treatments-xml/data/92/50/F3/9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.xml
2024-06-21 12:44:12 +02:00

188 lines
17 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297057" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9431de86-3c0c-46ba-a885-536d0040f4c5" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905234279" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Proboscidea.90-91.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="13E56D32ED5E215067F4C17596D2BE0C" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="13E56D32ED5E215067F4C17596D2BE0C" masterDocTitle="Order Proboscidea" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="90" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1716773554588" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="06C49BF689B8EE20C058D10BACD9E007" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="77A7CDA021C2C5042E7EEBE036118A6B">
<mods:title id="E021E5CE05901A4AC5DB0F051C0E45A2">Order Proboscidea</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5B26EDA1A346C1BC0F8554EDE51B7E63" type="personal">
<mods:role id="996ACC951335940550E8F6AA4336EA08">
<mods:roleTerm id="CE53DFCBA7F47B422715A5E39D174869">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A57CC51BC940DB514E0A1E03ABAB018A">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="317D8E67734FA611A546C52427658072" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6FCFFBAD71998010A2390378D1F244B7">
<mods:roleTerm id="D111CCE19154B64A284B4E2C6230848B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2FFAB694951269F22D8CC113F988E176">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="C4BC06D6A8444381AA5E8888D2FD21E9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="EDB291F76E9B326311944B61CD871A5E" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="19841103907F3B12F5D93AE34CA0F0C5">
<mods:dateIssued id="BA38B61FD30F197E90706CF9AB13AD51">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="EBC95D225F7989F49481AB4325709BFD">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="643B691FDA895F051999EFA3B2AB5A5B">
<mods:placeTerm id="564C11A152BE27106F0D5D64BAE28D74">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="2B339CE3D8570860595DA42AFD3F23DB">
<mods:title id="5B19C641C80DA72491D960373F6CB839">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="37285AA06E805C97600E39CA922520E8">
<mods:extent id="2B70E69CAF84C322CBD23B880FC37972" unit="page">
<mods:start id="D9F32CAAC9D69F5A35E8164AFADEFAFF">90</mods:start>
<mods:end id="739DFB8A24E47A151C94CEC20C63C90C">91</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="DEF3E7AC53AAD40570A69FB591AA6FF5">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8FC65C6C1CE4B78A26BCB1E0B479332B" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6E327445660291AF9FD5A8B4E7FC7126" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11326890" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231521311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11326890" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1" lastPageNumber="91" pageNumber="91" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500010">
<subSubSection id="49985C5A6149BC63389A9DCDC7727CC0" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8F36796F807F8B47F915998A8088BED3" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="76B951ED4029A1DB327F0153D0805F51" ID-CoL="3W9KX" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="0212AA21EA3FADECAC273DE17C4104F0" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
Matschie 1900
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CA8D2D1450794DA56D68DCA793B6A748" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8F9CF9D21302813CF16243BEF5300FE5" pageNumber="91">
<treatmentCitation id="E82504E70F0976FD9718C9A4E9583363" author="Matschie" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" journal="Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" page="194" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis" title="Loxodonta cyclotis" year="1900">
<taxonomicName id="0FA56B509E240A87B09B080A945F41AC" ID-CoL="3W9KX" authority="Matschie 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="294886415BF463BFD326FD79478BF517" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1656FBD925BCCC5CBE08ACAD3801C5ED" author="Matschie, P." refId="ref230457" refString="Matschie, P. 1900. Uber geographische Albarten des Afrikanischen elephantens. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft naturforschunde Freunde Berlin, 8: 189 - 197." year="1900">Matschie 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="1AE09BCF19AC27C7261B2E4E5F1BB3B3" author="Matschie" journal="Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin" pageNumber="91" pagination="194" title="Loxodonta cyclotis" year="1900">Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin: 194</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2544B1F0E1A8DBEC03D5FE8C2900B616" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="736C3D78FC6C81CC827CA7585FAC66C5" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="30AEBAC7BEAAA5F8734C25561BACEFC7" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="834C14C59C3B1D2F0903AECE28740497" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867284301" country="Cameroon" pageNumber="91">
Yaunde, S
<collectingCountry id="1404655636C715372781D367A08A49F7" name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37854D6C8107EA4C5F95939828341135" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="27AAEE334BADF814E8C205A9FEC9B332" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="AE22A196202CBF63C5A098393A0762D4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="76545A8C2AD1C77F61263AD3F3DF1BA8" language="eng" pageNumber="91">African Forest Elephant</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D1E199BF561D2B70344C14E3F91AA51B" pageNumber="91" type="synonym_list">
<paragraph id="4FADB3B36882F4AF785CED76D5BAD4FB" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B297764EF913289FB06FBA4EC63EC6F0" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C3420D19857EC8E663E9564586A097A3" authority="(Lydekker 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albertensis">
<emphasis id="BDC8E132367A78EDF2EA303FCB2D50EB" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta albertensis</emphasis>
(Lydekker 1907)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="243FB93030C648F8A4FBF2B814628354" authority="(Lydekker 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cottoni">
<emphasis id="C4A156F0D05D568B89B97E3F4F266265" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cottoni</emphasis>
(Lydekker 1908)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="FDE22B0850792C2F9154CAED0ED43B1F" authority="(Schouteden 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Schouteden" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fransseni">
<emphasis id="B5B73225BE264DDCA50E4A00C13F5D68" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta fransseni</emphasis>
(Schouteden 1914)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="671B0D4F858F925A12325207D2465282" authority="(Noack 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
<emphasis id="8388DE81D1D2CE039969C07D294E9E66" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta pumilio</emphasis>
(Noack 1906)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FBEFFC0001B6A6002C52266E9047986" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F0C5F83042813D0B5FB83EC5F07CDCD0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="07AC3630BE72024D8757D03DE86A87A3" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Distribution:</emphasis>
C and W coast of Africa, including 21 countries from
<collectingCountry id="0EE47AB35BF6421C079378B3DAAB55B0" name="Senegal">Senegal</collectingCountry>
in the west to
<collectingCountry id="85ABD19FE8A902896CA7BE1E12BD8CC2" name="Uganda">Uganda</collectingCountry>
in the east.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B595CB93D679C9A9C800F86327C1172" pageNumber="91" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="5632BEF834FEDD54A046F87C9A2DCD0F" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="DF397254DE290C3EF6FBD2420866FFB5" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="2EE7A1A8959019A6181AE616E1ABDEBC">CITES</collectionCode>
Appendix I (as included in
<taxonomicName id="7B76339D2EFD65EEE20A524E319B3CD3" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="F0194E06345391E1A8925A487ED19984" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<collectingCountry id="390B6E778D1781D1CF373CA59FCCF542" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<collectionCode id="CACB20E457BA7EB9B33C1DB0A6FFEF06" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
Threatened (as included in
<taxonomicName id="17F3F2B8F617AE66E9613752B04892C9" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="E9F82AAC2F99B651C94D61387E33BEA6" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<collectionCode id="31B72DCB2F79508F534C8F7FCAA8EB80">IUCN</collectionCode>
Endangered (as included in
<taxonomicName id="6CC25F25757631199FB74F841CC2590F" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="132DD77F0F865B2163E8C01261487966" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="981A862015D9F46672AE4B0B23E0DED9" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A1D0E115A35FCA1DF133CEEE8447C8F2" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="35349C7042DBB856D49D35106B330A1D" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="91">Discussion:</emphasis>
See
<bibRefCitation id="962EA2F54DB91BEEB720888B51C51600" author="Laursen, L. &amp; M. Bekoff" refId="ref205146" refString="Laursen, L., and M. Bekoff. 1978. Loxodonta africana. Mammalian Species, 92: 1 - 8." year="1978">Laursen and Bekoff (1978</bibRefCitation>
, Mammalian Species, 92), where
<taxonomicName id="7BB616613EC35963043DC4F40450648D" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="55D91349D07439F0C4B3A1220CBDA7B8" italics="true" pageNumber="91">cyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was treated as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4DBAB5E4A016B4A44B6E50E76C85D0BF" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="77C36FE0964E86DAC41EBB5D43283A05" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EA29C6C1123C59EF2FFA6C4B3A33D6A5" author="Grubb, P. &amp; C. P. Groves &amp; J. P. Dudley &amp; J. Shoshani" refId="ref134626" refString="Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley, and J. Shoshani. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2 (4): 1 - 4." year="2000">Grubb et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
presented morphological and some molecular data in support of upgrading
<taxonomicName id="309A5E3456C66EB36B1785D52052FD18" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="A3B4EFB2E91DF40A929660EB3A720971" italics="true" pageNumber="91">cyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a species category, separate species from
<taxonomicName id="44197F5B5716E640F24860354F50DEEB" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="D1D60FCE89EB90BA77ECA37EA1FBE246" italics="true" pageNumber="91">africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, corroborating earlier hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="A4BFD9577D8327BCAC0C9B3F809B625A" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="E6C8D128D45B31895316586F3FC0E125" italics="true" pageNumber="91">Loxodonta cyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2863F336E20793C83D31B44CCCC3A205" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="6F70CFC18B24B7933CC276E9EEDFABE5" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct species. Further,
<bibRefCitation id="86CCB1C9291C2936986F7A60F5B3AE74" author="Grubb, P. &amp; C. P. Groves &amp; J. P. Dudley &amp; J. Shoshani" refId="ref134626" refString="Grubb, P., C. P. Groves, J. P. Dudley, and J. Shoshani. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2 (4): 1 - 4." year="2000">Grubb et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
supported the hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="7D7AEE090F2706E788ADF92492CE715F" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Loxodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclotis">
<emphasis id="B01B9AEAE69466A9C9182BEBC97FA3A6" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. cyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically more primitive than
<taxonomicName id="F1F3A96E18604CE7BB2DDC9FBAC9FAE7" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Elephas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="DBB597E6633D8B2CF898DA267C4D9E40" italics="true" pageNumber="91">L. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="9F4980552B09BF224AA605B829A4F504" author="Roca, A. L. &amp; N. Georgiadis &amp; J. Pecon-Slattery &amp; S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref308438" refString="Roca, A. L., N. Georgiadis, J. Pecon-Slattery, and S. J. O'Brien. 2001. Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa. Science, 293: 1473 - 1477." year="2001">Roca et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
provided genetic evidence for two species in Africa. Evidence provided by
<bibRefCitation id="9F3D41BA4E50010FEC99B409BB0DD821" author="Debruyne, R." refId="ref77024" refString="Debruyne, R. 2003. Differenciation morphologique et moleculaire des Elephantinae (Mammalia, Proboscidea): Statut systematique de l'elephant d'Afrique de foret, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France." year="2003">Debruyne (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, however, suggests that the African Forest Elephant and the African Bush Elephant are only subspecifically distinct this taxonomic question has not yet been resolved.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>