166 lines
17 KiB
XML
166 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="20D4AA4957CD104AF18ED0D927615F74" ID-DOI="10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13332563" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1720669084001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley & de Pinna, Mário" docDate="2022" docId="03D75034FFFAE424FC8252E17572FC08" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.20.1.e210009.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology (e 210009) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823.3:NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FFEE284CFFE1E438FFB65162717CF803" masterDocTitle="Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="117" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1723818792354" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="09007112D8E0AC05664F89D6E6E7F295">
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<mods:title id="E576A4AB544C85320C68FCD022A8021C">Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="11F4F68509D3F9816DE3E3A0ECC5B2C6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="85D59909752660E753DAD9E4DEE267D3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FB99AA8F88741DA40613E170E8CD1E7A">Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0B5DCE2EE2F868B039A3C1DF9DEBD6E2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E4EDD7B3DF114BC443D23D61E4557DB8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="87C324E335C83CB284EFF8F73FB3A705">de Pinna, Mário</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="556F0BD50ADB9E86F6883153FCA4E71A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="480F09DC204D83BDADE5A8BEC3D7295F">
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<mods:title id="29E0EFE77748B8604BCBBB7308B514C7">Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="97CB73F1CACE32625F93CD5A6D13601F">
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<mods:date id="E481FFE1D4FFF8FA5174CBAE09675F03">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="93CF0739BB08CD5412655EA2BB7B3207" type="series">
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<mods:title id="506709E3229B3BC29F451B8FC876D528">e 210009</mods:title>
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<mods:detail id="9DAE2B2D9AB6CDEFB9075065A73DB3CD" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="A2EBF82F25A346B96AE026D575BB5310">2022-04-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FE6A513FC55C82895CC379E2A2D73954" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="08788A3A26B4515CBD7E9CC40623586F">20</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="AD8A71C5745783249A476746A9E3BF07">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6E947A81769367CD439DF0A0DB842D39">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="326CCE378F4E2276D8B10060269AB96E" type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1F0F0EB2145B2030329C3416343672D3" type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="627D2F4CF58DB541B82DCF6D16AE0D0B" type="Zenodo-Dep">13332563</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03D75034FFFAE424FC8252E17572FC08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12719980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12719980" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D75034FFFAE424FC8252E17572FC08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D75034FFFAE424FC8252E17572FC08" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFFAE423FC8252E172D3FD13" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFAE423FC8252E1751BFB98" blockId="27.[820,1127,899,923]" box="[820,1127,899,923]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D089564EFFFAE423FC8252E1751BFB98" box="[820,1127,899,923]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FC8252E1751BFB98" ID-CoL="4RYJ" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[820,1127,899,923]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FC8252E172C9FB98" bold="true" box="[820,949,899,923]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gymnotus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFAE423FDB052AC72D3FD13" blockId="27.[486,1461,974,1819]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FDB052AC725AFBE5" bold="true" box="[518,806,974,998]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adductor mandibulae.</emphasis>
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The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FC3652AC7570FBE5" box="[896,1036,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">stego-malaris</emphasis>
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originates in the hyomandibula, metapterygoid, quadrate, parasphenoid, frontal and sphenotic. The subsections become gradually differentiated towards their insertion, where the dorsolateral fibers, corresponding to the presumed
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FCDA555C72C4FC55" box="[876,952,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">malaris</emphasis>
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, converge on a thick mandibular tendon inserted into the mesial face of the coronoid process. The middle fibers, presumably corresponding to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FD6855EA7254FCA3" box="[734,808,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">stegalis</emphasis>
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, diverge in the meckelian tendon and are inserted on the dorsal margin of the coronomeckelian bone. Some lateral fibers near the insertion site of the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FDA755B173E1FCE8" box="[529,669,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">stego-malaris</emphasis>
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are inserted on the buccopalatal membrane, which in turn is associated with the posterior margin of the maxilla.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFFAE424FDB0547C7572FC08" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFAE423FDB0547C750FFDF3" blockId="27.[486,1461,974,1819]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FDB0547C73EBFD35" box="[518,663,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Stego-malaris</emphasis>
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is composed mainly of fibers. However, in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FB28547C7470FD36" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1182,1292,1310,1333]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FB28547C7470FD36" box="[1182,1292,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gymnotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gr.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FAF4547D74F8FD35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1346,1412,1311,1334]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FAF4547D74F8FD35" box="[1346,1412,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">carapo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the more lateral fibers of this sub-section, corresponding to the presumed
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FA9754217411FD58" box="[1313,1389,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">malaris</emphasis>
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, have tendinous ossifications forming intermuscular bones. The mesial fibers, corresponding to the presumed
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FD1154EC738DFDA5" box="[679,753,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">stegalis</emphasis>
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, are laterally positioned in relation to the posterolateral region of the basal portion of the endopterygoid, not completely overlapping it, and are lateral relative to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FD3F54BA7208FDF3" box="[649,884,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">adductor arcus palatini</emphasis>
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, totally overlapping it.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFAE423FDB0549C7238FF18" blockId="27.[486,1461,974,1819]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FD89549C73FFFE15" box="[575,643,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">rictalis</emphasis>
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originates in the preopercle, quadrate and hyomandibula, with lateral fibers surpassing the anterior margin of the preopercular fossa and reaching the posterior margin of that bone. This subsection is inserted mainly on the coronoid process, but with some more lateral fibers associated with the buccopalatal membrane. The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FAC7570C74C9FE85" box="[1393,1461,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">rictalis</emphasis>
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is normally composed of fibers only, except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FBB957F67501FEA8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1039,1149,1684,1707]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FBB957F67501FEA8" box="[1039,1149,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gymnotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gr.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FB0557F67589FEA8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1203,1269,1684,1707]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FB0557F67589FEA8" box="[1203,1269,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">carapo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which some tendons ossify and form intermuscular bones. The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FB9E57DB7411FED3" box="[1064,1389,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ramus mandibularis trigeminus</emphasis>
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nerve is mesial to all sub-sections of the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FCD257BC7541FEF5" box="[868,1085,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">adductor mandibulae</emphasis>
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(in
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<specimenCount id="9D782AABFFFAE423FBDC57BC7478FEF5" box="[1130,1284,1758,1782]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFAE423FA9F57BC74D0FEF5" authorityName="Hoedeman" authorityYear="1962" box="[1321,1452,1758,1782]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coropinae">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FA9F57BC74D0FEF5" box="[1321,1452,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">G. coropinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the nerve trespasses the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FD4756617249FF18" box="[753,821,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">rictalis</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFAE424FDB0562C73A4FA02" blockId="27.[518,1458,1870,1894]" lastBlockId="28.[487,1461,190,513]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FDB0562C7258FF65" bold="true" box="[518,804,1870,1894]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Levator arcus palatini.</emphasis>
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The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFAE423FCDA562C752FFF65" box="[876,1107,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
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has the shape of an inverted triangle; with its origin twice as wide as its insertion. This muscle originates in the ventral margin of the frontal and sphenotic and is inserted on the hyomandibula. The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FE51506A73B0F923" box="[487,716,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
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is a non-sectioned muscle, except at the insertion, where four sub-sets of fibers are identifiable. Each of them has distinct modes at its insertion point in relation to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FD745031726CF968" box="[706,784,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">malaris</emphasis>
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: the anterolateral fibers, posterolateral and posteromesial is disposed laterally in relation to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FC03501A757FF993" box="[949,1027,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">malaris</emphasis>
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and dorsally to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FB49501A7439F993" box="[1279,1349,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">rictalis</emphasis>
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; and the anteromesial fibers are arranged mesially in relation to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FB1F50FC758BF9B5" box="[1193,1271,414,438]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">malaris</emphasis>
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. This muscle is partially mesial to
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FD0050A172ECF9D8" box="[694,912,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">the dilatator operculi</emphasis>
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, which exceeds the medial portion of the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FADD50A1730AFA03" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFFDE424FD30508A73B4FA02" box="[646,712,488,513]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[135,208,1836,1856]" captionTargetBox="[294,1300,693,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-180@10.[294,1300,693,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1 | Dorsolateral head muscles of Gymnotus cylindricus (Gymnotidae), USNM 134701, 178.5 mm LEA. A. Lateral view; B. dorsal view. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bars = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332565/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFDE424FDB05351759CFB05" blockId="28.[488,1459,563,774]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FDB05351738CFA48" bold="true" box="[518,752,563,587]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dilatator operculi.</emphasis>
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The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FCF653517285FA48" box="[832,1017,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">dilatator operculi</emphasis>
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is roughly conical. It originates in the posterior margin of the sphenotic, pterotic, frontal and dorsal portion of the hyomandibula, and inserts on the dorsal and anterodorsal portion of the dorsal process of the opercle. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFFDE424FD0453C672EAFAB8" authorityName="La Monte" authorityYear="1935" box="[690,918,675,699]" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricus">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FD0453C672EAFAB8" box="[690,918,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Gymnotus cylindricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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its insertion includes the dorsoposterior portion of the dorsal process of the opercle. The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FC7653AA750EFAE3" box="[960,1138,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">dilatator operculi</emphasis>
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is lateral to the
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FA9953AA734BFB05" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
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, overlapping approximately 2/3 of its mid-posterior portion.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFFDE424FDB0525B7572FC08" blockId="28.[487,1461,824,1035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FDB0525B73A5FB53" bold="true" box="[518,729,824,849]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Levator operculi.</emphasis>
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The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FCAA525A7564FB53" box="[796,1048,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">levator operculi anterior</emphasis>
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originates in the ventral margin of the pterotic and is inserted in a ridge on the dorsal margin of the opercle, posterior to its anterodorsal process. The
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<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFFDE424FCDA52E17506FB98" box="[876,1146,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">levator operculi posterior</emphasis>
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originates in the postotic canal segment corresponding to the supracleithrum and posteroventral margin of the pterotic, inserting along a ridge on the posterolateral margin of the opercle, with fibers extending beyond the dorsal margin of the bone.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |