188 lines
17 KiB
XML
188 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297057" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9431de86-3c0c-46ba-a885-536d0040f4c5" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905234279" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Proboscidea.90-91.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="13E56D32ED5E215067F4C17596D2BE0C" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="13E56D32ED5E215067F4C17596D2BE0C" masterDocTitle="Order Proboscidea" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="90" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1716773554588" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="77A7CDA021C2C5042E7EEBE036118A6B">
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<mods:title id="E021E5CE05901A4AC5DB0F051C0E45A2">Order Proboscidea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A57CC51BC940DB514E0A1E03ABAB018A">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FFAB694951269F22D8CC113F988E176">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="BA38B61FD30F197E90706CF9AB13AD51">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="EBC95D225F7989F49481AB4325709BFD">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2B339CE3D8570860595DA42AFD3F23DB">
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<mods:title id="5B19C641C80DA72491D960373F6CB839">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="37285AA06E805C97600E39CA922520E8">
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<mods:start id="D9F32CAAC9D69F5A35E8164AFADEFAFF">90</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="6E327445660291AF9FD5A8B4E7FC7126" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11326890" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231521311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11326890" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" lastPageNumber="91" pageNumber="91" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500010">
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<subSubSection id="49985C5A6149BC63389A9DCDC7727CC0" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8F36796F807F8B47F915998A8088BED3" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="76B951ED4029A1DB327F0153D0805F51" ID-CoL="3W9KX" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="0212AA21EA3FADECAC273DE17C4104F0" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
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Matschie 1900
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CA8D2D1450794DA56D68DCA793B6A748" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8F9CF9D21302813CF16243BEF5300FE5" pageNumber="91">
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<treatmentCitation id="E82504E70F0976FD9718C9A4E9583363" author="Matschie" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" journal="Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" page="194" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis" title="Loxodonta cyclotis" year="1900">
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<taxonomicName id="0FA56B509E240A87B09B080A945F41AC" ID-CoL="3W9KX" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="294886415BF463BFD326FD79478BF517" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1656FBD925BCCC5CBE08ACAD3801C5ED" author="Matschie, P." refId="ref230457" refString="Matschie, P. 1900. Uber geographische Albarten des Afrikanischen elephantens. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft naturforschunde Freunde Berlin, 8: 189 - 197." year="1900">Matschie 1900</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="1AE09BCF19AC27C7261B2E4E5F1BB3B3" author="Matschie" journal="Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin" pageNumber="91" pagination="194" title="Loxodonta cyclotis" year="1900">Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin: 194</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2544B1F0E1A8DBEC03D5FE8C2900B616" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="736C3D78FC6C81CC827CA7585FAC66C5" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="30AEBAC7BEAAA5F8734C25561BACEFC7" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="834C14C59C3B1D2F0903AECE28740497" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867284301" country="Cameroon" pageNumber="91">
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Yaunde, S
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<collectingCountry id="1404655636C715372781D367A08A49F7" name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="37854D6C8107EA4C5F95939828341135" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="27AAEE334BADF814E8C205A9FEC9B332" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="AE22A196202CBF63C5A098393A0762D4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="76545A8C2AD1C77F61263AD3F3DF1BA8" language="eng" pageNumber="91">African Forest Elephant</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D1E199BF561D2B70344C14E3F91AA51B" pageNumber="91" type="synonym_list">
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<paragraph id="4FADB3B36882F4AF785CED76D5BAD4FB" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B297764EF913289FB06FBA4EC63EC6F0" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="C3420D19857EC8E663E9564586A097A3" authority="(Lydekker 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albertensis">
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<emphasis id="BDC8E132367A78EDF2EA303FCB2D50EB" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta albertensis</emphasis>
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(Lydekker 1907)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="243FB93030C648F8A4FBF2B814628354" authority="(Lydekker 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cottoni">
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<emphasis id="C4A156F0D05D568B89B97E3F4F266265" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cottoni</emphasis>
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(Lydekker 1908)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="FDE22B0850792C2F9154CAED0ED43B1F" authority="(Schouteden 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Schouteden" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fransseni">
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<emphasis id="B5B73225BE264DDCA50E4A00C13F5D68" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta fransseni</emphasis>
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(Schouteden 1914)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="671B0D4F858F925A12325207D2465282" authority="(Noack 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
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<emphasis id="8388DE81D1D2CE039969C07D294E9E66" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta pumilio</emphasis>
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(Noack 1906)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FBEFFC0001B6A6002C52266E9047986" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="F0C5F83042813D0B5FB83EC5F07CDCD0" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="07AC3630BE72024D8757D03DE86A87A3" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Distribution:</emphasis>
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C and W coast of Africa, including 21 countries from
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<collectingCountry id="0EE47AB35BF6421C079378B3DAAB55B0" name="Senegal">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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in the west to
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<collectingCountry id="85ABD19FE8A902896CA7BE1E12BD8CC2" name="Uganda">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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in the east.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3B595CB93D679C9A9C800F86327C1172" pageNumber="91" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="5632BEF834FEDD54A046F87C9A2DCD0F" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="DF397254DE290C3EF6FBD2420866FFB5" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Conservation:</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="2EE7A1A8959019A6181AE616E1ABDEBC">CITES</collectionCode>
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– Appendix I (as included in
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<taxonomicName id="7B76339D2EFD65EEE20A524E319B3CD3" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="F0194E06345391E1A8925A487ED19984" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<collectingCountry id="390B6E778D1781D1CF373CA59FCCF542" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
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<collectionCode id="CACB20E457BA7EB9B33C1DB0A6FFEF06" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
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– Threatened (as included in
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<taxonomicName id="17F3F2B8F617AE66E9613752B04892C9" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="E9F82AAC2F99B651C94D61387E33BEA6" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<collectionCode id="31B72DCB2F79508F534C8F7FCAA8EB80">IUCN</collectionCode>
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– Endangered (as included in
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<taxonomicName id="6CC25F25757631199FB74F841CC2590F" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="132DD77F0F865B2163E8C01261487966" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="981A862015D9F46672AE4B0B23E0DED9" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="A1D0E115A35FCA1DF133CEEE8447C8F2" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="35349C7042DBB856D49D35106B330A1D" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Discussion:</emphasis>
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See
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<bibRefCitation id="962EA2F54DB91BEEB720888B51C51600" author="Laursen, L. & M. Bekoff" refId="ref205146" refString="Laursen, L., and M. Bekoff. 1978. Loxodonta africana. Mammalian Species, 92: 1 - 8." year="1978">Laursen and Bekoff (1978</bibRefCitation>
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, Mammalian Species, 92), where
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<taxonomicName id="7BB616613EC35963043DC4F40450648D" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="55D91349D07439F0C4B3A1220CBDA7B8" italics="true" pageNumber="91">cyclotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was treated as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4DBAB5E4A016B4A44B6E50E76C85D0BF" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="77C36FE0964E86DAC41EBB5D43283A05" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EA29C6C1123C59EF2FFA6C4B3A33D6A5" author="Grubb, P. & C. P. Groves & J. P. Dudley & J. Shoshani" refId="ref134626" refString="Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley, and J. Shoshani. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2 (4): 1 - 4." year="2000">Grubb et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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presented morphological and some molecular data in support of upgrading
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<taxonomicName id="309A5E3456C66EB36B1785D52052FD18" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="A3B4EFB2E91DF40A929660EB3A720971" italics="true" pageNumber="91">cyclotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to a species category, separate species from
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<taxonomicName id="44197F5B5716E640F24860354F50DEEB" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="D1D60FCE89EB90BA77ECA37EA1FBE246" italics="true" pageNumber="91">africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, corroborating earlier hypothesis that
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<taxonomicName id="A4BFD9577D8327BCAC0C9B3F809B625A" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="E6C8D128D45B31895316586F3FC0E125" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2863F336E20793C83D31B44CCCC3A205" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="6F70CFC18B24B7933CC276E9EEDFABE5" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are distinct species. Further,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="86CCB1C9291C2936986F7A60F5B3AE74" author="Grubb, P. & C. P. Groves & J. P. Dudley & J. Shoshani" refId="ref134626" refString="Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley, and J. Shoshani. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2 (4): 1 - 4." year="2000">Grubb et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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supported the hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D7AEE090F2706E788ADF92492CE715F" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
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<emphasis id="B01B9AEAE69466A9C9182BEBC97FA3A6" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. cyclotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically more primitive than
|
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<taxonomicName id="F1F3A96E18604CE7BB2DDC9FBAC9FAE7" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
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||
<emphasis id="DBB597E6633D8B2CF898DA267C4D9E40" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="9F4980552B09BF224AA605B829A4F504" author="Roca, A. L. & N. Georgiadis & J. Pecon-Slattery & S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref308438" refString="Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis, J. Pecon-Slattery, and S. J. O'Brien. 2001. Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa. Science, 293: 1473 - 1477." year="2001">Roca et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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||
provided genetic evidence for two species in Africa. Evidence provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="9F3D41BA4E50010FEC99B409BB0DD821" author="Debruyne, R." refId="ref77024" refString="Debruyne, R. 2003. Differenciation morphologique et moleculaire des Elephantinae (Mammalia, Proboscidea): Statut systematique de l'elephant d'Afrique de foret, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France." year="2003">Debruyne (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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, however, suggests that the African Forest Elephant and the African Bush Elephant are only subspecifically distinct – this taxonomic question has not yet been resolved.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |