122 lines
18 KiB
XML
122 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="C2608B693C9B544A2ADB178A508C0EAE" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-CLB-Dataset="37520" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80d9ecf3-9ff6-4f20-86aa-0910a641cb8e" ModsDocID="20597" checkinTime="1243371986070" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Wheeler, W. M." docDate="1922" docId="04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2" docLanguage="en" docName="20597_2" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45" docSource="http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097" docTitle="Myrmicinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="5A93796082A6378B06C46BB24D100B01" masterDocTitle="The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition." masterLastPageNumber="269" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1729799639133" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="16838694820F218C224A3C967B99C3D4">
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<mods:title id="CE9F447E77A52BDFB0EFE359281ECDA8">The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="707AEE39E7504330454B611C5B8D1150">Wheeler, W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F571E1FB2187375AE059C1E85A8D8ACE">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="840E914930983D932DF3A15652DEAE43">
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<mods:date id="58BA040CA95B9440DE70ED0F69F09B1A">1922</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="492C3FA1B18D500CAAED1725603E3BEF">45</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="1CDB1408E9FFB6EE71BAEB857E34FA57">39</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="B20692C61473C65B7D60B269F31D7235">http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B821A026C6ADA16EFE9957B5FD90B50B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9C25974A93EAB212558306FEF6F2AADF" type="HNS-Pub">20597</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6288681" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135068" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6288681" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2" lastPageNumber="125" pageNumber="124">
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<subSubSection id="4CB67A8AAF10B8A4E466930FE5FE1354" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3AA604996EDAF003BE2334DAE39D2DF7" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName id="2FA1036E1F2A0FDAC31BAFDFD34E1579" ID-CoL="JY2" ID-ENA="34695" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="76579864CB9B6F42A7174803A063B0E9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A51521CE875290EDC0F735E001B4D273" pageNumber="124">
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Worker monomorphic, dimorphic, or polymorphic, often very strongly so; the soldier form having a very large head and strong mandibles. Frontal carinae nearly always separated, rarely close together; divergent or slightly convergent behind and rarely lobed anteriorly; usually the clypeus is wedged in between the frontal carinae; in the Metaponini and a few other forms the clypeus is not prolonged back, its posterior margin being rounded. Antennae from 4- to 12-jointed, often with a distinct club. Ocelli frequently absent in the ordinary worker, though in strongly dimorphic species they may still be more or less distinct in the soldier. Pedicel formed by the petiole and the postpetiole; very rarely (
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<taxonomicName id="548DB20F2F13F73374B7F99B21C0A7C2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24810" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melissotarsus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Melissotarsus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Melissotarsus</taxonomicName>
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) the postpetiole is nearly as wide as the basal segment of the gaster. Stridulatory organ usually present at the base of the gaster. Sting developed. Spurs of the middle and hind tibiae in the majority of cases simple or absent; pectinate in the Metaponini and Myrmicini only. Gizzard simple and tubular in most genera and of a very primitive type compared with the conditions in the Dolichoderinae, Camponotinae, and Pseudomyrminae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="60DA859706FF7755B2AC1C86A836F8BE" pageNumber="124">
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Female usually winged and larger than the worker; in a few cases ergatoid; true dichthadiiform queens are not known, but in some parasitic genera (
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<taxonomicName id="84D2FF81C0269BDFDF70DBF719C4BA2F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2339" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anergates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anergates Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anergates</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D0E45A65B99B966B584A139CC5F6D88E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146805" authority="Wasmann, 1915" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anergatides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anergatides Wasmann" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anergatides</taxonomicName>
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) the gaster of the fertile female becomes enormously distended.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE748F7E7D203CA88988B12D4C7BC032" pageNumber="124">
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Male usually with the copulatory armature partly exserted; entirely retractile in a few genera of the Solenopsidini only. Anal segment with cerci. In a few cases (as in certain species of
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<taxonomicName id="AE689E2F064B96F38286BEF747639597" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2513" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cardiocondyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cardiocondyla Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cardiocondyla</taxonomicName>
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) ergatoid, wingless males are known, sometimes together with winged individuals. Antennae almost always 13-jointed, even when the worker and female have very few antennal joints (11-jointed in
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<taxonomicName id="57EAF0D259208D89DC6962363F534AB9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2529" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stereomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Stereomyrmex Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stereomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6C62DBE02D17814E088D6A4B4EA5FE82" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2426" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cataulacus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cataulacus Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cataulacus</taxonomicName>
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; 12-jointed in
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<taxonomicName id="559A746CB1A1DD1D5BB14DBB1886534A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24815" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Metapone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Metapone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metapone</taxonomicName>
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, certain Attini, Meranoplini, etc.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A7B30CB2C392EB156CE52690F723FE22" lastPageNumber="125" pageNumber="124">
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The venation of the fore wing offers much diversity. In some genera the more primitive type is still retained, with a closed radial, two closed cubital cells, and a closed discoidal cell, but all degrees of reduction are met with. When there is only one cubital cell, the cubitus may be united with the radius by means of a long intercubitus(type of
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<taxonomicName id="6D8645F2174FB7D1BD98C712BA4D43AE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
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) or the intercubitus may disappear, the cubitus and radius being fused in a spot or for some distance (type of
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<taxonomicName id="B612A44A7397B08BA02388034454A32A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2506" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica Linnaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE227BC81D7709981E7A4FEEF30ACEDD" pageNumber="125">Larva thick-bodied, orthocephalic, without exudatory papillae around the mouth. The body is, as a rule, abundantly covered with chitinous hairs of very different kinds; dorsal oncochaetae often present.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F69CF32C79891DC5B0259FF85DDDA96" pageNumber="125">Nymphs never enclosed in a cocoon.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88B1D13E2B15B7B43A1F76F01DD0A487" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1E613D6DA5319A3A12AAFEB251015C16" pageNumber="125">
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The Myrmicinae is the largest subfamily of ants, containing over 120 genera and many thousands of described species, races, and varieties, nearly as many as the other six subfamilies together. As would be expected, the taxonomic arrangement of this maze is exceedingly difficult and it is no wonder that such keen myrmecologists as Forel and Emery have not yet succeeded in reaching satisfactory results and are obliged to modify their views at every turn of the road. For practical and other reasons, have felt at liberty to change somewhat the classification proposed by Emery,1 though have followed him in the main. Have united the two tribes Solenopsidini and Pheidologetini, which pass repeatedly into each other and are merely separated by the shape of the radial cell (closed in the Pheidologetini; open in the Solenopsidini), a character the value of which seems to have been overrated by Emery. Have also accepted Forel's tribe Proattini and, furthermore, separated
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<taxonomicName id="177B0FDB45F7D1DAA3FB7C43E77980C6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24904" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stegomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Stegomyrmex Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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from the Dacetini as an independent tribe. The very peculiar genus Archaeomyrmex, recently discovered by Mann in the Fiji Islands, must also constitute a distinct tribe, which I have provisionally placed between the Myrmecinini and Meranoplini.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="072071646A435FD5F580C78523696D23" lastPageNumber="126" pageNumber="125">
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The habits in this subfamily offer no less diversity than the structure. The majority of the species are carnivorous or partly so; but many others are granivorous, the most prominent in this respect being the members of
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<taxonomicName id="B2DC1D9BC4C306DBF0C37617E89E42C3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Messor Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Messor</taxonomicName>
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and allied genera (
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<taxonomicName id="17C46067394F88F1FA711EC9948F2F15" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147142" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Novomessor Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Novomessor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="5F0617F08CEDC603DD883230EA6D0828" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147038" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Veromessor Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Veromessor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="DBA582BFBB76408BF8465B361ECE7BFA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24883" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oxyopomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oxyopomyrmex André" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oxyopomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="B03428979A6893762455E884A6584408" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24869" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pogonomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pogonomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, many species of
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<taxonomicName id="B14032780E331582773DF416EE9FC6DB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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, etc.). In these ants the nest often contains spacious granaries full of seeds. Many myrmicine ants are attracted by sugary substances such as are furnished by the nectaries of flowers or various extrafloral plant organs. Often, also, they attend aphids, coccids, psyllids, or leafhoppers for the sake of the honeydew they excrete. The New World "leaf-cutting" or "fungusgrowing " ants of the tribe Attini feed exclusively on the food-bodies ("bromatia") producd by fungi cultivated in their nests. There are also many cases of social parasitism which, in its most extreme form, has lead to the disappearance of the worker caste (
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<taxonomicName id="8172DE1C5B3B8F083BD066DAECFD3D0F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147281" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wheeleriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Wheeleriella Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Wheeleriella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="1A88C96E23B1FCB516B84A3F2E4EE7C5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146937" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Epixenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Epixenus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epixenus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="176C670F0343078F43609493C95F4D34" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146936" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Epipheidole" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Epipheidole Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epipheidole</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="36A8F6D03F08F6CA79DDD5BA8BEA62A0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147251" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sympheidole" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Sympheidole Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympheidole</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FF8C690F848A7F047BF857682A6A9A64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146938" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Epoecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Epoecus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epaecus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2278EDF51EA254A3B2F6A76CD01BD7F8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2339" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anergates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anergates Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anergates</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C961120C69D64CC2101485CFE8EBB10B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146805" authority="Wasmann, 1915" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anergatides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anergatides Wasmann" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anergatides</taxonomicName>
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, and probably several other genera of which only males and females are known). Temporary social parasitism is probably the rule in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="4D8565234D23D9B944B9D3C28A6068AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2351" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aphaenogaster Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphaenogaster</taxonomicName>
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and in the Malagasy and Indomalayan subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="0757E888BC38F032A7576061206D5198" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oxygyne" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oxygyne Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oxygyne</taxonomicName>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="2D9DC19C882FA1D55A08B0524348847E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3F4965AAD57936E4902CDC3B892B1AC4" type="multiple">
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<footnote id="511675F8B899736154685A97EB5A68EC">
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<paragraph id="17CEC686069FBE460AA207952EE9A75D" pageNumber="125">'Emery, C. ' Intorno alia classificazione dei Myrmicinae,' Rend. Accad. Sc. Bologna, 1914, pp. 29-42. 'Noma de sous-genres et de genres proposes pour la sous-famille des Myrmicinae; modifications a la classification de ee groupe,' Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1915, pp. 189-192.</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |