577B2F4984F2ACEB71" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BCB40DD3EF518D565DDFAED0B56144A" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="5167ABB113EC38F23A478B25D891DAC5" italics="true">venusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="59A0AF5F929C67229484D3B28B663F49" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but none of these species were registered in the Spermonde Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="C58811D223779F8E3EBFC2CD810A7EB0" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" author="Putra" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Putra" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-74" refId="B70" refString="Putra SA, Ambo-Rappe R, Jompa J, de Voogd NJ (2023) Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820–2021): Checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa 5298 (1): 1–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" title="Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): Checklist and bibliography." volume="5298" year="2023">Putra et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). This report presents a new record of
<taxonomicName id="17C22B3B44D37A6D55CBD83E419942D6" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="venusta" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="C7FD5A204A23D7F41441BEDC6118DDD7" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="41F8FCF32CA4C73D6C487D7FD15A7952" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A467BF344AC1053C007085C441711C0E" italics="true">venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Spermonde Archipelago (Samalona Island; reef flat). Previously, this species has been only reported from
<collectingCountry id="D9B246F4C67DDE26C2E9243C9848D748" name="Malaysia">Malacca</collectingCountry>
Strait (
<bibRefCitation id="9C1520A0AA2BDD68277B87BE9F396DFC" author="Bowerbank" firstAuthor="Bowerbank" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281–296. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank 1875</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="AA855F5D75466E68A5D7706501460B9A" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure8" ID-arpha="FB22ACDF-EA20-5F8F-8E8F-30D6E40060F9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106230" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="EA134AB322147840B813263F8FB1E1ED">
<label id="5B8AF4F2D21F7747D076FE52E9FDE992">Figure 8.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D830F63709DDC7521C2A8E4C61884723">
<taxonomicName id="A59F736604E10EB6A9707C17646B61F6" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="venusta" subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="C7764034FB3B44E60B0142466CA03C56" italics="true">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7C5155352118FA1B7FD5ABDBE65E9338" italics="true">Reniera</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F23CD72FBB808A216424AEC7FE3AEFA3" italics="true">venusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1BCB816CE0CFFE3737DFEE45B4B10AC7" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2CECAB614797BBC97E24E3E8CFB036CF" bold="true">a</emphasis>
habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="7FA1E829D54A6E2894FADD6E349AFD1B" bold="true">b</emphasis>
LM images of tangential section and spicules reticulation
<emphasis id="7232220AD741EBF254C22C8964816D6F" bold="true">c</emphasis>
oxeas
<emphasis id="F079D5F4305D6CE5BE334CB531CAF91D" bold="true">d</emphasis>
close up of spicules reticulation.
</paragraph>
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214
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<paragraph id="FAC693478732F53F4352E7367FB63091">
<taxonomicName id="34B9A5496DBA0CF372A7B8B7F0D92D1C" authority="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="DA585967669FAE45D75D0A653E489FED" italics="true">Macrolycus guangxiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7198EFFB13A7424270E2DD1890E99D70" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li Y &amp; Bocak L &amp; Pang H" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CEACD8B288E974C43F0095EF76E6A16E" type="description">
<paragraph id="F832491DBC33F4ADF67385E933E3F54D">
<figureCitation id="23C99ACFE3860741516809C99407E047" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">Figs 3 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D5C96F51C60BB23338B95E07A5D03B92" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 A – C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C282DDFF47C8A5DE2119E3F4216FB41">
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<emphasis id="AE13550F206AE7CA0173602CE1A44EA4" italics="true">Macrolycus guangxiensis</emphasis>
<comment id="6536BA89D049960F07C836329D4D3C35">
<bibRefCitation id="5F2DED053C0898229EE7407DE7AD961F" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li Y &amp; Bocak L &amp; Pang H" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015: 326</bibRefCitation>
, figs 9, 28, 29, 45, 55.
</comment>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EREAE" type="material">
<paragraph id="04DAC774D2ACD401240AD0576ACCA794">
<heading id="64F22222418FBE6BBCADE76F48605EFF" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65CAA39BB663862BDFD976B755714794">
<collectingCountry id="C86013A8CAE78088BB603CB81E25D72C" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="D8D02A8ED60182BC651F5B4088FA7394" count="5" type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9ACE96B5F63021C6F217B85F64B53316" count="8" type="female">8 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EXEAE" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="0C53755AADF7BD843E8AC155168E4FD6">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
),
<collectingRegion id="8493ABC37D6CC757A9D4583AC664932B" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
, Wuming, Damingshan,
<quantity id="874311D3AB2FF0F9B085BD5763A13265" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3265" metricValueMax="1.423" metricValueMin="1.23" unit="m" value="1326.5" valueMax="1423.0" valueMin="1230.0">1230 – 1423 m</quantity>
,
<date id="29EF95B4319947E9331260155D2542ED" value="2011-05-20">20. v. 2011</date>
, leg. H. Y. Liu.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3EAE" type="Descriptive notes">
<paragraph id="1C3E6F507044D4D4200B2839B42DB971">
<heading id="031D662491F8E70974F884B12F16D401" reason="title">Descriptive notes.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C07AB19D3791426FC73B6F3D8A499138">
<emphasis id="A3D0385D89FF4B03DE658493E2998D59" bold="true">Male.</emphasis>
Phallus (Fig.
<figureCitation id="39ABE3BC6732D93B425B8E92BB5D0C19" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 A – C</figureCitation>
) slender, nearly parallel-sided at basal part in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F517E5FE0023BD97C876408C61062282" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 A, B</figureCitation>
), subapical part moderately and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about 1.45 times as wide as basal part, with an oval ventral-cavity, apical part progressively constricted distad, apex with a deep V-shaped notch, about 0.19 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 3 part curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AC35A2F6CD61698D22B13DA73BC0ED14" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Aedeagi of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A – C) and M. expansus sp. nov. (D – F) A, D dorsal views B, E ventral views C, F lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282">4 C</figureCitation>
), subapical part feebly inflated ventrally, apical part moderately expanded ventrally, and apex with a tapered lamella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCD60D536F47C37A2D5DB4205DC6FB0E">
<emphasis id="F2B7416F1CBAB6BE1CE90AF95C58EFBB" bold="true">Female</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="30A9CC0CA8D489A8769E5DFAAB20B5AB" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Habitus, dorsal views of Macrolycus guangxiensis Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015 (A) and M. expansus sp. nov (B). A female B male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281">3 A</figureCitation>
). Similar to males, but larger in body size. Length
<quantity id="ADB4694B4D6F9410B6752D8A09B3039D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.18" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.2" valueMin="11.8">11.8–13.2 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="D21820570AA78CF34394FB7BAC89424A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.65" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.8 mm</quantity>
. Antennae serrate and antennomeres III – X long- or wide-triangular. Pronotum 1.2 times wider than long, anterior angles obtuse-angled. Elytra 3.6 times longer than humeral width.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9908F443029E7613AB2372A97850FFC" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure3" ID-arpha="F3D080F0-43C0-52A3-A465-B9C315C4DBD9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106281" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="792D9C5893008975AB02DE1981445865">
<label id="91F00C8FDA391887F66498700B716DC8">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F53A91FB2D9E17C2DDDB13B158B7C190">
Habitus, dorsal views of
<taxonomicName id="B444B32ACC4A5C1E307E89C2C001A851" authority="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="A7CA64B682A25AB1A2D782E5BA941B21" italics="true">Macrolycus guangxiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="08657F3AAFE18C4EB4BEEB539E9502DB" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li Y &amp; Bocak L &amp; Pang H" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="6C13C4B1696A09A7CAC24B8182E68945" bold="true">A</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="73A70AC89FCC95A007E03F854EDF4C35" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expansus" status="sp. nov">
<emphasis id="46B209DCE0208380A536B4E6E655E3D2" italics="true">M. expansus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27718726A144B986644CE3897804E893" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="B1D8C1E6DD34F0486BBF856E5656EE9C" bold="true">B</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="85FE70F553AAD91AAF401C1F818FBF29" bold="true">A</emphasis>
female
<emphasis id="ECB2F2CF82283857BE02F787DF5708A2" bold="true">B</emphasis>
male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="36DFBF9ACC0A81AE33047F2F0CE3C508" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure4" ID-arpha="50182CBC-FBE1-50BD-AE2D-E5D6B490E473" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106282" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="483EEC239C8E23CC11DEA55DB194E7E5">
<label id="BE0CA81A275C53430C593BA5541B0E64">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ACA23B567075794736E8DA734F3FE40B">
Aedeagi of
<taxonomicName id="2EE9BF51B4B18EE4C82EFB55E220A42F" authority="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015" authorityName="Li, Bocak &amp; Pang" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guangxiensis">
<emphasis id="72992C8DB62DC7FCE29D2C79D92EF90B" italics="true">Macrolycus guangxiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74CF79066CF806D8704BE34637B8E2E4" DOI="10.1111/ens.12133" author="Li Y &amp; Bocak L &amp; Pang H" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pagination="319-329" refId="B10" refString="Li Y, Bocak L, Pang H (2015) Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12133" title="Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China." volume="18" year="2015">Li, Bocak &amp; Pang, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="BD0604738A8063F654704F2018CD58A7" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="6BC1B52BB2B8B90BC5432E2F16A1F482" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expansus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D5A219A1D7BC437C7E7D0C78E43CE5E0" italics="true">M. expansus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="308C433ECB3DAB47C5D237BD8C4889DF" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="E1F821301C3FAF940DFBE15CD35D1A0C" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B76F29E88A387B0609B9038DD8D35736" bold="true">A, D</emphasis>
dorsal views
<emphasis id="DE86BEA3EB2E3F705D41317B617846A1" bold="true">B, E</emphasis>
ventral views
<emphasis id="7D4669D9D802692D9786B115C4D48638" bold="true">C, F</emphasis>
lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQIAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C1E59FC4F6E56A5EA6CC2804E1CE21E1">
<heading id="6E3BB2CF6EE8BA1B52A9CCE3C2936658" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E78EF6721F5ED0D949AEC827EB27B37">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="B00C47395C7B776259EEA8C3838FD4CE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group in the world." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106280">2</figureCitation>
).
<collectingCountry id="4F15DFED17688D2F1BC625D1C0BB0F7B" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="CD0270ED4FB9255B8A9652D74BD17BD4" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1IAE" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="72D2391B097071C0B663EF2740FB2824">
<heading id="148A2FAE03CF8EB1D6C7FF2572D9E6AD" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89DA09DEA67827C9396001AACEB7F1CA">We provide an illustration of the female habitus and a comparison with the males of this species for the first time.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<treatment id="DDF8CC5C60EF531E8D01ADABD00DD639" ID-arpha="DDF8CC5C-60EF-531E-8D01-ADABD00DD639" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DDF8CC5C60EF531E8D01ADABD00DD639" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DDF8CC5C60EF531E8D01ADABD00DD639">
<subSubSection id="867AA1BBAC422179DB8934FCA4F4E37E" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="48845356F15CECD94D86C70BCCAD7A29">
<taxonomicName id="D6471A50A343CAC9D32BD80230DFA088" ID-CoL="73ZF6" authority="Fromont, 1993" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="BEEA35EA4D03493ECD46769929F3EA06" italics="true">Niphates nitida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E3BCC9B44B6D4D0E01806572718D3D3D" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont J" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 271278 [accessed 22 - 04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FB1C3CFE591CB404BF53E899D0F3A8B" type="description">
<paragraph id="9CA7274668C2697A1B64DBCDEFCC77B0">
<figureCitation id="C34135088BCF13C0B3F6A4C5249546E6" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Niphates nitida Fromont, 1993 a habitus in situ at Kayangan Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b ectosmal skeleton c oxeas d sigmas" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106233">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWQAG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="AF3CC425A9E40AFA7CACD89AFC9BB6F7">
<heading id="5B0CB2C830FE3F07D02F9E4BE87B3E2F" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA39A85446EC5D43F8A069FDB90E1647">
Ramose repent sponge. Bluish green in life, pale white in alcohol. Oscula are small,
<quantity id="96D544C2DC73415F17C992A72D7363AD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Ectosomal shows reticulation fiber tract. Oxeas slightly curved, larger oxeas 120.3–171.3 (139.4) × 4.8–9.3 (6.1) µm (
<emphasis id="028FFC95A060564A95627382E1840EA1" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 22), thin oxeas 109.3–132.7 (121) × 2.4–5.3 (3.5) µm (
<emphasis id="37E68BDE0C07E1E5E188DF532403C182" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 14). Microscleres are C-shaped sigmas. This specimen is identified as
<taxonomicName id="DB46DCEFB24C251B9B580A083A8A7986" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="80796172289FE21D0D5A86A5E578C02D" italics="true">Niphates nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the reticulation fiber tract on the skeleton and the present of sigmas. Previously, only two species of
<taxonomicName id="D06811F055307CD645382B1CABA8AD21" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="884075C9E2E3162D8B925F182435531F" italics="true">Niphates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded from
<collectingCountry id="6E8C5FBEBC6583275C098EB00378C604" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="54F082C6B75901288378177D3133185E" authority="Calcinai et al., 2017" authorityName="Calcinai" authorityYear="2017" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">
<emphasis id="0D19E4C9B6E804AB16B43C9B03820E0F" italics="true">Niphates laminaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FCE34A190DC7AC8BE153BD8CFFB5CAB5" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" author="Calcinai" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calcinai" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="105-150" refId="B17" refString="Calcinai B, Bastari A, Bavestrello G, Bertolino M, Horcajadas SB, Pansini M, Makapedua DM, Cerrano C (2017) Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105–150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" title="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species." volume="680" year="2017">Calcinai et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by a non-spiny, rather irregular, microconulose surface and a chaonosomal skeleton with primary and secondary reticulation fiber tracts, as well as numerous microscleres (
<bibRefCitation id="C4B9A199A7939E3A9AF20B1A6B0E4C5C" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" author="Calcinai" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calcinai" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="105-150" refId="B17" refString="Calcinai B, Bastari A, Bavestrello G, Bertolino M, Horcajadas SB, Pansini M, Makapedua DM, Cerrano C (2017) Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105–150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" title="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species." volume="680" year="2017">Calcinai et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="80643A299ED5575A91DFA62F49C529AF" authority="(de Laubenfels, 1954)" baseAuthorityName="de Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="olemda">
<emphasis id="8176711841378908E93483B085256B79" italics="true">Niphates olemda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FE243177ACC5307A10EA4C539AC39FA8" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.6516" author="de Laubenfels MW" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Oregon" refId="B22" refString="de Laubenfels MW (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State College, Oregon, 336 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516 [accessed 10 - 09 - 2019]" title="The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific." year="1954">de Laubenfels, 1954</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is a tubular sponge with small oxeas (
<bibRefCitation id="29B54312D97DDD25480197370BCA047A" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.6516" author="de Laubenfels" firstAuthor="de Laubenfels" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Oregon" refId="B22" refString="de Laubenfels MW (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State College, Oregon, 336 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6516 [accessed 10-09 - 2019]" title="The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific." year="1954">de Laubenfels 1954</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="0E72B8716899B5E60B21B879C90244FD" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="EA42442D679ECB49526A8A507188F48D" italics="true">Niphates nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a new record for
<collectingCountry id="9492B5AE515545A57C4077074CFD77AF" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BDE7B54162D1E4F1D92755EE6325603" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure11" ID-arpha="17597587-8449-5391-B93E-09F09EE7F09C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106233" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="393552940182897FA2EB2382487C92C5">
<label id="AFDB3263ED0F6275D655C2BFBAD028B5">Figure 11.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D54B534FFA350877771FE1D70045DDD6">
<taxonomicName id="4E1793953B81A989A268394D93B84D68" authority="Fromont, 1993 a" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="C4023EBB50393C74073A9156675D791C" italics="true">Niphates nitida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4316A2FC7F1E41EAD72D071DCC3620F5" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont J" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 271278 [accessed 22 - 04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont, 1993</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A764F6732AE569A2A4A7B434AE19FF5D" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Kayangan Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="52FA8A58BDD3A7DDE14CC9F7AF731557" bold="true">b</emphasis>
ectosmal skeleton
<emphasis id="11B04CF72CFDD705B8F6C721A8E42366" bold="true">c</emphasis>
oxeas
<emphasis id="21B7C5A785158FF2D92350EC65332884" bold="true">d</emphasis>
sigmas
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6TAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5D6A53F59801FB83B7E32F33F9EF3EAF">
<heading id="B4431C3A51CA43F11F76F90BA561ADE6" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="41D061DF7143CE570E937EF82AE25234">
Previously was reported from Magnetic Island,
<collectingCountry id="445ABE8D8B4FD9099B8D4FDB72656D70" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D6092A50D2B9AFDC6F0B22F92B878CB5" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont" firstAuthor="Fromont" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.271278 [accessed 22-04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont 1993</bibRefCitation>
). This is first record for the Spermonde Archipelago (at Kayangan Island; turbid environment).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="451A6B2CF5D07903DA40CD8F76E8B3F0" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BB0795A93BDAFBBAB89ABCE219A07B69">
<taxonomicName id="78CBD9D9C6F7D1D78AFFA29AF6CA8F5C" ID-CoL="D3NW" authority="Fromont, 1993" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paraviridis">
<emphasis id="FE4E10D5C97F92756F2E81C1ACB97F52" italics="true">Amphimedon paraviridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="534D4BA331A58D88F1A039EBF6443A8B" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont J" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 271278 [accessed 22 - 04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="17C53ECDBF8B0398D6DDE76E51B268A6">
<figureCitation id="D41B0FB7E2303476162346DA2D39A546" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Amphimedon paraviridis Fromont, 1993 a habitus in situ over growing Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti Vosmaer, 1880 at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b LM image of cross section of the skeleton c oxeas d Isotropic reticulation of oxeas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106232">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKJAG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="3375CCADB1E8094385C19BD50F159E16">
<heading id="33B9C16DD0264D2DA018CA4CCB9509B1" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C412BEFEDED6D29520F2532C4ED50E87">
Encrusting and soft, with small oscula and scattered ostia on the surface. Pale green in life and turning brown in alcohol. Skeleton isotropic reticulation arranged by oxeas 155–194 (173.5) × 5.9–8.1 (7.2) µm.
<taxonomicName id="446D9912230D20AC098D0AB26F2B7402" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paraviridis">
<emphasis id="ED548E96DFE348642AE84F8905BB369C" italics="true">Amphimedon paraviridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similarities with
<taxonomicName id="9EE77677FEA5EA87C1F0ECB6838353EA" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="D66E922CFA3AE27E6458C86A445DB0FA" italics="true">Amphimedon viridis</emphasis>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean Sea. However, the
<typeStatus id="94750BB6B6ADE41F540A4204C4625798" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="CFF1CADC2F78D03F6256FFEEF80F4E3C" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paraviridis">
<emphasis id="30DD21E83DC474CF30A996C5ECDD72C3" italics="true">A. paraviridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from the Great Barrier Reef) has thicker spicules, a much greater spongin component, thicker fibers, and larger mesh spaces compared to
<taxonomicName id="3996D2A27DE76FCCE298EDD0C8AC9371" authority="(Fromont 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Fromont" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="2AAC52BF65D35DCBACBC9F7C8209684C" italics="true">A. viridis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1E2A4D8F3ACA668973054AF10508F0C" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont" firstAuthor="Fromont" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.271278 [accessed 22-04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Only three species of
<taxonomicName id="DF670E07B55DE010943772CD096C57B1" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FC241A382E82993C1B2F835E3CDC2EF" italics="true">Amphimedon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported from the marine ecoregions of Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation id="B364F6E29BDCFAC200A6072A6BB9771A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" author="Putra" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Putra" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-74" refId="B70" refString="Putra SA, Ambo-Rappe R, Jompa J, de Voogd NJ (2023) Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820–2021): Checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa 5298 (1): 1–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5298.1.1" title="Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): Checklist and bibliography." volume="5298" year="2023">Putra et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
), including
<taxonomicName id="6B3A2DB467D3CE2B6EC1F8B3817940DB" authority="Calcinai et al., 2017" authorityName="Calcinai" authorityYear="2017" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anastomosa">
<emphasis id="40D88BC4C604B08FC7ED8BB579918388" italics="true">Amphimedon anastomosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2971CF8288A61D9B2C9054DFE37AAD17" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" author="Calcinai" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calcinai" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="105-150" refId="B17" refString="Calcinai B, Bastari A, Bavestrello G, Bertolino M, Horcajadas SB, Pansini M, Makapedua DM, Cerrano C (2017) Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105–150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" title="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species." volume="680" year="2017">Calcinai et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="58EA67AFDA8BB020B7CDA9582D4F42A2" authority="(Levi, 1961)" baseAuthorityName="Levi" baseAuthorityYear="1961" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zamboangae">
<emphasis id="94CB727F71E35625A153A997769F0E68" italics="true">Amphimedon zamboangae</emphasis>
(Lévi, 1961)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A02FD737F0B4F7AC8C8171EA04357D5A" authority="de Voogd, 2003" authorityName="de Voogd" authorityYear="2003" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="denhartogi">
<emphasis id="A25ADF2EB2970073563E4AE4BA5576A1" italics="true">Amphimedon denhartogi</emphasis>
de Voogd, 2003
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EEBA9DADEF4E6FC4D563A7C8C27C942C" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure10" ID-arpha="5EE6CF52-A607-5E22-8BD2-47CF2F471A68" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106232" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="3EEF9A2B7901515D069E404E4AF8E44F">
<label id="676C3524398B9C37083EDB4C6BDFA2FE">Figure 10.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF171D63DB4AD75C6A0C1BFD8FECF733">
<taxonomicName id="4408BB402787C8F6D153892C344DCA1E" authority="Fromont, 1993 a" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paraviridis">
<emphasis id="3F630818A1AD7F5DA5A74004216FA491" italics="true">Amphimedon paraviridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0FE24A9225A63CC67A29139C4104449A" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont J" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 271278 [accessed 22 - 04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont, 1993</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="E33B1EED913C50CA3CAD84E3726F9373" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ over growing
<taxonomicName id="C30D80586A8CA53F963EC969BF779620" authority="Vosmaer, 1880" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reinwardti" subGenus="Thalysias">
<emphasis id="A2B3EE1805BDDA4A9F7B4D451269A4C6" italics="true">Clathria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1CB55E1BCB4E53E45CC51821BABE6241" italics="true">Thalysias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="E7E862B07CFE1C8F916022941A3BE325" italics="true">reinwardti</emphasis>
Vosmaer, 1880
</taxonomicName>
at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="1964D815B7CE77ADB67CA42A0E5E1232" bold="true">b</emphasis>
LM image of cross section of the skeleton
<emphasis id="55EB98E9792FDB3AF78350DA5FE52491" bold="true">c</emphasis>
oxeas
<emphasis id="CC64F3ADAAF7352CAC6A768E46B18BC3" bold="true">d</emphasis>
Isotropic reticulation of oxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5NAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="05EA5614680F4FDEAF961825A622B476">
<heading id="19BA73490636165DA285854D58CF8497" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A7DCF07CAB7499C15E9A534613A238B">
Previously reported from
<collectingCountry id="910449B7EB00FFB53C88B565AE6EB6A1" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="84C3CD161D290117797356F17A242F61" DOI="10.5962/p.271278" author="Fromont" firstAuthor="Fromont" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pagination="7-40" refId="B35" refString="Fromont J (1993) Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.271278 [accessed 22-04 - 2021]" title="Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef." volume="10" year="1993">Fromont 1993</bibRefCitation>
). This is first record of
<taxonomicName id="50C924535BB5490B6109E127AE585ADA" authorityName="Fromont" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Amphimedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paraviridis">
<emphasis id="FB9D41DE886E7BAD8095C9BACBDADF5B" italics="true">Amphimedon paraviridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago. Reef flat, overgrowing another sponge,
<taxonomicName id="065975D752999D6B6788D72D4116CC21" authority="Vosmaer, 1880" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reinwardti" subGenus="Thalysias">
<emphasis id="192C9710DB6DD5D843D013A300E80856" italics="true">Clathria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="11B8E603A90928368D93785CA60890A2" italics="true">Thalysias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="208F4E5B09A2EC3A4123A4769F42C962" italics="true">reinwardti</emphasis>
Vosmaer, 1880
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<subSubSection id="2614FF2B491548D21762B1AB6C9593E7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E48F8871F72CCD0CE49D129114A15527">
<taxonomicName id="75B59712F00BC53F06C256F00E098137" ID-CoL="55HM6" authority="Rutzler &amp; Muzik, 1993" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="9299D4FAD85FDE4DD5E066198A840A11" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B60D567EE055E44AE3EA6C914AC8058C" author="Rützler K &amp; Muzik K" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pagination="395-403" refId="B76" refString="Rutzler K, Muzik K (1993) Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs. Scientia Marina 57: 395 - 403. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7882" title="Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" volume="57" year="1993">Rützler &amp; Muzik, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="66B2A71C9531A5608598526F9343EE64" type="description">
<paragraph id="B261E973B8078EEDDCB1A73B0D907E12">
<figureCitation id="74A48F305CED4C2CC0607451AA46E69E" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Habitus in situ of Terpios hoshinota Rützler &amp; Muzik, 1993 (photograph by SAP)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106242">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUVAI" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="5AF070485934D9F70BD249FF1A7337A4">
<heading id="09A428575C8BE8EF1AE3B1B98ABB4CD4" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DF961AA7FFDE18961E4F3A30555463C">
Thin (&lt;
<quantity id="DDCA3EADD01DADA6797D1A4E2F73AA7C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick), encrusting, and excavating form overgrowing host coral skeletons (
<taxonomicName id="8FAEF39F81A333E0A44AFE91CC864A98" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="A36B3712E2B58FF47D4ED522FCDD0A69" italics="true">Acropora</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
). Dark grey to black, sometime pale grey in the upper surface. Original description of
<taxonomicName id="E0FFA9AC8F572A039758F0973BBE932B" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="9D6524EEDDAA3ADFABB4F33F73CC66D3" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show spicules as only tylostyles (
<bibRefCitation id="EE497603AECAC647FBA3D1A981461813" author="Rutzler and Muzik" firstAuthor="Rutzler" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pagination="395-403" refId="B76" refString="Rützler K, Muzik K (1993) Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs. Scientia Marina 57: 395–403. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" title="Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" volume="57" year="1993">Rützler and Muzik 1993</bibRefCitation>
). In this study, spicule arrangements are tylostyles (total length × width) 132.9–252 (206.9) × 2.6–7.8 (4.4) µm (
<emphasis id="A02052C4ED7F3B196183ECBE79E10280" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 52), and variation of heads (head length × head width × neck width) 3.7–7.4 (5.4) × 4.8–9 (6.5) × 1.8–5 (3.3) µm (
<emphasis id="E27058765B6899FB384842A22ECA03FE" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 27). Spicule dimension measurements are shown on Table
<tableCitation id="6DBCC5112B7D4787F45E61F3C649BA46" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Spicule (tylostyles) dimensions (µm) for Terpios hoshinota.">3</tableCitation>
. The morphology of
<taxonomicName id="0A83E4420F534094255984ACCA012DE3" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="CA7EA8699689068E90F047843D63006A" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="64BA40C5E656182E3E3B49A3C44D9DD8" authority="Bergquist, 1967" authorityName="Bergquist" authorityYear="1967" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="2EA96D6503104883FC082E6F141863B8" italics="true">Terpios granulosus</emphasis>
Bergquist, 1967
</taxonomicName>
from Hawaiian reefs. The difference is that this species is greyish brown, has lobe-headed tylostyles, and has a cyanobacterial symbiont (
<bibRefCitation id="A98A8E526AF69085C506E64538A0039E" author="Rutzler and Muzik" firstAuthor="Rutzler" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pagination="395-403" refId="B76" refString="Rützler K, Muzik K (1993) Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs. Scientia Marina 57: 395–403. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" title="Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" volume="57" year="1993">Rützler and Muzik 1993</bibRefCitation>
). This species known as a coral-killing sponge, but a recent study shows
<taxonomicName id="46E086B26F73D51CB20BC4C99F0A1C73" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="64EE042A7ACB204D30FF170D0F9DB31F" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could also grow on glass slides, plastic sheets, and rubber tyres. The competitive interaction with the coral host is only for substrate rather than food or nutrients (
<bibRefCitation id="01B6CBFB602DCEAC7EA6F62EE4E4F2F8" DOI="10.1038/s41598-021-87350-4" author="Syue" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Syue" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pagination="7661" refId="B84" refString="Syue S-T, Hsu C-H, Soong K (2021) Testing of how and why the Terpios hoshinota sponge kills stony corals. Scientific Reports 11 (1): 7661. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87350-4" title="Testing of how and why the Terpios hoshinota sponge kills stony corals." volume="11" year="2021">Syue et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E1150DF288FC925767EC7F9F2FA3D3F6" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure20" ID-arpha="09F8873F-1686-5937-AC71-FFC6B5FE5735" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106242" startId="F20">
<paragraph id="B4C5B843459E613F63EFA9AC80DE2599">
<label id="7A1AD94F787C4C8C450D7BF3282A365F">Figure 20.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12DD3C8F992E0D93A777F8AB3D9C42F0">
Habitus in situ of
<taxonomicName id="DC108402A8E6F0A625CF049BEF16E597" authority="Rutzler &amp; Muzik, 1993" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="B675269595482D92CFD3E30967225974" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9FEF74268A9E5D4CB96D0F636C583CE0" author="Rützler K &amp; Muzik K" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pagination="395-403" refId="B76" refString="Rutzler K, Muzik K (1993) Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs. Scientia Marina 57: 395 - 403. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7882" title="Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" volume="57" year="1993">Rützler &amp; Muzik, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(photograph by SAP).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="AD5F5508A3CB921A48811F5CAB050B5B" startId="T3">
<paragraph id="B419E41F9AA9F1EA798D8399A70F3E4C">
<label id="0DD38439938E428B7BABE88EB09783B7">Table 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D571C22450ABD9E7F0639CF1290B0045">
Spicule (tylostyles) dimensions (µm) for
<taxonomicName id="79828B05DA03E33D3A0C73C9D2854D92" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="042259E04054B0ED3DC00693A4075B69" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9441ACEC9AFBE7400626050FA380398F">
<table id="TID0EMTAK" rules="all">
<tbody id="E8D284E4DB132D2E91D50E9A4690DB1A">
<tr id="C230B712FA6D21AEE85BD0327C598E89">
<th id="EDF00B2C758A95633346623016B6E133" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Total length</th>
<th id="B1FAB292F6EC615479C4AB3276BC6C38" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shaft width</th>
<th id="D2F68D21AD0B03BCD894F7E4E9460A33" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Neck width</th>
<th id="40C0C1BEE3C0FBD112D615A924DA9ED6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Head width</th>
<th id="0F8A5B2F3FF4F2D4D2F05C6855B1F6A5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Head length</th>
<th id="319A8003B5FF4F491B47E1933598BBE3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr id="444B7B9FB00B3096FBD530A28E0BB465">
<td id="72934F30CAE60F5F283BD54D3FA2DFB2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">132.9–252 (206.9)</td>
<td id="BBBA5D6B029F9C19C6D008BD7FAFAC07" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2.6–7.8 (4.4)</td>
<td id="670F0C9E24024EA0C869C1B74BE95D3D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1.8–5 (3.3)</td>
<td id="CCFE54E720B663C098943F510A1094DE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.8–9 (6.5)</td>
<td id="2BF30B665D555D5F131F4B3CF48B17F3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3.7–7.4 (5.4)</td>
<td id="7E125E9CD3C97385C8F7D7D9A67FD7B8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">This study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAAAE79205F8FC93320A839545A1B14F">
<td id="0631DDB222A1611F405AC44ADBA08CC6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">180–290 (251.6)</td>
<td id="A707FDAC9827CFA1E968CE2073ADE681" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3–4 (3.5)</td>
<td id="93780250BFB8B83C9A944C1E4BB0F223" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2–3 (2.7)</td>
<td id="F1E3BEF34D51359BCF494C050A67A91C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5–7 (6.1)</td>
<td id="9BEA052853181234D7E0220013B94159" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.5–6 (5.2)</td>
<td id="4E40E9EBD5258549486BE4DACF73B6E9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="BF0B3EE0E1088760F633A5C6F9F2B215" author="Rutzler and Muzik" firstAuthor="Rutzler" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pagination="395-403" refId="B76" refString="Rützler K, Muzik K (1993) Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs. Scientia Marina 57: 395–403. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" title="Terpios hoshinota, a new cyanobacteriosponge threatening Pacific reefs." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7882" volume="57" year="1993">Rützler and Muzik 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EP2AI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5231DDFACF2E205830C4B4CC7387FD27">
<heading id="0247E36866695383EB52CEE8FE86839E" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FBB41BCCB7BFB329770A6D51BD99AA85">
This widespread species has been recorded from the Indian Ocean, north-western Pacific, and
<collectingCountry id="B25FB988544FD76D214C9426201E96C2" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C1A03C1DF75C68CC7834D98580F8E63C" DOI="10.3390/d11100184" author="Fromont" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fromont" refId="B37" refString="Fromont J, Richards ZT, Wilson NG (2019) First Report of the Coral-Killing Sponge Terpios hoshinota Rützler and Muzik, 1993 in Western Australia: A New Threat to Kimberley Coral Reefs? Diversity 11 (10): 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100184" year="2019">Fromont et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="9776989069D0E5C9D7552256F630ABBD" authorityName="Rutzler &amp; Muzik" authorityYear="1993" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hoshinota">
<emphasis id="1B168A845D077FF8E02407510127E718" italics="true">Terpios hoshinota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from the Ryukyu Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="9968C87F44E1FF3412E0FF2D35078B5D" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(north-west Pacific). Our specimen was found from north-west of Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat, overgrowing branching
<taxonomicName id="DA0FD7BEAD928E2BE559C81F2F9DDB95" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="746CA829239B32BB1E5DC15314A4D019" italics="true">Acropora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="350BB5C653CB36EEF25DA926647206F1">
<taxonomicName id="405F9A763E411800D49225873878F8B8" authority="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityName="Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quartus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5DF55C01CB3915B34AA5235E2AAA514B" italics="true">Macrolycus quartus</emphasis>
Y. Yang, Du &amp; Liu
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="39884177975D14B8B279DC4560C276CD" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="09F7BCE1D337B6380776368CF76FE1BC" type="description">
<paragraph id="836E968F9FCC4CAB9E8382A6FD7DE92C">
<figureCitation id="FB1BCCC8C381D2D1F4E65988B899BC7E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">Figs 5 A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F5333F48CBB9142DFCA5135C5F00ECDE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 A – C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWQAE" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="007EFA45A48EA21C3D103C1058E98E6A">
<heading id="E862AC3EF28674721E1C54CF5E529DC1" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67C64779596941CB57C14A0808E59E27">
The species resembles
<taxonomicName id="797AFF37020039B87FEF953D1310AE54" authority="Kazantsev, 1993" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praecellens">
<emphasis id="CF54FBCF2380F9078E99415114B7735E" italics="true">M. praecellens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E0AE8D7A32F16A92BE559AD137BC17F4" author="Kazantsev SV" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle" pagination="49-68" refId="B2" refString="Kazantsev SV (1993) Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l'Indochine (Coleoptera). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 15 (4): 49 - 68." title="Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l’Indochine (Coleoptera)." volume="15" year="1993">Kazantsev, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: lamellae of antennomeres III and IV obtuse at apices (Fig.
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); phallus integrally stout (Fig.
<figureCitation id="520DCF17B44C15DE195F4A6B9D4FD3AA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 A – C</figureCitation>
), apical part relatively long and moderately expanded ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
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). In contrast, in
<taxonomicName id="2BAD95280534F1C0AFFB8515A4975A86" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praecellens">
<emphasis id="5067641D91AF63607B4CED096575EEB7" italics="true">M. praecellens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lamellae of antennomeres III and IV are acute at apices (
<bibRefCitation id="AB64F3FE05A21F4E24B4B87F8B8A0705" author="Kazantsev" firstAuthor="Kazantsev" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle" pagination="49-68" refId="B2" refString="Kazantsev SV (1993) Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l’Indochine (Coleoptera). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 15 (4): 49–68." title="Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l’Indochine (Coleoptera)." volume="15" year="1993">Kazantsev 1993</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 13); phallus is integrally slender, apical part is relatively short and strongly expanded ventrally in lateral view (
<bibRefCitation id="83EC445A4C29FF3FF2DCB1498E05D1EA" author="Kazantsev" firstAuthor="Kazantsev" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle" pagination="49-68" refId="B2" refString="Kazantsev SV (1993) Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l’Indochine (Coleoptera). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 15 (4): 49–68." title="Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus de l’Indochine (Coleoptera)." volume="15" year="1993">Kazantsev 1993</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 12).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B93EEFEA5763B1BA069061CCD15D308A" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" ID-arpha="4D379700-C7E3-5C79-B5B3-E2FFEB4025F1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="448D2A701139ACEE7EEEBDD4FFA669E5">
<label id="840AB12EA2836A6EB1F3012CD62EB7C7">Figure 5.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="110FCA86C38AE9B9F5464F7AB1734E7A">
Habitus (dorsal views) of
<taxonomicName id="371627F22864D30B94F493DA2E594B78" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quartus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="58F92AD48906B9B17EAC925CE50CEC09" italics="true">Macrolycus quartus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98F4CD0322D7D555DA7042587F70C691" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="E13F31C88A785D7EDE52D672030D7161" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="DE7FF0E41A7127A2F8E391BA1D198398" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="195996E1E42ED841DE1C0BFEAECBFC8E" italics="true">M. costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="17EEB510595C162F3AA102E7FB7E5D4D" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="96CDB7AEA2FB266FC54EC41D53D3386A" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="470BBAC1D6CC7FA52C4116D89CC84DA5" bold="true">A, C</emphasis>
males
<emphasis id="0849A5EECE768085318E793922BD7BF2" bold="true">B, D</emphasis>
females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CA1B98975622D09099C64F37C8105975" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" ID-arpha="B44A60DD-E531-51FA-A982-0E9D3ECA016B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="03D63453C50CEC490DED6371880E074A">
<label id="C2CD53DF54B46E84891CF0C3D678B2D6">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4ACE29C8B17B3A143F4D4DB2D0C83472">
Aedeagi of
<taxonomicName id="AC6BCDE868E31F3A5AF9FF29E9526741" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quartus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FB2BB524710A8B0CD53432CF69C5558C" italics="true">Macrolycus quartus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0030FDE1EFFDFA1266B9DF878B1DD391" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="EBA1EFF41416011327E28057909E53FB" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="5992F87E8955F63CD5B32BB8D197ABAE" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="837CE2BADA59141E93366C5742C47127" italics="true">M. costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FE09FBBE858BDD2E27217E2622C86108" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="8A448FE88D61D884BF9632CF0DF42512" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="D79309561F7DB4ACB582E1AA29E4A35B" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacipennis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9C7E4E194C7FCDB7F302E58AF372597D" italics="true">M. opacipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5326C42420251FEC1197D914896E40E" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="06A2F6842105B94E7145AF2EECCC451B" bold="true">G – I</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="FE051F855DCA2365D3BCB910F378286F" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5648687AFA5D46AF86691EC01BB59D9D" italics="true">M. curtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F6D549088F5F6154D55F7BA198655C9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="D44AED41C174F2221556E6B2E77EDC3B" bold="true">J – L</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="66649302B4B454B70173B0647DFE2677" bold="true">A, D, G, J</emphasis>
dorsal views
<emphasis id="13CE86C7695E12FD29EA46131B72D849" bold="true">B, E, H, K</emphasis>
ventral views
<emphasis id="F7BD6BAFC24F15D3A554464F9B4906A2" bold="true">C, F, I, L</emphasis>
lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYVAE" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="AE9C3CB6E6296CFB5231A2A49A38B1E2">
<heading id="E61C363E23CD2F845E84D3340FC39863" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46638B4BBFDA03D8954336EB8772FDDD">
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<taxonomicName id="2E2B4E4A733040F8B049257B550627D4" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quartus">
<emphasis id="19D8F92C515155CD3D3ED1FA880183BD" italics="true">quartus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the fourth), referring to its antennomere IV truncated at apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIWAE" type="type material">
<paragraph id="09E8A32EB5F876A4E5F03C08E35D62ED">
<heading id="836EFE25C93A8EB3449B97930817B324" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0B117CEECE1D8558F45F162B026090A">
<materialsCitation id="884AAF399AE5EAEC612641527F54D67A" collectingDate="2011-05-27" collectionCode="MHBU" collectorName="H. Y. Liu." country="China" elevation="1100" location="Damingshan" municipality="Wuming" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Guangxi" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="79B4C98504FA900163D45E140B4C1EE5" bold="true">
<emphasis id="C7DB7CE5F3E887B98022DBD58AC15C66" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="F62D6B1BED388C09DB216FBA8233B67B" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="820E91B949A593E2BEED65F8139772D0" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="8A3FC14DAF1F3070C014416CE9504D05" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ETWAE" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="B0D8368D84519DA4BECA0C9C56C3E137">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
),
<collectingRegion id="758FABA8FD2E74F9A4289DD1DE5B11A3" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="F76C2E928CCF011F1B9E52144614FE38">Wuming</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="29C8DA98E26002EC7C9CD9DE53E67EA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F00F8690CB1F5416B2B7D12284C81814:29C8DA98E26002EC7C9CD9DE53E67EA2" country="China" municipality="Wuming" name="Damingshan" stateProvince="Guangxi">Damingshan</location>
,
<quantity id="59415B4A27EC918376BE8FA5D302C6C7" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<elevation id="D811B71296B56EE6756A831015C70FAD" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="8AF3DF721A69B3BD0EEE6282E18D8996" value="2011-05-27">
<collectingDate id="E7B2F8B918B01483E59AB06ADE9A39ED" value="2011-05-27">27. v. 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="604B71CACB8FA2B4B3528C840EF7FE5C">H. Y. Liu.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="1AD2E18CB786E0F5C6A75497C96AAD04" bold="true">
<emphasis id="C8E057279620AB8FB1F80159357500A7" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="10D0CD20020B2046B65EC3E3422596C3" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="CC1226F3A0D277AD50A9AA1B0E926110" count="3" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="A5CD44814F1D3D0D5F3EA6C65D3B322F" count="9" type="female">9 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E3WAE" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="3E72C7058D304514EF35101E7F4ACEA4">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
), same data as the
<typeStatus id="7957831D1EFEEFD387DC9DFD1EE2AA2F" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<specimenCount id="591B2770DE9E0C92C3BC29BE516F22FD" count="3" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="E414230510485A2AA65CDA31668E8077" count="7" type="female">7 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EBXAE" xlink_title="Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China">
<collectionCode id="CE5420D50B019E530532B35BDE624ABF">MHBU</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
),
<collectingRegion id="5E2FDD320B4D3CBE424F17CDE3C69A0C" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
, Wuming, Damingshan,
<quantity id="1F9EE6C34BAA50303A91EA484AA571B6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.326" metricValueMax="1.422" metricValueMin="1.23" unit="m" value="1326.0" valueMax="1422.0" valueMin="1230.0">1230–1422 m</quantity>
,
<date id="181CAA2BDFB2BCD6B61C6D1CC307B63F" value="2011-05-20">20. v. 2011</date>
, leg. H. Y. Liu.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGXAE" type="description">
<paragraph id="798B2FF95C9E3CE9AA07F7411398BBB9">
<heading id="AC7A626E5DC1A36C79D1B74EB904C175" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD7BCFA3970AA085CA9AB4C58DF90F46">
<emphasis id="A849064B7E03421A8F4FEA3708E51D55" bold="true">Male</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="5B978B81BA6696D3A76A5EF029617954" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 A</figureCitation>
). Length
<quantity id="9A7D95757D54DB35695BC9A0333BB3EF" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.06" metricValueMin="0.94" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="10.6" valueMin="9.4">9.4–10.6 mm</quantity>
(10.0 mm in
<typeStatus id="97B4E2468C854CB8540C93FEDD6B13FC" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), width at humeri
<quantity id="43F9E1E5041CC7C54FF4B7A66D0EAC6C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0999999999999996" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.9" unit="mm" value="2.0999999999999996" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.3 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="E95779824F901D84DF84CD7C6875081D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
in
<typeStatus id="5F1C5AF4FB2A029A8CD3683ED3D84DDE" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4A776E57A28A6C924BB44752A8E6EE7">
Body black. Pronotum, elytra and scutellum dark red. Surface covered with decumbent red pubescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DA45014B41B67B81A4D33EFEC27698B9" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E9AE1A4C067641CF96F9E15EE387B44">
Eyes small, interocular distance about 2.3 times greater than eye diameter. Antennae flabellate, overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Antennomere III triangular and obtuse apically, about 2.5 times longer than wide; IV – XI lamellate, lamella of IV apically obtuse and lamellae of V – XI pointed at apices; lamella of IX longest, 3.8 times longer than joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FC03B380EE7499E7E86A018B3EC19884" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="16F96C1145346DD7F619ABE7E137C283">
Pronotum square, 1.1 times wider than long. Anterior margin projecting anteriad and feebly emarginate at apex, lateral margins sinuate and posterior margin bisinuate; anterior angles rounded, posterior angles sharp and sharply projected. Scutellum trapezoidal, feebly emarginate at apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3FF17EC4BAEF82053B82FA02D1B45380" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E79D8881BDA39A8C33942F522A7BA1EA">
Elytra 3.8 times longer than humeral width. Costa I weak, II as strong as IV, and III weak and visible only at humeri (Fig.
<figureCitation id="858070FA49568FE332E0DBAD170BD014" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0AF8E326B69D3D06A5426D66C183AE10">
Phallus slender (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C32C5A7FF97AE350FCAB76AE0E339A89" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 A – C</figureCitation>
), nearly parallel-sided basally in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="62FB0B02891321E6B2BD260618F609CB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 A, B</figureCitation>
), subapical part moderately and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about 1.89 times as wide as basal part, with an oval ventral-cavity, apical part progressively expanded distad, apex with a shallow V-shaped notch, about 0.54 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 3 part feebly curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8E41D69970B36A21C647AF2303831A96" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 C</figureCitation>
), subapical part inflated ventrally, apical part moderately expanded ventrally, with a square lamella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2568CF2C0B3C9C079044C2C847FBABF3">
<emphasis id="D9C83B7108C75912A4282B245203E544" bold="true">Female</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="28F5F4A7BAF57C48D7C08F6FF22A602E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 B</figureCitation>
). Similar to male, but larger in body size. Length
<quantity id="96A742561E9D46845B5DBF2DB8E50535" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.39" metricValueMin="1.15" unit="mm" value="12.7" valueMax="13.9" valueMin="11.5">11.5–13.9 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="E2BD4C6FA0ECF58FEE7F61DAA52B2CDB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.7" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="2.7">2.7–3.3 mm</quantity>
. Antennae serrate and shorter, overlapping elytral mid-length when inclined. Pronotum 1.2 times wider than long, anterior angles obtuse-angled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAZAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3928F8DBD99B389007D9A84AA711D861">
<heading id="C206C35A9680E41A082EDFD2FA27E050" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECBC83473CB38DA10BA7DCB784B7F319">
<emphasis id="30A2C9CCCB549D6677CA68E4A63A4F4C" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="6213D64BC85BE81FFAF157201DAF762E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group in the world." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106280">2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="188CEB43BD358C6CD93E552C83215638" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="418DF2F24A5A717EE4858B7A40D35B83" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="5C9ADF59BD3794455ECB82C6CA205CB5" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603" ID-ZooBank="B6DB2AC5-8878-471C-876E-207490E3A4D4" ID-publisher-id="113603" URI-arpha="6C15B841-3C06-57AD-8A5A-4318DF949745" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/B6DB2AC5-8878-471C-876E-207490E3A4D4" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1722523878674" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Putra, Singgih Afifa, Ambo-Rappe, Rohani, Jompa, Jamaluddin &amp; de Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2024" docId="F073D4A33FFA5BECA3F9734601B94DD6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1208: 275-313" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1208" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/113603/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Iotrochota baculifera Ridley 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="313" masterDocId="6C15B8413C0657AD8A5A4318DF949745" masterDocTitle="Preliminary study of marine sponges (Porifera) in the littoral of Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia" masterLastPageNumber="313" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="275" updateTime="1722523998196" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="DC05996C4C40E790C52D3BBE8D1B0CE2">Preliminary study of marine sponges (Porifera) in the littoral of Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="34B3A3638629CB32E456DD961DD97320">Putra, Singgih Afifa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CFC06251951B6B56022A4585FBD5E1F5">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Balai Pengembangan Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Vokasi Bidang Kelautan Perikanan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (BPPMPV KPTK), Gowa 92172, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="337994442CA702D5756F07C650C5D474">Ambo-Rappe, Rohani</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7ABEE365DD56589B1F86E6B2F274B793">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8966D53443FABEA7FF7CA54790BC0977">Jompa, Jamaluddin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="26C0663C1B62ECF1C616F50F022CDBB1">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Doktor Ilmu Perikanan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5D7F7D960797982C58CBDD1BB3549749">de Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E86922A6025C5B9117773EEB5007315B">Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Understanding Evolution Group, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="F39C338149FFB3D924C9DC15D95C101D" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FB9D484EBA8B60EBDD9C7BF33C924550">
<taxonomicName id="E81559D48B7DC616A70C5515F9983EB0" ID-CoL="6MWYV" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="5EF1B7904CE36FA2113F549B2D37E06E" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CEE27073EE59C0CEE34B27968E8046B7" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="45B80CD61856D36F4660D715BF2CED6E" type="description">
<paragraph id="1AEA99583CB4617B91FCD65E51070BD8">
<figureCitation id="4E9412052B3DFB81D6E884C06CD3523C" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Iotrochota baculifera Ridley, 1884 a habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP) b birotulate chelae c styles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106236">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5NBG" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="EB7C0FC33025BD03294A87882DD56879">
<heading id="CF7D2A440271133B5D2E38BB0B281340" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="619D52CA6586132CE4941488F09BF2AD">
Black, thin, encrusting with rough surface, and boring. Choanosomal skeleton show multispicular reticulation. Spicule arrangements are styles 157.9–212.5 (191.7) × 7.4–15.9 (11.4) µm (
<emphasis id="2E915922187F953B69B1EDAF6889CCF7" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 25), strongyles 248–287.6 (266.6) × 3.6–7.8 (6.7) µm (
<emphasis id="E024383198C08CDAA7F0CD74C062E694" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 25), with microsclere birotulate chelae, 13.9–17.3 (15.4) µm (
<emphasis id="8A66055E051682A5025202398B64226E" italics="true">n</emphasis>
= 21).
<taxonomicName id="DC34791BEA6A2A7A92827B3EBA4D6976" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="B5900D2D55F91B79BCCA2FA28BF39258" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar coloration with
<taxonomicName id="5F42EA1F835BB5E72F3A07F9FDB90C90" authority="(Bowerbank, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="FE6D2383D87DCAA190B2FCEE0192C431" italics="true">Iotrochota purpurea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C6908E9EC377EB361513BBC91C33526F" author="Bowerbank JS" refId="B12" refString="Bowerbank JS (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 281 - 296. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7225" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7225" year="1875">Bowerbank, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E3106A694B6E921886BD57DD7288B4D5" authority="(Baer, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="29E59193B270DF04C212BFBB3A4A521C" italics="true">Iotrochota nigra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FF606903ACC12239669C1CD87DD8C8F3" author="Baer L" refId="B5" refString="Baer L (1906) Silicispongien von Sansibar, Kapstadt and Papeete. (Inaugural Dissertation: Berlin). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 72: 1 - 32 [pls I - V]. https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 7090 [accessed 22 - 05 - 2021]" url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7090" year="1906">Baer, 1906</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Table
<tableCitation id="247548CF5638D189CFAEF60A2DF3F26A" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of spicule measurements (µm) in specimens of Iotrochota baculifera, Iotrochota purpurea, and Iotrochota nigra.">2</tableCitation>
shows the comparison of the spicule measurements of these species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FE4C29AF15F81CCF95EBC1786AF204F5" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure14" ID-arpha="262BBA72-28C4-57E9-9A45-07A7F1BFBB32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106236" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="93CA0A485D2DCE8B399166A0AD8A386E">
<label id="194CED15AB1BAB51DFA8FA8421BEA84A">Figure 14.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2556BDCBB0E11B94EE8BC7C40AB0AA89">
<taxonomicName id="187547880E5DE9C42BD26998739F01DB" authority="Ridley, 1884 a" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="7FACCF40DBABAFCCAF147427BE64AAB0" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F931423C2AA4D7F9C06B5F9F801B6981" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="6931BC92E51FDD7B342A21B899E2FD96" bold="true">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitus in situ at Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by SAP)
<emphasis id="65A0646D0278F0E7C084D90F7F447916" bold="true">b</emphasis>
birotulate chelae
<emphasis id="EB5E779504C7A14745E68B3E3214FA37" bold="true">c</emphasis>
styles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18FE25805382B3FC2984BC8C542F5C6F" startId="T2">
<paragraph id="1B8491A33CABDF2A7D8DB57C7ACA97E0">
<label id="DA9A31649C615F983BECDE16BB4F1933">Table 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7DCC12E76E8C3FFC81DD5E8310E38E0">
Comparison of spicule measurements (µm) in specimens of
<taxonomicName id="0BA2AC866E498BBB6A9AFCBF0AB90617" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="7796CA2C997160DBF31ADB2A4E760BE5" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5F92491EC8F720A4BFC43B95698BE7B5" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="0ED0601E1D9CFD349942DEDB92BED8D2" italics="true">Iotrochota purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="5E6792026B6942B22844FA45A72C99CC" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="3DF894D6C4B9A44D28C80719D5AAFA27" italics="true">Iotrochota nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1033A64901077684C6BA786FF720EC54">
<table id="TID0ECFAK" rules="all">
<tbody id="D442D289746B962C47722E2233E4910E">
<tr id="D91053B81C8361BBE5AE139B66D5E46D">
<th id="86D5C96FD6BE605E665DF5DF7E200FAA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th id="8FFE5B0C17DB88AFD820BFE27515DE3B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Styles</th>
<th id="927E13BA20152812ECBB8861C973CE11" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Strongyles</th>
<th id="A07FEF2B931D1710F0F151CC56802350" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Birotulates</th>
<th id="5D3382E3427F9A1269817BFDDCD487C2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr id="F0B82853638ABAA917047008AA5B7A1E">
<td id="5AF32E021A9BD53703AE6F937F7D365E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3ED46F2824A4B71EB4CF9BC1D6498C6" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="E98F5F94712595595C37B4E401455C61" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="508049EE0BE6FAB59173F6AC674E8E65" colspan="1" rowspan="1">157.9–212.5 (191.7) × 7.4–15.9 (11.4)</td>
<td id="08C9E9674B6A82C9EF78FC4F3BD0E10B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">248–287.6 (266.6) × 3.6–7.8 (6.7)</td>
<td id="110212B1F067116D8B355D39EE7A0DC9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13.9–17.3</td>
<td id="C4B2B0D63C91EE23F15239F01F8A84F1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">This study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C95371363B58F37FE493E12E7E44B18D">
<td id="4FE65F93CD5FB2E64E50851E73522372" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E5CA27012065D6ABFEBB2B2AE7570952" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="93EC895DA15B24687D8FB39B6E6F8EA4" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="39652233685E8D4E73E5CD66F903CDB0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">200 × 9.5–12.7</td>
<td id="2F96D100F73C46C6AEC154172126FE04" colspan="1" rowspan="1">220–280 × 6.3</td>
<td id="AD01614A20D28FC99761E110E6188AB3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="A839E5AACD72A7B9E96E6007F6B7899C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="97303B3A53C115D2489BC9B0CC4EB031" author="Ridley" firstAuthor="Ridley" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ‘ Alert’, 1881–2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366–482 [pls 39–43; 582–630, 53–54]. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099 [accessed 14-07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35E63C46E1C7CC0200ABA9B71BD86E45">
<td id="045AF6B5C0632AE4C34CC6BB2D389D83" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2BDD66929078FC8D91FD81B307D35884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="A02781F8AD8425C115EF3D7596185DC9" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="65AE8ABFCA8AA2288415EAC63A324050" colspan="1" rowspan="1">125–180 × 5.5–7.5</td>
<td id="397E37076573AF7DC90E08D5ADCEE1D8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">225–255 × 3.5–5</td>
<td id="861254901DCB6D2416DFD68B1C7DC73C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13–16.5</td>
<td id="0F930030E0C47890F52C334AA757C247" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="6B4D609DCDEE30C1F5340CE1EACB05B0" author="Bergquist" firstAuthor="Bergquist" refId="B9" refString="Bergquist PR (1965) The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacific Science XIX: 123–204. https://biostor.org/reference/234177" url="https://biostor.org/reference/234177" year="1965">Bergquist 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1306366831C22DE9DEE14A5DF019BC8B">
<td id="EA75EC97189B0DF1A20DFAEFD3BFED42" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="D860920C1B2EAF8FAD0A85D2BCF70952" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="9F4DB4C493A485CEFE3A904BF56731AE" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C196C4AE52AA3004DD422249E8AAADD6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">168–189 (175) × 4–8 (6)</td>
<td id="24A8BF5A1342F031BC94927492B7AFB3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">201–243 (225) × 4–6 (4)</td>
<td id="6C9F29A8120F4A52ADC023C0617E4759" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td id="B326CA9DFAD7D1F96FC93452392DFAAB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="B40D7EE93BA006DF253989F749626C91" author="Thomas" firstAuthor="Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Wetenschappen" pagination="1-96" refId="B87" refString="Thomas PA (1973) Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Zoologische Wetenschappen 203: 1–96. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/ [accessed 15-10 - 2019]" title="Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean)." url="http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/" volume="203" year="1973">Thomas 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1FCAE3253435F22D83CF11E8651C8E13">
<td id="B4A7568C098B218EEC27ED23575BD1B6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="EDD3E5B2CC2AC7F7733EAABF222B9849" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="5665DAE727968345B25142F6B340F668" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="183EFC3689816C7F65B236151F7BB49B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">145–170 (160) × 5–8.7 (7.5)</td>
<td id="E942D20C7D376E04EC28D41EF81B4150" colspan="1" rowspan="1">205–230 (220.9) × 2.5–5 (4)</td>
<td id="C9C4CBE04AF7EAF85FB3193F65419EEE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td id="F889A93B23663AB63EC1EE994BFC5CF4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="0C5CEE452A89D8DAB2B85CAD6F488636" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0189357" author="Nunez Pons" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nunez Pons" refId="B60" refString="Núñez Pons L, Calcinai B, Gates RD (2017) Who’s there? – First morphological and DNA barcoding catalogue of the shallow Hawai’ian sponge fauna. PLoS ONE 12 (12): e 0189357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189357" year="2017">Núñez Pons et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="83F4094829FEFFEE9E9A8E32C5EFB7D5">
<td id="B1566EC36923025F36FF6F627A1F1680" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F632FEB42A7936FF346BDD8363CA6FFF" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="63EDF0B34A6A66370157632895E5FE85" italics="true">Iotrochota purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="482FE6AF89984C56212D8451840FF175" colspan="1" rowspan="1">146–180 (163) × 4–8 (5)</td>
<td id="C757813DEAFA9EDC023D9FDABAB0067E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="A47494EFFF8810ABBD89793C2EF8F643" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="20E58940F76BCA8B7204968292A56E1C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="952B4BCA6A474EE7EB18C0B807C905AB" author="Thomas" firstAuthor="Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Wetenschappen" pagination="1-96" refId="B87" refString="Thomas PA (1973) Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Zoologische Wetenschappen 203: 1–96. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/ [accessed 15-10 - 2019]" title="Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean)." url="http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7923/" volume="203" year="1973">Thomas 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2D15556D26882329EDFBF935A07279E4">
<td id="6C954A158F050949FD8D7DF4DDFFCE23" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A625F90B8FAE908AB88712F2387A8466" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="E2996F903A6DA8687DDFA665DD863DB9" italics="true">Iotrochota purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="8ECB6110F6ED8C772AB00E466DAFFC61" colspan="1" rowspan="1">168 × 8</td>
<td id="674A71580D4E3FAA4BFBA21E6B2CBE7D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="60E6EB1A850B95B584F8DAD4E5C1F4C3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="3210F85C0A227A7306E13B047E53DCD5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="54456F5192B5A8C4BDEB06ECCB6CAAF1" author="Thomas" firstAuthor="Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pagination="308-316" refId="B89" refString="Thomas PA (1991) Sponges of Papua and New Guinea - Part Order Haplosclerida Topsent. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 33: 308–316. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=148309" title="Sponges of Papua and New Guinea - Part Order Haplosclerida Topsent." url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=148309" volume="33" year="1991">Thomas 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0A0DDF5845C9C1AD2976503DD3F1C035">
<td id="1A1946E947D9DD9D07601B54AD5D8064" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0C1D006BA64C0BD4623255BF8BE0D713" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="7A13D36CF2C6E4AD04900E230C410A6C" italics="true">Iotrochota nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="F45627C3BB2846B68BE4AB9A5C5DFBC2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">170 × 6</td>
<td id="6B0FF056028609CCEEB19EA8BF84D70A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="B987274C1C80A602D7A78D5C6B71F3F3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="0E887D58159D2F79EAC88D7319A6F2B7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="B7AA62E79B1C6F95976E6A8DF83084C0" author="Baer" firstAuthor="Baer" refId="B5" refString="Baer L (1906) Silicispongien von Sansibar, Kapstadt and Papeete. (Inaugural Dissertation: Berlin). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 72: 1–32 [pls I – V]. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7090 [accessed 22-05 - 2021]" url="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=7090" year="1906">Baer 1906</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BB12F6F7A4A3D1CF9FEE8D6160E30058">
<td id="B59044D330E8C0B739A38D1CB0483C48" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B895B1205E07805A70D926F69DA3311B" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="DA98223D9DD9EC051E6A74B259BE1565" italics="true">Iotrochota nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="8CF5A4102AAF86EF090B7D8762F04FD7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">230–269 (251) × 5 (5)</td>
<td id="6E9EE6DD3045B3EC393B463F94CFA3B9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">163–193 (184) × 7 (7)</td>
<td id="64326AF60719CC9F14D415403D286F3C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">17 (17)</td>
<td id="FFE694A8BEA1C9D8A52CA8A0ACCB9515" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="3558B8C8DC9AC8D861ABB9371FFB7D6B" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4587.1.1" author="Samaai" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Samaai" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-85" refId="B77" refString="Samaai T, Pillay R, Janson L (2019) Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa 4587 (1): 1–85. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4587.1.1" title="Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa." volume="4587" year="2019">Samaai et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EP2BG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7F889D233B624373EA2CED4B54F1AEAF">
<heading id="F67127AB96443217040415CD02FC8897" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="166B6EFFCDCB849129D18FF66CEDBF36">
Widespread from the Western Indian Ocean to
<collectingRegion id="1A9252953DAF2F036F4C731215AE705B" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72A8EC7CF4BF3DB69231C3C2BE769CFD" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0189357" author="Nunez Pons" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nunez Pons" refId="B60" refString="Núñez Pons L, Calcinai B, Gates RD (2017) Who’s there? – First morphological and DNA barcoding catalogue of the shallow Hawai’ian sponge fauna. PLoS ONE 12 (12): e 0189357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189357" year="2017">Núñez Pons et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Only two species of
<taxonomicName id="4BFE6559C36EF1DD2AA5FA486BFD4584" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2B333AB9C57E34938ACE6E219CDDC46" italics="true">Iotrochota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been recorded from Spermonde Archipelago,
<taxonomicName id="F5BE11E20CDFAC1C8CF08EBC78EFCE8E" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B8C99337C43B0F90313A3AEE4F45AC4B" italics="true">Iotrochota purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C0D2D856979B7CAC9F89F9E7470709B2" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" class="Demospongiae" family="Iotrochotidae" genus="Iotrochota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="baculifera">
<emphasis id="5F2E46486EC3849BF4019CE4F247FF55" italics="true">Iotrochota baculifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB1ACB74EA14305210BA45BA559F375E" author="Ridley SO" refId="B72" refString="Ridley SO (1884) Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. (British Museum (Natural History): London)., 366 - 482 [pls 39 - 43; 582 - 630, 53 - 54]. http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = sourcedetails &amp; id = 8099 [accessed 14 - 07 - 2021]" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&amp;id=8099" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8BC68D8627B285CCC3EBA3B70CFB89C8" author="de Voogd" firstAuthor="de Voogd" refId="B24" refString="de Voogd NJ (2005) Indonesian Sponges: Biodiversity and Mariculture Potential. University of Amsterdam. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.237560 [accessed 24-09 - 2019]" url="https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.237560" year="2005">de Voogd 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Our specimen was found in the north-west of Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago; reef flat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

242
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<taxonomicName id="767CFA904C5CF598B36281ECF3310D5B" authority="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityName="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E0A7C686D9E99115105CCD51A717ACC8" italics="true">Macrolycus curtus</emphasis>
Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="354B2F100D3ACBC7B50CCDF3AAD8DCA1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="B5E89EB98387AF0354DF6D6E5BF506C5">
<figureCitation id="5E408C6148AF253BED0098C7BC3A679D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">Figs 6 J – L</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A57D43C79B7356201AAFE98DBC967405" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C, D</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGIAG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="01E997F17F50F4BE6613FF650119BC26">
<heading id="3EF9B47F62042A6121EDE8A209DC088A" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="20110707221D660A81117DDFCCD62001">
The species resembles
<taxonomicName id="0B152A062E6D002A17FED2A301D24AEB" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D7331780D0D5C2BE0604352CE41AA36E" italics="true">M. costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="475A661B9B605C83EE46C0C08F6E977E" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the short apical part (1 / 10 length) and fusiform ventral-cavity of phallus, but differs in the weak elytral costa III (Fig.
<figureCitation id="72FA410FB0112439D56E4CACD12417DF" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
) (strong in
<taxonomicName id="D6E7732D15E5FF1DB958FD52AD2EEF46" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C3E6AC50A25AD9BDB5EEB63280A5090C" italics="true">M. costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="019EB047CC1F4C660EAD12ED0200E174" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; Fig.
<figureCitation id="3CBA4B2D061E2D66F3C5D0AC7583871B" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A, B) and M. costus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106283">5 C</figureCitation>
); phallus relatively stout and curved laterally at basal 1 / 4 portion in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="62CC78191D020A8F8834D0595BC43456" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 J – K</figureCitation>
) (slender and almost straight at basal part in dorsal and ventral views in
<taxonomicName id="146F750B9F4815DB6C1C11EFD541E431" authorityName="Du &amp; Yang &amp; Yang &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DB8F5F48992D5F52042E2D61B3DD68A" italics="true">M. costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B390B49F91E04D0D4B24AB22D19478A" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="67292F59B038092FB7BB5CBB69EE8651" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 D – F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4JAG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FACD1C5CFA0085AEF691B45E6288043B">
<heading id="970EB207B40E0F5DC355812829DEE18C" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226A1C1C65E2926C08EA47D9A8DFD991">
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<taxonomicName id="9C5298BCC12DA343961E58C0D51441D1" authorityName="Y. Yang, Liu &amp; X. Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Macrolycus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="8CB6D3A4CD518636F175E337A9622968" italics="true">curtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(short), referring to the short apical part of its phallus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENKAG" type="type material">
<paragraph id="BA5D0C365F0687D27FA82811CF224BFB">
<heading id="243320EC49378AF0C767CB5EC685E4BF" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="236D740F8793FEF5C8D12D3142A0EE3D">
<materialsCitation id="674BAFA60157771FA1F95CF7F32B7F76" collectingDate="1999-07-08" collectionCode="IZAS" collectorName="J. Yao." country="China" elevation="1400" location="Qinghe Forestry" municipality="Kangxian" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Gansu" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="76B11F00BF24033F1B68C762BA9CE2C6" bold="true">
<emphasis id="7C989781C20B9BFDF823FB3D21A73A08" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="82A898944DCDCDFBEF1AE2F34A21595F" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="30CF4E73F04828C84BCCE4F342005B2C" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="14C1D2BF24AAF8A266D8D999EB46CD4C" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
<named-content id="D1A6C4A10499488C7011061EEBA3674E" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/institute-zoology-chinese-academy-sciences" xlink_title="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China">
<collectionCode id="373CBDE144A59620C9F56C7432ACA82D" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/043p-ts4f" name="Institut Zoologii Akademii Nauk Ukraini - Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" type="">IZAS</collectionCode>
</named-content>
),
<collectingRegion id="C0DF918FDB0906044DD2DC2C61B265B3" country="China" name="Gansu">Gansu</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="73DCD8DB0FAC4464CF23D66F70C4547E">Kangxian</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="4C50038139DA31FB72DE364A6EC32BEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F151EABD92CE52CCAB02EBC3BECAB4FD:4C50038139DA31FB72DE364A6EC32BEF" country="China" municipality="Kangxian" name="Qinghe Forestry" stateProvince="Gansu">Qinghe Forestry</location>
,
<quantity id="429358E76A4A61EFDF0AE2FC72EBF3B4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="1400.0">
<elevation id="3E3AD3DFC97A08F8FE6FBFFEF1B181D0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="8ED816400AC7D251C6F2CFE7E8A98EE4" value="1999-07-08">
<collectingDate id="C5C6ED35912896FCA3DC49AC7C6B7DFF" value="1999-07-08">8. vii. 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="62703A199444E0A13BAD962E23051B4D">J. Yao.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="6C129400CFABD2D88C7578569D71F564" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="1BB5B42E0C190193727BD0247EFC32FA" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<specimenCount id="2D7C9F399D9C8FA978CD662E26ADD4AD" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<named-content id="AA3086A2450385B7C80E29619D01F4F6" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/institute-zoology-chinese-academy-sciences" xlink_title="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China">
<collectionCode id="6388E4C0DE5A8BCFC2E271F402F367AD" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/043p-ts4f" name="Institut Zoologii Akademii Nauk Ukraini - Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" type="">IZAS</collectionCode>
</named-content>
), same data as
<typeStatus id="1946CDDFC17053367A00ED37A90DDCC1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFLAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="76B6834BE8A70B2A93F9208FF6C4847E">
<heading id="D3F75384E92C92103E87498274523F32" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="47C108E4913BD747D3D52D981BA89C28">
<emphasis id="17F4549D49A5A965E675C0820EA8DE22" bold="true">Male</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="54F8F8674D5FEE61F144201ACB0E10CC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
). Length
<quantity id="FEB2D9459CB2B3AD2A36063244225A1A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="6BF93ACE9AD137FB7E9D280623BA9181" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF73E6EB118984CF0FE0F5517E751864">
Body black. Pronotum dark red with a square black patch in the center of the disc, elytra and scutellum dark red. Surface covered with decumbent red pubescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C54A92630B2053E2786EB95862676C4D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED70C5B254EAD6448F4199E856A9A1E8">
Eyes small, interocular distance about 1.9 times greater than eye diameter. Antennae flabellate, overlapping basal 2 / 3 length of elytra when inclined. Antennomeres III – XI lamellate, lamellae of III and IV apically rounded and V – XI pointed at apices, lamella of III 0.6 times as long as joint itself, lamella of IX longest, 3.4 times longer than joint itself (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5403A1DD8627C6DD30C6580C929C7740" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A1C286BCB26623B451861025E120B4C">
Pronotum square, 1.2 times wider than long. Anterior margin widely rounded, and feebly projecting anteriad, lateral margins sinuate and posterior margin almost straight; anterior angles rounded, posterior angles sharp and moderately projected. Scutellum trapezoidal, feebly emarginate at apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="89BED774AD9CBCBB23373E743CABFD05" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7253D896EB3808C74306A2DAF3FC4665">
Elytra 4.0 times longer than humeral width. Costae I and II as strong as IV, and III visible only basally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="63CFE942D2C0B9E28061D6EB1D6153BD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14C9D1B7782498E0F3547C4FDE8CAA91">
Phallus slender (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9E4A15AE0E8C6580FEAA154A2FBA7B26" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 J – L</figureCitation>
), basal part parallel-sided and curved laterally at basal 1 / 4 portion in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E311048EA7DB8FB5CE9D8E34A629A7C4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 J, K</figureCitation>
), subapical part moderately and asymmetrically inflated laterally, about 1.9 times as wide as basal part, with a fusiform ventral-cavity, apical part constricted distad, apex with a shallow V-shaped notch, about 0.47 times as wide as subapical part; basal 1 / 3 part moderately curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DBE3D94813A23D4E284AA25BE9E7C7EB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Aedeagi of Macrolycus quartus sp. nov. (A – C), M. costus sp. nov. (D – F), M. opacipennis sp. nov. (G – I) and M. curtus sp. nov. (J – L) A, D, G, J dorsal views B, E, H, K ventral views C, F, I, L lateral views. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106284">6 L</figureCitation>
), subapical part flat ventrally, apical part short and moderately expanded ventrally, with a tapered lamella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="085109C0F32B03CF2F0C7AA5ACEE3B9F">
<emphasis id="4BA92DB8474112960E4F902B5AC2FB87" bold="true">Female</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="19777BFE8BCF1E743A7D13E7B35A043C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Habitus (dorsal views) of Macrolycus opacipennis sp. nov. (A, B) and M. curtus sp. nov. (C, D) A, C males B, D females. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106285">7 D</figureCitation>
). Similar to male, but larger in body size. Length
<quantity id="B7586C87D482B6E256C4188FCAFF3780" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" unit="mm" value="21.2">21.2 mm</quantity>
, width at humeri
<quantity id="E78D71A27C6D67EF0CB65EEFBEC86E0E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
. Antennae serrate and shorter, overlapping elytral mid-length when inclined. Pronotum 1.3 times wider than long. Elytra 3.3 times longer than humeral width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6MAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AA38B8EFD8D2B41329CA9CD0F1AF8D80">
<heading id="186D3578E313B93637AD9EBA1ADAEDA1" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31347CBCFF15B4FA9CC95A328AE273F7">
<emphasis id="B47B4B6D4AA1CC5D723D3770EED720E1" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="B524A5EEC713B0B0CE451E89BF83FAE1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of the Macrolycus ligulatus species-group in the world." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.125938.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106280">2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7D82196A25AA8F05421BB73FE31783A6" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="1EFDCE1680448DEF72F5734839A06172" country="China" name="Gansu">Gansu</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

137
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<mods:number id="712408DD354B429E00DA9E2984707C4D">2024-08-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="EAE2726A7D763DACFDD71FC7E4652F22" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D766FA04A0DFFA0ABCDC9550E2C71437">1208</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="75FF085E8064D5523009305C2AEB5F59" unit="page">
<mods:start id="0E172DF6D1BBF0C41DE8CBE29900C3C6">275</mods:start>
<mods:end id="C312143A58EC8FBA6C9C91D0C4B411C1">313</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="30F450B156D6FC7F1F64D48590E136C2">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1BE4CFBB423B1A4E9F94427F89B3389E" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="ECD6D7F06ADD286E1E7859C8C91EB541" type="ZooBank">B6DB2AC5-8878-471C-876E-207490E3A4D4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E" ID-arpha="F2B0CE38-5BE0-51FD-B6BC-5E509A64C28E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F2B0CE385BE051FDB6BC5E509A64C28E">
<subSubSection id="C675FF61886D8E4394CC25236E69D455" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C830AF81DB12E9E54D72256A066D3E73">
<taxonomicName id="4F1AD1A28898784DAC8B72CF691233FD" ID-CoL="724C4" authority="(Polejaeff, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="6624C6E56D731DBCDC5C2D94EC6B0562" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
(Poléjaeff, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6492467C0E5801D7C1847828CE4ABE8F" type="description">
<paragraph id="A9F01B05CC791474A498F6C3D61B6E94">
<figureCitation id="780A1887B7512D669397F30333370702" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. a habitus in situ Leucaltis nodusgordii (Poléjaeff, 1883) (CEL 005) from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV). SEM images of spicules a regular equiangular tetractine of the chamber laye b ‘ Abruptly angled’ tetractines c ‘ Abruptly angled’ triactines (b, c both from the atrial region) d Small regular-shaped tetractines of the chamber layer e small regular-shaped triactines of the cortical region f Giant sized tetractines g giant sized triactines (f, g both from the cortical region)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106226">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFCAE" type="Diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="F8E9DD7BDB33D03AECBE05EB5E115269">
<heading id="CE47A12FF88A6B1FFFA5FDBACAA4FAD7" reason="title">Diagnostic features.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD7B2F5B9E0A465160BF15F1AB2361AB">
The species forms a clathrate mass of interconnected (anastomosing) tubes with varying lengths and diameters. Individual tubes can reach up to
<quantity id="A4DDE9945D9BE69D0A4EAFA333E5AB8A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
in length and have diameters of
<quantity id="EEDD851540C6D58DC38EF13DD5925273" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8EC1E86D5F532C74F52A43CDFDDDC1A6" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The tubes end in oscula, which can be as wide as the tube itself (standing upright) or smaller (flush with the surface), and these oscula are naked. The surface is smooth, and the texture is brittle yet somewhat compressible. The color is white or pinkish white, sometimes lavender-colored, and it turns yellowish white when preserved. The cortical skeleton is formed by the basal triradiate system of giant tetractines mixed with giant triactines. Actines of the giant tetractines and triactines protrude into the choanosomal skeleton. Next to the actines of the giant tri- and tetractines, the choanosomal skeleton contains scattered intermediate to small-sized regular triactines and tetractines (see
<bibRefCitation id="DA0340B12DCECF026A9E189DE777EC67" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
for detail description).
</paragraph>
<caption id="08FDBD75DAC3D5865C9E0B4F1E0A5FAF" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1208.113603.figure4" ID-arpha="AC9C171E-A9FC-5775-BD6D-EF479D47A59A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1106226" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="86FF832ACD9335A717489ABEDC7F5101">
<label id="7874797129BB604024A4D648C85341C3">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC09987F43B6BF49C5ED617DB379C9FF">
<emphasis id="FA885FCB469BC89344634952119FC711" bold="true">a</emphasis>
habitus in situ
<taxonomicName id="54C3BF32333C5DE75C20FF39B1B5B71C" authority="(Polejaeff, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="4BF7F23B70DA266883621C5F3A48DA27" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
(Poléjaeff, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
(CEL 005) from Samalona Island, the Spermonde Archipelago (photograph by NJdeV). SEM images of spicules
<emphasis id="F44E412B3E7011FB0B916B83899919D6" bold="true">a</emphasis>
regular equiangular tetractine of the chamber laye
<emphasis id="9226E7DC2260C87E9FB0130582B8D0E6" bold="true">b</emphasis>
‘ Abruptly angled’ tetractines
<emphasis id="886A9F5D94DFD447325998DACC3F23F3" bold="true">c</emphasis>
‘ Abruptly angled’ triactines (
<emphasis id="9661A9BCA0C952EBA3DAA336A015D25F" bold="true">b, c</emphasis>
both from the atrial region)
<emphasis id="FDE31374A7F25781D9B2FB8731337F92" bold="true">d</emphasis>
Small regular-shaped tetractines of the chamber layer
<emphasis id="BF1627C3CCB07571A924D3EE9F396D7D" bold="true">e</emphasis>
small regular-shaped triactines of the cortical region
<emphasis id="2B4DB6AF97F0E2F3BA8CEF0D241911D9" bold="true">f</emphasis>
Giant sized tetractines
<emphasis id="51A4E1A581B117E31BD545D782899B15" bold="true">g</emphasis>
giant sized triactines (
<emphasis id="07C2ECAAA0200F7CD0731F1FC3701862" bold="true">f, g</emphasis>
both from the cortical region).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6DAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="38E33E06E97D15810D8D61C129D36613">
<heading id="DBAB16CC50077ABE9D941038213213AD" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8F57398C700B21ABC36E5B3D83F001E">
<taxonomicName id="370CF98A8CD31717E3917C819249B353" baseAuthorityName="Polejaeff" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nodusgordii">
<emphasis id="077662D0D7470B56AE86E37E9D571838" italics="true">Leucaltis nodusgordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a new record for the Spermonde Archipelago (Samalona Island); reef flat. This species has been reported previously from
<collectingRegion id="A168A6412B5DB42831D096C784AD5619" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">north Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA0B77D93CCCC0585BEA7770A44859" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" author="van Soest and de Voogd" firstAuthor="van Soest" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-105" refId="B95" refString="van Soest RWM, de Voogd NJ (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa 3951 (1): 1–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1" title="Calcareous sponges of Indonesia." volume="3951" year="2015">van Soest and de Voogd 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>