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<document id="E27C2D486CAD4D3BF39AFDF13D5F0E48" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.656.1.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13213072" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1722614541709" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Croat, Thomas B., Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco &amp; Ortiz, Orlando O." docDate="2024" docId="23768787FFB14449DFC2FC40FA53F819" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.156.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 656 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.656.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0.4:Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph" docStyleId="F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Monstera" docType="key" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="DF4FFFFFFFB94445DF4AFFECFFF8FFD2" masterDocTitle="Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America" masterLastPageNumber="197" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1724418234311" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5504091D7605A751C9879988049F9AF7">Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="53FB841FA9856959377E5F9ED057E24D">Croat, Thomas B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CAD5ECB8A62D473109D916DA9D2E13AB">P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; email: thomas. croat @ mobot. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1804 - 0532</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="161B5B6BEA7F0E49D84B3DEA4C14937D">Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9348487100FF9867073D70CD324FD331">P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6 - 8, D- 14195 Berlin, Germany. &amp; Herbario Luis Fournier Origgi (USJ), Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. 11501 - 2060, San José, Costa Rica. &amp; Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apartado 302 - 7050 Cartago, Costa Rica. &amp; email: marcovf. 09 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0119 - 0427</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="804899729F6E854EF9683FE80F03F9FE">Ortiz, Orlando O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A04216E5CFE7920B30325D422E308D4">P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6 - 8, D- 14195 Berlin, Germany. &amp; P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; Herbario PMA, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Republic of Panamá. &amp; P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; Coiba Scientific Station (COIBA AIP), Clayton, Panama City, Panama. &amp; P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A. &amp; email: ortizopma @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7805 - 0046 * Corresponding author. e-mail: marcovf. 09 @ gmail. com &amp; P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E3DBB7DEC62C48EAEE5C1DD6F164DD83" type="email">ortizopma@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFC2FC40FDB6FC14" blockId="8.[136,590,940,966]" box="[136,590,940,966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="F02881FDFFB1444DDFC2FC40FDB6FC14" bold="true" box="[136,590,940,966]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDFC2FC40FDB6FC14" bold="true" box="[136,590,940,966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Key to
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDFA8FC40FEAEFC14" ID-CoL="8VZGZ" authority="Adans." box="[226,342,940,966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDFA8FC40FEAEFC14" bold="true" box="[226,342,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monstera</emphasis>
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of Central America
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<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFC2FC1DFA53FBD4" blockId="8.[136,1451,1008,1030]" box="[136,1451,1008,1030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<keyLead id="102E95A4FFB1444DDFC2FC1DFA53FBD4" box="[136,1451,1008,1030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<keyStep id="102B2E34FFB1444DDFC2FC1DFA53FBD4" box="[136,1451,1008,1030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1a. Spathe orange or yellow-orange at anthesis; fruits with the stylar cap orange ..................................................................................2</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="102B2E34FFB1444DDFE7FBC6FA52FB60" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFE7FBC6FA52FB8E" blockId="8.[173,1452,1066,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<keyLead id="102E95A4FFB1444DDFE7FBC6FA52FB8E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
2a. Petioles shorter than blades; blades yellowish when dry, mostly less than 3 times longer than wide, mostly obtuse to rounded with short apiculum at apex; peduncle longer (up to
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long).............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA73FBA4FA52FB8E" ID-CoL="9V4KQ" box="[1337,1450,1095,1117]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alcirana">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA73FBA4FA52FB8E" box="[1337,1450,1095,1117]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. alcirana</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="102E95A4FFB1444DDFE7FB6CFA52FB60" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
2b. Petioles often about as long as blade; blades blackish, reddish, light brown or grayish when dry, mostly 3.33.5 times longer than broad, typically acute to acuminate at apex; peduncle shorter (
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) ........................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA0BFB72FA52FB60" ID-CoL="73PRR" authorityName="Miquel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1345,1450,1181,1203]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA0BFB72FA52FB60" box="[1345,1450,1181,1203]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. obliqua</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFC2FB3BFA53FB3E" blockId="8.[136,1451,1239,1261]" box="[136,1451,1239,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<keyLead id="102E95A4FFB1444DDFC2FB3BFA53FB3E" box="[136,1451,1239,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<keyStep id="102B2E34FFB1444DDFC2FB3BFA53FB3E" box="[136,1451,1239,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1b. Spathe of various colors, never orange or yellow-orange; the stylar cap never orange.................................................................... 3</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFE7FAFDFA53FA90" blockId="8.[173,1452,1296,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3a. Plants with pendent habit and usually lacking or with poorly-developed anchor roots on flowering branches (inflorescence always on hanging shoots); internodes mostly elongated at stem apex, generally 3 or more times longer than wide ............... 4</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDF99FA8BFA53FAAF" blockId="8.[211,1451,1383,1405]" box="[211,1451,1383,1405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4a. Adult plants with leaf blades pinnatilobed.............................................................................................................................5</paragraph>
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5a. Petiolar sheath persistent or semi-persistent, reaching base of the geniculum or base of the leaf blade; spathe tearing longitudinally at base after anthesis before falling, white within, externally yellowish-green and not pruinose; leaf blade, with 24 lobes per side, never perforate ..............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA77FA37FA52FA3D" authorityName="Grayum, Phytologia" authorityYear="1997" box="[1341,1450,1498,1520]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molinae">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA77FA37FA52FA3D" box="[1341,1450,1498,1520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. molinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFB2F9F8FA52F9B1" blockId="8.[248,1451,1556,1635]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
5b. Petiolar sheath deciduous, not reaching the geniculum; spathe not tearing longitudinally at base after anthesis before falling, pale pink internally, green and pruinose externally; leaf blade with 26 lobes per side, usually perforated........ ..................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA53F9A2FA52F9B1" authorityName="Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton" authorityYear="1972" box="[1305,1450,1614,1635]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tacanaensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA53F9A2FA52F9B1" box="[1305,1450,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tacanaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDF99F96BFA53F94F" blockId="8.[211,1451,1671,1693]" box="[211,1451,1671,1693]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4b. Adult plants with leaf blades margins entire..........................................................................................................................6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDFB2F92CFA53F921" blockId="8.[248,1451,1728,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6a. Stems tuberculate with scaly epidermis; petiole sheath markedly ligulate and marcescent leaving persistent fibrous remains.............................................................................................................................................................................7</paragraph>
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7a. Leaf blades large (usually 1859 ×
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); peduncles longer, usually equal or more than
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long.................
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDE26F8D8FA52F89B" box="[364,1450,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
....................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDBA7F8D8FA52F89B" box="[1261,1450,1844,1865]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guzmanjacobiae">M. guzmanjacobiae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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7b. Leaf blades smaller (1220 ×
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); peduncles shorter, typically up to
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long........................................... 8
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444DDE09F84BFA53F86E" blockId="8.[323,1451,1959,1981]" box="[323,1451,1959,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
8a. Petioles more than
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long; petiolar sheath ligulate up to
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; inflorescences erect....................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA09F844FA53F86E" box="[1347,1451,1959,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="luteynii">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA09F844FA53F86E" box="[1347,1451,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. luteynii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB1444CDE09F80CFA53FF02" blockId="8.[323,1451,2016,2038]" lastBlockId="9.[248,1452,159,209]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
8b. Petioles less than
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long; petiolar sheath ligulate for
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; inflorescences pendent..........
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB1444DDA57F80DFA53F827" authorityName="Lundell" authorityYear="1939" box="[1309,1451,2016,2038]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB1444DDA57F80DFA53F827" box="[1309,1451,2016,2038]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tuberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
6b. Stems generally smooth; petiole sheath non-ligulate or with poorly developed ligule (less than
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long) and completely deciduous ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
</paragraph>
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9a. Leaf blade cuneate to rounded or truncated at base; peduncles shorter, up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDB09FF18FB8AFEDB" box="[1091,1138,244,265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
long .........................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA03FF19FA52FEDB" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1905" box="[1353,1450,244,266]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pittieri">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA03FF19FA52FEDB" box="[1353,1450,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. pittieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE57FEC0FA53FE90" blockId="9.[285,1451,300,322]" box="[285,1451,300,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
9b. Leaf blade cordate, subcordate, rounded, truncate to cordulate at base; peduncles more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDB96FEC1FAF3FE90" box="[1244,1291,301,322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
long..............10
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE09FE89FA52FEA8" blockId="9.[323,1450,357,379]" box="[323,1450,357,379]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
10a. Primary lateral veins 1525 per side; leaf blade generally with perforations ..............................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA5FFE8AFA52FEA8" box="[1301,1450,357,379]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilsoniensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA5FFE8AFA52FEA8" box="[1301,1450,357,379]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. wilsoniensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE09FE71FA53FE61" blockId="9.[323,1451,413,435]" box="[323,1451,413,435]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10b. Primary lateral veins up to 9 per side; leaf blade usually lacking perforations................................................ 11</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22FE1EFA53FDF6" blockId="9.[360,1452,498,548]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
11a. Leaf blades 1.52.1 times longer than wide, up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDCEBFE1EFC26FDDA" box="[929,990,498,520]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
long; peduncle 2.52.6 longer than the spadix;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDEF9FDE3FDE3FDF6" box="[435,539,526,548]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Tarrazú)..............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA5EFDE3FA53FDF6" box="[1300,1451,527,548]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarrazuensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA5EFDE3FA53FDF6" box="[1300,1451,527,548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tarrazuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22FDABFA53FDAA" blockId="9.[360,1451,583,633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
11b. Leaf blades less 1.01.1 times longer than wide, usually 12.816.0 cm long; peduncle 1.61.8 times longer than the spadix;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDD1BFD8FFD56FDAB" box="[593,686,611,633]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB0444CDDF0FD8FFCEEFDAB" box="[698,790,611,633]" country="Honduras" name="Atlantida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Atlántida</collectingRegion>
) ................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA47FD88FA53FDAA" authorityName="Grayum &amp; Karney, Economic Botany" authorityYear="2012" box="[1293,1451,611,633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maderaverde">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA47FD88FA53FDAA" box="[1293,1451,611,633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. maderaverde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDFE7FD70FA53FD1F" blockId="9.[173,1451,668,718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3b. Plants generally appressed-climbing with well-developed anchor roots on flowering branches (inflorescence typically on ascending shoots); internodes mostly short at stem apex, generally less 3 times longer than wide ..........................................12</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDF99FD1DFA53FCF0" blockId="9.[211,1451,753,803]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">12a. Adult leaf blade regularly pinnatifid or pinnatilobed (the lobes well differentiated and/or arranged consistently along the midrib)..................................................................................................................................................................................13</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDFB2FCAAFA53FC88" blockId="9.[248,1451,837,859]" box="[248,1451,837,859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
13a. Leaf blades narrow (up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDD0BFCAAFD84FC89" box="[577,636,838,859]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
wide), usually 2.02.6 times longer than wide.....................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA55FCAAFA53FC88" box="[1311,1451,837,859]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA55FCAAFA53FC88" box="[1311,1451,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. integrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDFB2FC92FA53FC41" blockId="9.[248,1451,894,916]" box="[248,1451,894,916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
13b. Leaf blades wider (more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDD29FC92FD66FC41" box="[611,670,894,915]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
wide), usually less than 2 times longer than wide ..............................................14
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE57FC5BFA53FC3B" blockId="9.[285,1451,950,1001]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14a. Petiolar sheath persistent (presence of continuous tissue, whether living or marcescent, along adaxial margins of the petiole) ...............................................................................................................................................................15</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE09FBE7FA53FBF3" blockId="9.[323,1451,1035,1057]" box="[323,1451,1035,1057]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">15a. Petiole typically half-sheathed ..........................................................................................................................16</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22FBA8FDD5FBA7" blockId="9.[360,1452,1092,1141]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
16a. Petioles more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDD21FBA8FD5EFB8B" box="[619,678,1092,1114]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 5.46.4 times longer than wide;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB15FBA8FB53FB8B" box="[1119,1195,1092,1113]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
(Caribbean slope).......
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDADBFBA9FDD5FBA7" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bocatorensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDADBFBA9FDD5FBA7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. bocatorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22FB75FA53FB7C" blockId="9.[360,1451,1176,1199]" box="[360,1451,1176,1199]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
16b. Petioles less than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDD14FB74FD61FB7C" box="[606,665,1176,1198]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
long; spadix up to 5 times longer than wide........................................................17
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEC7FB3DFDEFFAD1" blockId="9.[397,1452,1233,1283]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
17a. Leaf blades with 612 pairs of lobes, mostly less than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDCA8FB3DFBE9FB35" box="[994,1041,1233,1255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
wide;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB19FB3DFB43FB35" box="[1107,1211,1233,1255]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Pacific slope) .........
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDADBFB3EFDEFFAD1" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="croatii">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDADBFB3EFDEFFAD1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. croatii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEC7FACAFDB4FA85" blockId="9.[397,1452,1318,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
17b. Leaf blades with 27 pairs of lobes, mostly more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDCA9FACAFBEAFAE9" box="[995,1042,1318,1340]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
wide;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB1EFACAFB45FAEE" box="[1108,1213,1318,1340]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB91FACAFAC2FAEE" box="[1243,1338,1318,1340]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDADBFACBFDB4FA85" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glaucescens">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDADBFACBFDB4FA85" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. glaucescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE09FA97FA53FA42" blockId="9.[323,1451,1403,1425]" box="[323,1451,1403,1425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
15b. Petiole fully sheathed, sometimes sheathed up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDC2DFA97FC56FA42" box="[871,942,1403,1425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">36 cm</quantity>
before the geniculum ............................................ 18
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22FA5FFA52F9D3" blockId="9.[360,1452,1459,1538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
18a. Petiole whitish or sparsely speckled with white dots; leaf blade with abundant rounded fenestrations on each side adjacent to the midrib; primary lateral veins emerge from the midrib at an angle of 8090°;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDA3FFA3CFE27F9D0" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDD47FA00FDA1F9D3" box="[525,601,1516,1537]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
...............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDBB4FA01FA52F9D3" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1905" box="[1278,1450,1516,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epipremnoides">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDBB4FA01FA52F9D3" box="[1278,1450,1516,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. epipremnoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE22F9C8FA53F984" blockId="9.[360,1452,1572,1623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">18b. Petiole greenish or strongly speckled with white dots; leaf blade lacking fenestrations or with few rounded fenestrations on each side adjacent to the midrib........................................................................................19</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEC7F995FA52F979" blockId="9.[397,1451,1657,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
19a. Adult leaf blade deeply pinnatifid; lobes mostly less than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDB48F995FBC9F95D" box="[1026,1073,1657,1679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
wide; spadix 5.59.1 times longer than wide;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDD59F979FDA8F979" box="[531,592,1685,1707]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
to South America (widespread)...............................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA4FF97AFA52F979" box="[1285,1450,1686,1707]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnatipartita">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA4FF97AFA52F979" box="[1285,1450,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. pinnatipartita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEC7F922FA53F931" blockId="9.[397,1451,1742,1764]" box="[397,1451,1742,1764]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
19b. Adult leaf blade deeply pinnatilobed; lobes usually more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDB64F922FBA5F931" box="[1070,1117,1742,1764]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
wide ......................................... 20
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEF9F8EBFA52F8C9" blockId="9.[435,1450,1798,1820]" box="[435,1450,1798,1820]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
20a. Stigmatophore strongly conical;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDC7DF8EBFC58F8CE" box="[823,928,1798,1820]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
to western
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB45F8EBFBA5F8CE" box="[1039,1117,1799,1820]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
, at
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDB35F8EAFAFCF8CE" box="[1151,1284,1798,1820]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.65" metricValueMin="1.05" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1350.0" valueMax="1650.0" valueMin="1050.0">10501650 m</quantity>
............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA13F8EBFA52F8C9" box="[1369,1450,1798,1820]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lentii">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA13F8EBFA52F8C9" box="[1369,1450,1798,1820]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. lentii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDEF9F8D3FA52F8A2" blockId="9.[435,1451,1855,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
20b. Stigmatophore cupuliform;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDC47F8D3FCB2F887" box="[781,842,1855,1877]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDC24F8D3FC20F887" box="[878,984,1855,1877]" name="Guatemala" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDCAEF8D3FBB1F887" box="[996,1097,1855,1877]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB1FF8D3FB4DF887" box="[1109,1205,1855,1877]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDB8BF8D3FAD4F887" box="[1217,1324,1855,1877]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDA15F8ACFA53F887" box="[1375,1451,1856,1877]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
from sea level to mostly less that
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB0444CDC75F8B7FC84F8A3" box="[831,892,1883,1905]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
.........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA77F8B0FA52F8A2" authorityName="Croat &amp; Grayum" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="Schott" box="[1341,1450,1883,1905]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Tornelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dissecta">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA77F8B0FA52F8A2" box="[1341,1450,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. dissecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444CDE57F878FA53F814" blockId="9.[285,1451,1940,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14b. Petiolar sheath deciduous (no tissue along adaxial margins of the petiole; sometimes leaving fibers and/or remains of irregular pieces of tissue) ....................................................................................................................................21</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB0444FDE09F807FA53FF03" blockId="9.[323,1451,2027,2078]" lastBlockId="10.[323,1452,159,210]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
21a. Petiole typically half-sheathed; geniculum winged; blades 1.01.1 times as longer than wide;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDA52F807FA9CF7D3" box="[1304,1380,2027,2049]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDA24F807FA53F7D3" box="[1390,1451,2027,2049]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB0444CDEFCF7E4FDE6F7CC" box="[438,542,2056,2078]" name="Guatemala" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
...................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB0444CDA7EF7E4FA53F7CF" authorityName="Liebm., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. KjObenhavn" authorityYear="1849" box="[1332,1451,2056,2077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deliciosa">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB0444CDA7EF7E4FA53F7CF" box="[1332,1451,2056,2077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. deliciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
21b. Petiole fully sheathed, sometimes sheathed up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDC2FFF73FC53FF67" box="[869,939,159,181]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 cm</quantity>
before the geniculum; geniculum smooth or obscure; blades generally more than 1.2 times longer than wide ....................................................................................22
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE22FF1AFA53FEF5" blockId="10.[360,1451,245,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">22a. Adult leaf blades lacking fenestrations; spadix 6.59.0 times longer than wide and 2.53.7 times longer than peduncle ..............................................................................................................................................23</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEC7FEA0FA53FEB0" blockId="10.[397,1451,332,354]" box="[397,1451,332,354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
23a. Adult leaf blades with 16 pairs of lobes, usually more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDB56FEA0FBB3FEB3" box="[1052,1099,332,353]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
wide ...........................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA6DFEA1FA53FEB0" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1878" baseAuthorityName="Schott" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1319,1451,333,354]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spruceana">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA6DFEA1FA53FEB0" box="[1319,1451,333,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. spruceana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEC7FE69FA52FE6A" blockId="10.[397,1450,389,440]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
23b. Adult leaf blades with generally more than 6 pairs of lobes, mostly narrow (up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDBA2FE6AFAEFFE49" box="[1256,1303,390,411]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
wide).............. ....................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA1BFE4FFA52FE6A" box="[1361,1450,419,440]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA1BFE4FFA52FE6A" box="[1361,1450,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE22FE30FA53FDDC" blockId="10.[360,1451,476,527]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">22b. Adult leaf blades with or without fenestrations; spadix less than 6 times longer than wide and up to 1.6 times longer than peduncle..........................................................................................................................24</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEC7FDDEFA53FD50" blockId="10.[397,1452,562,642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24a. Adult blade with each lobe (incompletely) separated from the next by a row of fenestrations, with the lobes sometimes cross-linked by filaments or very narrow bands of lamina often becoming broken with age .........................................................................................................................................................25</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEF9FD49FA53FD26" blockId="10.[435,1451,677,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
25a. Blades with 36 pairs of lobes, mostly connected by broader bands of laminar tissue; spathe externally pink, never longitudinally splitting at male anthesis; spadix 1.52.0 times longer than wide......................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA1EFD0CFA53FD26" authorityName="Engler &amp; Krause" authorityYear="1908" baseAuthorityName="Kunth" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1364,1451,735,757]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA1EFD0CFA53FD26" box="[1364,1451,735,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEF9FCF4FA53FCBA" blockId="10.[435,1452,792,872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">25b. Blades with more than 6 pairs of lobes, generally connected by very fine thread-like filaments; spathe externally yellowish green or pinkish, usually longitudinally splitting at male anthesis; spadix 4 or more times longer than wide........................................................................................26</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE92FC60FD6BFC6C" blockId="10.[472,1452,908,958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
26a. Petiolar sheath deciduous but leaving persistent fibrous remains; spathe externally pink......
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDADBFC61FD6BFC6C" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filamentosa">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDADBFC61FD6BFC6C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. filamentosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE92FC0EFD52FBC6" blockId="10.[472,1450,994,1045]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
26b. Petiolar sheath deciduous without leaving fibrous remains; spathe externally yellowish-green.
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDD69FBECFD52FBC6" authorityName="Schott ex Engl." baseAuthorityName="Schott" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[547,682,1023,1045]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="punctulata">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDD69FBECFD52FBC6" box="[547,682,1023,1045]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. punctulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEC7FBD5FA53FBB9" blockId="10.[397,1451,1081,1131]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24b. Adult leaf blade with each lobe completely separated from the next by a single incision reaching or approaching the midrib .........................................................................................................................27</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEF9FB63FA52FB13" blockId="10.[435,1451,1167,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
27a. Style not at all cupuliform but rather with narrow sloping shoulders, the stigma protruding well above style;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDD3DFB40FD3DFB13" box="[631,709,1196,1217]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDD85FB40FCB0FB13" box="[719,840,1196,1218]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="16.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="100.0">1001600 m</quantity>
............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA5FFB41FA52FB13" box="[1301,1450,1196,1218]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="donosoensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA5FFB41FA52FB13" box="[1301,1450,1196,1218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. donosoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDEF9FB09FA52FAC5" blockId="10.[435,1452,1253,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
27b. Style drying cupuliform with the margins usually as high or higher than the essentially sessile stigma, the stigma not protruding well above style;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDCA1FAEEFBAEFACA" box="[1003,1110,1282,1304]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDB2AFAEEFB1DFACA" box="[1120,1253,1282,1304]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="1350.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1200.0">12001500 m</quantity>
..
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDBBCFAEFFA52FAC5" box="[1270,1450,1282,1304]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monteverdensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDBBCFAEFFA52FAC5" box="[1270,1450,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. monteverdensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDF99FAD0FA53FABC" blockId="10.[211,1452,1340,1391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12b. Adult leaf blade with entire margins (with or without fenestrations) or irregularly pinnatilobed (lobes originated by tearing of the fenestrations that extend close to the margin) with a few lacerations. ......................................................................28</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDFB2FA7EFA53FA16" blockId="10.[248,1451,1426,1477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28a. Petiole and peduncle surface verrucose due to the presence of numerous and conspicuous brown, black, green or white pustules (lenticel-like structures visible to the naked eye) on the epidermis.................................................................29</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE57FA05FA52F9C8" blockId="10.[285,1451,1513,1563]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
29a. Petiole sheath deciduous, not undulate; stems and petioles with large black pustules; spathe yellowish-cream externally;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDE9FF9EAFDC5F9C9" box="[469,573,1541,1563]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDD00F9E9FD67F9C9" box="[586,671,1541,1563]" country="Costa Rica" name="Alajuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alajuela</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDDE3F9E9FD0FF9C9" box="[681,759,1541,1563]" country="Costa Rica" name="Heredia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heredia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDC4BF9EAFC95F9C9" box="[769,877,1542,1563]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDC3CF9EAFC33F9C9" box="[886,971,1542,1563]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San José</collectingRegion>
) to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDCBAF9EAFBC4F9C9" box="[1008,1084,1542,1563]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDB03F9E9FB66F9C9" box="[1097,1182,1541,1563]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chiriquí</collectingRegion>
),
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDBE4F9E9FAF7F9C9" box="[1198,1295,1541,1563]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="95.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="40.0">40150 m</quantity>
.........
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA07F9EAFA52F9C8" box="[1357,1450,1541,1563]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="buseyi">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA07F9EAFA52F9C8" box="[1357,1450,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. buseyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE57F9D3FA53F9A3" blockId="10.[285,1451,1599,1650]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">29b. Petiole sheath persistent or deciduous, markedly undulate; stems and petioles with large brown, black or white pustules; spathe light green or cream externally .....................................................................................................30</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE09F97AFA52F91A" blockId="10.[323,1451,1685,1736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
30a. Petioles with greenish white (never black) pustules; base of petiole dark green; styles conical; western
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDA15F97AFA53F979" box="[1375,1451,1686,1707]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
to south central
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDD6DF95EFD68F91A" box="[551,656,1714,1736]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Caribbean slope), 1001200 .........................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA47F95FFA52F91A" authorityName="Croat &amp; Grayum" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="Engl. &amp; K. Krause" box="[1293,1450,1715,1736]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Rhodospatha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costaricensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA47F95FFA52F91A" box="[1293,1450,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. costaricensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE09F900FA52F8CC" blockId="10.[323,1452,1772,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
30b. Petioles with brown, black and/or white pustules; styles truncate;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB3444FDB5EF900FB86F8D0" box="[1044,1150,1772,1794]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDBC7F900FB02F8D3" box="[1165,1274,1772,1793]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB3444FDA4FF900FAA5F8D3" box="[1285,1373,1772,1793]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San José</collectingRegion>
; Pacific slope),
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB3444FDE9EF8E4FDA0F8CC" box="[468,600,1800,1822]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="1175.0" valueMax="1250.0" valueMin="1100.0">11001250 m</quantity>
.............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA00F8E5FA52F8CC" box="[1354,1450,1801,1822]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alfaroi">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA00F8E5FA52F8CC" box="[1354,1450,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. alfaroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDFB2F8AEFA53F8A6" blockId="10.[248,1452,1858,1909]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28b. Petiole and peduncle smooth or rough but due to the presence of small elongated scale-like structures on the epidermis (10x magnification), pustules generally absent .............................................................................................................31</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE57F875FA53F87C" blockId="10.[285,1451,1945,1967]" box="[285,1451,1945,1967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
31a. Adult leaf blade distinctly membranous; mature infructescence with the pulp orange...................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB3444FDA49F875FA53F87C" box="[1283,1451,1945,1966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranacea">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB3444FDA49F875FA53F87C" box="[1283,1451,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. membranacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444FDE57F83EFA53F835" blockId="10.[285,1451,2002,2024]" box="[285,1451,2002,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">31b. Adult leaf blade subcoriaceous or coriaceous; mature infructescence with the pulp white ....................................32</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB3444EDE09F7E0FA53FF03" blockId="10.[323,1451,2060,2082]" lastBlockId="11.[360,1452,159,210]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
32a. Flowers with a distinctly circular stigma ..........................................................................................................33 33a. Inflorescence robust, peduncle
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDDA9FF73FCBCFF67" box="[739,836,159,181]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="36.5" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="25.0">2548 cm</quantity>
long; spathe
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDC80FF73FBD2FF67" box="[970,1066,159,181]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="4.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="31.5" valueMax="47.0" valueMin="16.0">1647 cm</quantity>
long; spadix large, 18.0
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDA6EFF73FA8BFF67" box="[1316,1395,159,181]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="25.5">25.5 cm</quantity>
long, 2.46.0 cm diam.; primary lateral veins 2065 pairs;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDCFBFF50FC05FF03" box="[945,1021,188,209]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(endemics) ................................................34
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7FF1AFA53FEFA" blockId="11.[397,1452,245,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
34a. Leaf blades lacking fenestrations; petioles light green, smooth, sheathed up to (0.36)0.740.86 its total length, unsheathed portion subterete ..................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA1DFEFFFA53FEFA" box="[1367,1451,275,296]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA1DFEFFFA53FEFA" box="[1367,1451,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7FEA0FA52FEAC" blockId="11.[397,1452,332,383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
34b. Leaf blades typically with fenestrations; petiole dark or light green, sheathed to base of the geniculum, unsheathed portion sulcate adaxially ......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA0BFE85FA52FEAC" box="[1345,1450,361,382]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="titanum">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA0BFE85FA52FEAC" box="[1345,1450,361,382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. titanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE22FE4EFA53FE07" blockId="11.[360,1451,418,469]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
33b. Inflorescence medium-sized, peduncle up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDC29FE4EFC66FE6A" box="[867,926,418,440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
long; spathe up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDB1DFE4EFB6BFE6A" box="[1111,1171,418,440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
long; spadix less than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDA3AFE4EFA53FE6A" box="[1392,1451,418,440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDEA3FE53FDC8FE07" box="[489,560,447,469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 cm</quantity>
diam.; primary lateral veins up to 25 pairs............................................................................35
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7FE14FA53FDDD" blockId="11.[397,1451,504,527]" box="[397,1451,504,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">35a. Leaf blades generally narrowly lanceolate, generally more than 2.1 times longer than wide..............36</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9FDDEFA53FD53" blockId="11.[435,1451,562,642]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
36a. Petiole whitish to speckled with white dots; adult leaf blade perforated or not; spadix 4.75 times longer than wide, 0.60.9 times as long as peduncle; style conical;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDBCAFDA3FB11FDB7" box="[1152,1257,591,613]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDA5DFDBCFA9BFDB7" box="[1303,1379,592,613]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
........... ....................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA55FD81FA53FD53" box="[1311,1451,620,642]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA55FD81FA53FD53" box="[1311,1451,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. integrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9FD49FA54FD0A" blockId="11.[435,1452,677,728]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
36b. Petiole green; adult leaf blade never perforated; spadix 2.14.6 times longer than wide, 0.20.4 times as long as peduncle; style rounded;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDCC4FD2FFC22FD0A" box="[910,986,707,728]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB2444EDCADFD2EFBDAFD0A" box="[999,1058,706,728]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Coclé</collectingRegion>
)..............................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDBA9FD2FFAA3FD05" box="[1251,1371,706,728]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coclensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDBA9FD2FFAA3FD05" box="[1251,1371,706,728]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. coclensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="829857F8FFB2444EDA2BFD2FFA54FD0A" box="[1377,1452,707,728]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7FD10FA53FCFC" blockId="11.[397,1451,764,815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">35b. Leaf blades lanceolate-ovate to broadly lanceolate, ovate, oblong or elliptic, typically less than 2.2 times longer than wide..........................................................................................................................37</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9FCBEFA53FC56" blockId="11.[435,1452,850,901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37a. Petiolar sheath deciduous (no tissue along adaxial margins of the petiole; sometimes leaving fibers and/or irregular tissue pieces remains) ...........................................................................................38</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE92FC45FA52FC25" blockId="11.[472,1452,937,1016]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
38a. Leaf blades 1.31.7 times longer than petiole; fenestrations usually numerous; peduncle short (up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDD2AFC2AFD62FC09" box="[608,666,966,987]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
long); spadix 1.12 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDB16FC29FB5DFC09" box="[1116,1189,965,987]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDB89FC29FAD5FC09" box="[1219,1325,965,987]" name="Guatemala" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDA7CFC29FA50FC09" box="[1334,1448,965,987]" name="El Salvador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDD69FC0EFD78FC2A" box="[547,640,994,1016]" name="Honduras" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Honduras</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDDE5FC0EFCEAFC2A" box="[687,786,994,1016]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA57FC0FFA52FC25" box="[1309,1450,994,1016]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="siltepecana">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA57FC0FFA52FC25" box="[1309,1450,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. siltepecana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE92FBF0FA53FB9C" blockId="11.[472,1452,1052,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
38b. Leaf blades 0.71.3 times longer than petiole; fenestrations few; peduncle
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDA44FBF0FA89FBE3" box="[1294,1393,1052,1073]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="16.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="12.0">1220 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 0.50.8 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDCFDFBD5FBFBFB9C" box="[951,1027,1081,1102]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(endemics) ...............................................39
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEB7FB9EFA54FB77" blockId="11.[509,1452,1138,1189]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
39a. Leaf blades small, up to 25.5 × 16.0 cm; primary lateral veins up to 8 pairs; style truncate;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDD02FB7CFD6CFB77" box="[584,660,1168,1189]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(Cerro Jefe) at
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDC61FB63FC90FB77" box="[811,872,1167,1189]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="980.0">980 m</quantity>
......................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDBE5FB7CFAA3FB76" box="[1199,1371,1167,1189]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harrisoniorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDBE5FB7CFAA3FB76" box="[1199,1371,1167,1189]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. harrisoniorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="829857F8FFB2444EDA2BFB7CFA54FB77" box="[1377,1452,1168,1189]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEB7FB25FA52FB28" blockId="11.[509,1451,1225,1275]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
39b. Leaf blades large, typically more than 26 ×
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDCA9FB25FBD8FB0C" box="[995,1056,1225,1247]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
; primary lateral veins up to 20 pairs; style strongly conical;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDDA5FB0AFCC3FB29" box="[751,827,1254,1275]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(widespread), at elevations of 1001600 .............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA5FFB0AFA52FB28" box="[1301,1450,1253,1275]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="donosoensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA5FFB0AFA52FB28" box="[1301,1450,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. donosoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9FAF3FA53FA83" blockId="11.[435,1451,1311,1362]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37b. Petiolar sheath persistent (presence of continuous tissue, whether living or marcescent, along adaxial margins of the petiole)........................................................................................................40</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE92FA9AFD53FA16" blockId="11.[472,1452,1397,1476]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
40a. Petioles and leaf blades glaucous adaxially (when fresh); fenestrations numerous; peduncle short, up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDDDFFA7EFD3CFA7A" box="[661,708,1426,1448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 1.63.3 times longer than peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDBEFFA7EFB16FA7A" box="[1189,1262,1426,1448]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB2444EDBB6FA7EFAABFA75" box="[1276,1363,1426,1447]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
) .......
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDADBFA7FFD53FA16" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florescanoana">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDADBFA7FFD53FA16" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. florescanoana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE92FA05FA53F9C8" blockId="11.[472,1451,1513,1563]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
40b. Petioles and leaf blades green; fenestrations usually absent, peduncle generally more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDA37FA05FA53FA2C" box="[1405,1451,1513,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 0.60.9 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDCA5F9E9FBAAF9C9" box="[1007,1106,1541,1563]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDB3AF9EAFB44F9C9" box="[1136,1212,1542,1563]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
.............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA5DF9EAFA53F9C8" authorityName="G. S. Bunting" authorityYear="1966" box="[1303,1451,1541,1563]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="standleyana">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA5DF9EAFA53F9C8" box="[1303,1451,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. standleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE09F9D3FA53F986" blockId="11.[323,1451,1599,1621]" box="[323,1451,1599,1621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">32b. Flowers with a strongly linear stigma ...............................................................................................................41</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDE22F995FA53F979" blockId="11.[360,1451,1657,1707]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">41a. Petiolar sheath deciduous (no tissue along adaxial margins of the petiole; sometimes leaving fibers and/or irregular tissue pieces remains)...................................................................................................................42</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7F923FA53F936" blockId="11.[397,1451,1743,1765]" box="[397,1451,1743,1765]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42a. Leaf blades generally narrowly lanceolate, 2.16.0 times longer than wide; fenestrations absent ......43</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9F8E5FA53F8E9" blockId="11.[435,1452,1800,1851]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
43a. Peduncle more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDD88F8E5FD06F8CC" box="[706,766,1801,1822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
long, 38 times longer than petiole; primary lateral veins up to 5 pairs; style truncate;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDDC1F8CAFD2FF8E9" box="[651,727,1830,1851]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(Comarca
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB2444EDC0BF8CAFC5FF8E9" box="[833,935,1829,1851]" country="Panama" name="Kuna Yala" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guna Yala</collectingRegion>
) .................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA09F8CAFA53F8E9" box="[1347,1451,1830,1851]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA09F8CAFA53F8E9" box="[1347,1451,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEF9F8B3FA53F843" blockId="11.[435,1451,1887,1938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
43b. Peduncle typically less than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB2444EDC5FF8B3FCA9F8A7" box="[789,849,1887,1909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
long, 0.2 times as long as petiole; primary lateral veins 425 pairs; style prolonged and constricted in the middle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDCBDF890FBA7F840" box="[1015,1119,1916,1938]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDBC4F890FB22F843" box="[1166,1242,1916,1937]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
..............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDA7DF891FA53F843" box="[1335,1451,1916,1938]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDA7DF891FA53F843" box="[1335,1451,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB2444EDEC7F859FA53F835" blockId="11.[397,1451,1973,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42b. Leaf blades lanceolate-ovate to broadly lanceolate, ovate, oblong or elliptic, typically up to 2 times longer than wide; fenestrations usually present, rarely absent .............................................................44</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB24449DEF9F7E0FA53FF67" blockId="11.[435,1452,2060,2082]" lastBlockId="12.[435,1451,159,181]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
44a. Primary lateral veins up to 7 pairs;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB2444EDC05F7E0FC63F7F3" box="[847,923,2060,2081]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB2444EDCE2F7E0FB70F7F0" box="[936,1160,2060,2082]" country="Panama" name="Ngobe-Bugle" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé</collectingRegion>
)............
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB2444EDB91F7E1FAA3F7F3" box="[1243,1371,2060,2082]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ngabensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB2444EDB91F7E1FAA3F7F3" box="[1243,1371,2060,2082]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. ngabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="829857F8FFB2444EDA2BF7E0FA54F7F3" box="[1377,1452,2060,2081]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
44b. Primary lateral veins numerous, more than 14 pairs ......................................................................45
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DE92FF34FA53FF3D" blockId="12.[472,1451,216,239]" box="[472,1451,216,239]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">45a. Spathe pink to salmon-pink at anthesis ....................................................................................46</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7FEFEFA53FEB3" blockId="12.[509,1452,274,354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
46a. Spathe pale pink internally, not becoming torn at base nor reflexed when open; petioles smooth;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DDD7FEC3FCF0FE97" box="[669,776,303,325]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Buenos Aires, Pacific slope in the Cordillera of Talamanca),
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DA25FEC3FD69FEB3" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="2050.0" valueMax="2100.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000 2100 m</quantity>
...........................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA5EFEA1FA53FEB3" box="[1300,1451,332,354]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mittermeieri">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA5EFEA1FA53FEB3" box="[1300,1451,332,354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. mittermeieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7FE69FA52FE65" blockId="12.[509,1452,389,440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
46b. Spathe dark pink or salmon-pink internally; petioles smooth or warty;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA6AFE6AFA75FE49" box="[1312,1421,389,411]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DD02FE4FFD6EFE6A" box="[584,662,419,440]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDEAFE4EFCE1FE6A" box="[672,793,418,440]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="800.0">8002300 m</quantity>
........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA64FE4FFA52FE65" box="[1326,1450,418,440]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oreophila">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA64FE4FFA52FE65" box="[1326,1450,418,440]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. oreophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DE92FE30FA53FE23" blockId="12.[472,1451,476,498]" box="[472,1451,476,498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">45b. Spathe of various colors, never pink to salmon-pink ...............................................................47</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7FDFAFA53FD9A" blockId="12.[509,1451,533,584]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
47a. Leaf blades
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDF5FDF9FCE6FDF9" box="[703,798,533,555]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="35.0">3545 cm</quantity>
wide, 1.21.5 times longer than petiole;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DBE7FDF9FB0EFDF9" box="[1197,1270,533,555]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(western
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DA1CFDF9FA5DFDF9" box="[1366,1445,533,555]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
) to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DD2BFDDEFD59FD9A" box="[609,673,562,584]" name="Belize" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Belize</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DD99FDDEFCC6FD9A" box="[723,830,562,584]" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
; elevations range from
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DB55FDDEFB8CFD9A" box="[1055,1140,562,584]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="0.0">0200 m</quantity>
....................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DBB9FDDFFA53FD9A" authorityName="Matuda, Madrono" authorityYear="1949" box="[1267,1451,563,584]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acacoyaguensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DBB9FDDFFA53FD9A" box="[1267,1451,563,584]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. acacoyaguensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7FD80FA53FD53" blockId="12.[509,1451,620,642]" box="[509,1451,620,642]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
47b. Leaf blades up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDBEFD80FCD7FD53" box="[756,815,620,641]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
wide, 0.91.0 times as long as petiole ........................................48
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD69FD4AFA53FD27" blockId="12.[547,1451,677,757]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
48a. Spadix 3.64.8 times longer than wide, 1.01.2 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA08FD4AFA53FD69" box="[1346,1451,677,699]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DDDCFD2FFD1CFD0A" box="[662,740,707,728]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDA4FD2EFC8BFD0A" box="[750,883,706,728]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="2100.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="1900.0">19002300 m</quantity>
.............................................................................................. ....................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DC00FD0CFBC7FD27" authority="M. Cedeno" authorityName="M. Cedeno" box="[842,1087,735,757]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tablasensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DC00FD0CFC2DFD26" box="[842,981,735,757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. tablasensis</emphasis>
M.Cedeño
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="CF4E4B60FFB54449DB14FD33FA53FD27" author="Cedeno-Fonseca, M. &amp; Hay, A. &amp; Blanco, M. A." box="[1118,1451,735,757]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="4 - 198" refId="ref160709" refString="Cedeno-Fonseca, M., Hay, A. &amp; Blanco, M. A. (2022) A taxonomic revision of Monstera Adans. (Araceae: Monsteroideae) in Costa Rica. Aroideana 45 (1): 4 - 198." type="journal article" year="2022">
Cedeño-Fonseca
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA4EFD0CFACDFD26" box="[1284,1333,735,757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
(2022: 162)
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD69FCF5FA53FC99" blockId="12.[547,1452,793,843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
48b. Spadix 4.89.2 times longer than wide, 0.70.9 times as long as peduncle; from sea level to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDF1FCD9FD00FC99" box="[699,760,821,843]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="975.0">975 m</quantity>
...............................................................................................................49
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD02FC83FA53FC6C" blockId="12.[584,1451,879,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
50a. Petiole dark green, smooth (rarely asperous with white pustules); primary lateral veins bifurcated or trifurcated or not; spathe white externally; widespread.............. ..............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA66FC45FA53FC6C" authorityName="Schott (1830:" authorityYear="1028" box="[1324,1451,937,958]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adansonii">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA66FC45FA53FC6C" box="[1324,1451,937,958]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. adansonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD02FC0EFA52FBE3" blockId="12.[584,1452,994,1074]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
50b. Petiole white-dotted, smooth with few dark pustules in base; primary lateral veins never bifurcated or trifurcated; spathe white-yellowish externally;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA52FC13FA7AFBC7" box="[1304,1410,1023,1045]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DDD9FBF0FD27FBE3" box="[659,735,1052,1073]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
(Pacific slope)............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA73FBF1FA52FBE3" box="[1337,1450,1052,1074]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limitaris">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA73FBF1FA52FBE3" box="[1337,1450,1052,1074]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. limitaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DE22FBB9FA53FB5A" blockId="12.[360,1451,1109,1160]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">41b. Petiolar sheath persistent (presence of continuous tissue, whether living or marcescent, along adaxial margins of the petiole).................................................................................................................................51</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEC7FB40FA53FB0C" blockId="12.[397,1451,1196,1247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
51a. Petiole usually half-sheathed, sometimes
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DC20FB40FC46FB13" box="[874,958,1196,1218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">515 cm</quantity>
beyond the middle; leaf blades glaucous abaxially (when fresh);
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DD15FB25FD53FB0C" box="[607,683,1225,1246]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
(Caribbean slopes of
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DC37FB25FBF6FB0C" box="[893,1038,1225,1247]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DB76FB25FB6EFB0C" box="[1084,1174,1225,1246]" country="Panama" name="Veraguas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Veraguas</collectingRegion>
)...................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA5BFB25FA53FB0C" box="[1297,1451,1225,1246]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bocatorensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA5BFB25FA53FB0C" box="[1297,1451,1225,1246]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. bocatorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEC7FAEEFA53FAE7" blockId="12.[397,1451,1282,1333]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
51b. Petiole fully sheathed, sometimes sheathed up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DC80FAEEFBEDFACA" box="[970,1045,1282,1304]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 cm</quantity>
before the geniculum; leaf blades never glaucous ................................................................................................................................................52
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEF9FAB4FA53FA59" blockId="12.[435,1452,1368,1419]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
52a. Spathe pink to salmon-pink at anthesis;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DCCDFAB5FC2BFABC" box="[903,979,1369,1390]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DCABFAB5FB6AFABD" box="[993,1170,1369,1391]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chiriquí Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DBD7FAB5FA85FABD" box="[1181,1405,1369,1391]" country="Panama" name="Ngobe-Bugle" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="691BF873FFB54449DEB7FA9AFDAFFA59" box="[509,599,1398,1419]" country="Panama" name="Veraguas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Veraguas</collectingRegion>
) at
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DD31FA99FD0CFA59" box="[635,756,1397,1419]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="900.0">9001500 m</quantity>
..................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA0DFA9AFA53FA59" box="[1351,1451,1398,1419]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gentryi">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA0DFA9AFA53FA59" box="[1351,1451,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. gentryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEF9FA43FA53FA17" blockId="12.[435,1451,1455,1477]" box="[435,1451,1455,1477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">52b. Spathe of various colors, never pink to salmon-pink .................................................................... 53</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DE92FA04FD50F9E5" blockId="12.[472,1451,1512,1592]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
53a. Petiole asperous; petiolar sheath involute; leaf blade up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DB18FA05FB74FA2C" box="[1106,1164,1513,1534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
wide; peduncle 1.01.1 times as long as petiole; spadix 0.30.4 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DB20F9EAFB2BF9C9" box="[1130,1235,1541,1563]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Golfito) at 50100 ...
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DD69F9CFFD50F9E5" box="[547,680,1570,1592]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gambensis">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DD69F9CFFD50F9E5" box="[547,680,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. gambensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DE92F9B0FA53F95C" blockId="12.[472,1451,1628,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
53b. Petiole smooth; petiolar sheath non-involute; leaf blade more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DBEDF9B0FB1AF9A3" box="[1191,1250,1628,1649]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
wide; peduncle 0.1 0.6 times as long as petiole; spadix 0.72.0 times as long as peduncle ...................................54
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7F95EFA52F937" blockId="12.[509,1452,1714,1765]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
54a. Peduncle short, up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DC55F95EFCA3F91A" box="[799,859,1714,1736]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 0.92.0 times longer than peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA02F95EFA69F91A" box="[1352,1425,1714,1736]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DD02F923FD4AF937" box="[584,690,1743,1765]" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DDF6F923FD04F937" box="[700,764,1743,1765]" name="Belize" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DC4FF923FC9DF937" box="[773,869,1743,1765]" name="Honduras" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Honduras</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DCDDF923FC02F937" box="[919,1018,1743,1765]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
.................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA6FF93CFA52F937" authorityName="K. Koch, Index Seminum" authorityYear="1855" box="[1317,1450,1744,1765]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA6FF93CFA52F937" box="[1317,1450,1744,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DEB7F8E4FA53F8CC" blockId="12.[509,1451,1800,1823]" box="[509,1451,1800,1823]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
54b. Peduncle more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DC47F8E5FCB0F8CC" box="[781,840,1801,1822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
long; spadix 0.71.3 times as long as peduncle......................55
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD69F8AEFA53F8A6" blockId="12.[547,1451,1858,1909]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
55a. Spadix up to
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DDA6F8AEFCDFF88A" box="[748,807,1858,1880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
long, 0.91.3 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DBF8F8AEFAE2F88A" box="[1202,1306,1858,1880]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA02F8AFFA6CF88A" box="[1352,1428,1859,1880]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
at
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DD27F8B3FD0AF8A7" box="[621,754,1887,1909]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" metricValueMax="2.01" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1830.0" valueMax="2010.0" valueMin="1650.0">16502010 m</quantity>
..................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DA02F88CFA53F8A6" box="[1352,1451,1887,1909]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juliusii">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DA02F88CFA53F8A6" box="[1352,1451,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. juliusii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB603691FFB54449DD69F874FA53F819" blockId="12.[547,1451,1944,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
55b. Spadix more than
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DC51F875FCAEF87C" box="[795,854,1945,1966]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
long, 0.70.8 times as long as peduncle;
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DBAAF875FAD1F87D" box="[1248,1321,1945,1967]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D3C87601FFB54449DA1DF875FA6CF87D" box="[1367,1428,1945,1967]" name="Belize" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Belize</collectingCountry>
at
<quantity id="6C279B74FFB54449DD27F859FD1EF819" box="[621,742,1973,1995]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="800.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="100.0">1001500 m</quantity>
................................................................
<taxonomicName id="6CDF4D12FFB54449DB3AF85AFA53F819" authority="Schott (1864: 53 - 54)" authorityName=", Schott" authorityPageNumber="53 - 54" authorityYear="1864" box="[1136,1451,1973,1995]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Monstera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="egregia">
<emphasis id="99ABEA83FFB54449DB3AF85AFB20F819" box="[1136,1240,1974,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. egregia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF4E4B60FFB54449DB95F859FA53F819" author="Schott, H. W." box="[1247,1451,1973,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="52 - 54" refId="ref164072" refString="Schott, H. W. (1864) Four new species of Aroideae. The Journal of Botany 2: 52 - 54." type="journal article" year="1864">Schott (1864: 5354)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>