treatments-xml/data/03/DA/87/03DA87AAFF8BFF93FF27FB5BBA36FC72.xml

<document id="3F1C86D538E1E9D0530A8D4267CA4360" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13877612" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1727827713206" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hou, Ya-Jun &amp; Ge, Zai-Wei" docDate="2020" docId="03DA87AAFF8BFF93FF27FB5BBA36FC72" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.447.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 447 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Echinoderma flavidoasperum Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="225" masterDocId="FFE3FFD2FF89FF97FFAFFF8FBB28FF86" masterDocTitle="New species of Echinoderma and Lepiota (Agaricaceae) from China" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="221" pageNumber="223" updateTime="1727833200152" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="5416674388701D90D5E8696D29070B25">New species of Echinoderma and Lepiota (Agaricaceae) from China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7834E98BD81DF2E0DC0639BCF8922D29">Hou, Ya-Jun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6889B0DAECEB17FAF266DEB614312CC0">CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, China. &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A440A8A3EFDA208AFDDCA9F6453271A3" type="email">houyajun@mail.kib.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B87249FC6E21B4C8FEF347633DE6887B">Ge, Zai-Wei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE28BF88B88CB483943D6C2ACCDD7BE8">CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, China. &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="42E78B7E8C79E485D42B200C2B4BBF5B">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3696537FF8BFF95FF27FB5BBAB2FA94" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF27FB5BB8C1FB68" blockId="2.[136,1001,1236,1263]" box="[136,1001,1236,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
<heading id="D08481D0FF8BFF95FF27FB5BB8C1FB68" box="[136,1001,1236,1263]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FF27FB5BB9E4FB68" ID-CoL="9Z5VW" authority="Y.J. Hou &amp; Z.W. Ge" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[136,716,1236,1263]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FF27FB5BBAF7FB69" bold="true" box="[136,479,1236,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Echinoderma flavidoasperum</emphasis>
Y.J. Hou &amp; Z.W. Ge
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23457D5FF8BFF95FD78FB5AB806FB69" box="[727,814,1237,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FD78FB5AB9D8FB68" box="[727,752,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">sp</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FD51FB5AB80EFB68" box="[766,806,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FC9AFB5BB88FFB68" box="[821,935,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[143,1444,1037,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-388@4.[143,1444,1037,1922]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a, b. Basidiomata of HKAS 76527. c–e. Basidiomata of HKAS 87905. Scale bars: a–e = 2 cm. Photographs by: X.T. Zhu and Q. Zhao." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877616/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">FIG. 2a–e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FC1DFB5BB8C1FB68" box="[946,1001,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[236,1351,207,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[236,1351,190,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Squamules. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 30 μm. All microscopic characters from HKAS 87905. Drawings by: Y.J. Hou." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877618/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">3a–d</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF27FB77BAB2FA94" blockId="2.[136,410,1272,1299]" box="[136,410,1272,1299]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">MycoBank: MB 833747</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696537FF8BFF93FF27FACFBA36FC72" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF27FACFBAB9FAF8" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
Etymology:— 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FE87FACFBAFEFADC" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[296,470,1344,1370]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FE87FACFBAFEFADC" box="[296,470,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the Latin 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FD26FACFB9CAFADC" box="[649,738,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">flavidus</emphasis>
= yellow, named for its similarity to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FBD6FACEBFDFFADC" box="[1145,1271,1345,1370]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FBD6FACEBFDFFADC" box="[1145,1271,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">E. asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with yellow coloration in the pileus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF12FA07BFA7FA40" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
Diagnosis:— 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FEFEFA07B9B6FA24" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[337,670,1416,1442]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FEFEFA07B9B6FA24" box="[337,670,1416,1442]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Echinoderma flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FC9BFA06B89BFA24" box="[820,947,1417,1442]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FC9BFA06B89BFA24" box="[820,947,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">E. asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the yellowish pileus, nearly smooth stipe discoloring light red when bruised, and broad, clavate to sphaeropedunculate cheilocystidia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF12FA5FBF65F989" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
Type:— 
<collectingCountry id="F364762CFF8BFF95FEB6FA5FBA5DFA6C" box="[281,373,1488,1514]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">CHINA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F85EFF8BFF95FE2DFA5EB961FA6C" box="[386,585,1488,1515]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
: Lijiang, Lijiang Alpine Botanical Garden, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8BFF95FBCDFA5FBFC2FA6D" box="[1122,1258,1488,1515]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FBCDFA5FBFE8FA6C" box="[1122,1216,1488,1514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Quercus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
forest, elevation 
<quantity id="4C8B9B59FF8BFF95FF27FA7BBBF7F989" box="[136,223,1524,1551]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="2950.0">2950 m</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE47507BFF8BFF95FF44FA7BBA74F989" box="[235,348,1524,1551]" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" precision="925" value="100.183334">100°11’ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE47507BFF8BFF95FEC7FA7BBAEBF989" box="[360,451,1524,1551]" degrees="27" direction="north" minutes="0" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" precision="925" value="27.0">27°0’ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFCD107CFF8BFF95FE61FA7BB9AAF988" box="[462,642,1524,1550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" value="2014-08-12">12 August 2014</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FD22FA7BB800F988" box="[653,808,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Q. Zhao 2139</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="54C8881EFF8BFF95FC98FA7BB8B3F988" box="[823,923,1524,1550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
HKAS 87905!)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF12F997BE18F9B4" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" box="[189,1328,1560,1587]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
GenBank Acc. No.:—ITS = MN810147, LSU = MN810098, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FCC2F997B8A1F9B4" box="[877,905,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">tef</emphasis>
1-α = MN820903, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FBF3F997BFABF9B4" box="[1116,1155,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">rpb</emphasis>
2 = MN820969
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF95FF12F9B3B9FBF8F0" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
Description:— 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FECBF9B3BADAF9D0" box="[356,498,1596,1622]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Basidiomata</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FDAAF9B3B954F9D0" box="[517,636,1596,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[143,1444,1037,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-388@4.[143,1444,1037,1922]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a, b. Basidiomata of HKAS 76527. c–e. Basidiomata of HKAS 87905. Scale bars: a–e = 2 cm. Photographs by: X.T. Zhu and Q. Zhao." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877616/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">FIG. 2a–e</figureCitation>
) medium-sized. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FCEEF9B3B8AFF9D0" box="[833,903,1596,1622]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Pileus</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C8B9B59FF8BFF95FC3DF9B3BF3AF9D1" box="[914,1042,1596,1623]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="80.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="70.0">70–90 mm</quantity>
, at first nearly hemispherical, then convex to plano-convex, finally expanded, surface rough, dirty white (1B1) to pale buff (1A6), dry, entirely covered with pointed or granular squamules when young; squamules stand upright with pileus growing, pointed, wart-like, pale buff (1A6), yellow (1A2), pale-ferruginous (6A2) near the center, compact, separable; context white. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FAECF927BE83F944" box="[1347,1451,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Lamellae</emphasis>
free, closely crowded, white (1A1) to cream (2A2), forked. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FCB0F943B87FF960" box="[799,855,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Stipe</emphasis>
subcylindrical, 70–150 × 
<quantity id="4C8B9B59FF8BFF95FBD6F943BFDBF961" box="[1145,1267,1740,1767]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 mm</quantity>
, hollow, slightly broadened towards base, upper part of the stipe (above the annulus) white (1A1), lower part creamy yellow (1A2), nearly smooth, changing light red (7A2) when bruised; context white (1A1). 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FBA8F89BBF4BF8A8" box="[1031,1123,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Annulus</emphasis>
present, apical to subapical, ring-shaped, membranous, creamy yellow (1A2), densely covered with granular or pointed squamules, annulus and squamules easily fall off. Lacking a distinctive odor.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8BFF93FF12F80FB978FECE" blockId="2.[136,1452,1344,2055]" lastBlockId="4.[136,1452,158,1012]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FF12F80FBA59F81C" box="[189,369,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Lamellar trama</emphasis>
regular. Composed of hyphae 3–10 (15) μm in diameter. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FBA1F80FBF4CF81C" box="[1038,1124,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Basidia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FBDAF80FBFF9F81C" box="[1141,1233,1920,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[236,1351,207,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[236,1351,190,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Squamules. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 30 μm. All microscopic characters from HKAS 87905. Drawings by: Y.J. Hou." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877618/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">FIG. 3b</figureCitation>
) 13–20 × 6–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 2–3 μm long; sometimes with clamps on basal septa. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FB96F82BBFFFF838" box="[1081,1239,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Basidiospores</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FB48F82BBE68F838" box="[1255,1344,1956,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[236,1351,207,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[236,1351,190,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Squamules. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 30 μm. All microscopic characters from HKAS 87905. Drawings by: Y.J. Hou." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877618/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">FIG. 3a</figureCitation>
) [40/2/2] (6.0–)6.5–7.5(–8.5) × 2.8–3.0(–3.5) μm, Q = (1.87)1.94–2.5(2.73), Qm = 2.27 ± 0.18, subcylindrical, dextrinoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FD06F863B863F780" box="[681,843,2028,2054]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Pleurocystidia</emphasis>
absent. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8BFF95FC00F863BF79F780" box="[943,1105,2028,2054]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">Cheilocystidia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8BFF95FBCBF863BF96F780" box="[1124,1214,2028,2054]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[236,1351,207,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[236,1351,190,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Squamules. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 30 μm. All microscopic characters from HKAS 87905. Drawings by: Y.J. Hou." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877618/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="223">FIG. 3c</figureCitation>
) 12–30 × 8–20 μm, abundant, hyaline, mostly broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate, occasionally irregular, sometimes with basal clamp connections. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FEB3FF4DBABDFF5A" box="[284,405,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Squamules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13482A39FF8DFF93FE0BFF4DBAD5FF5A" box="[420,509,194,220]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[236,1351,207,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[236,1351,190,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Echinoderma flavidoasperum. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Squamules. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 30 μm. All microscopic characters from HKAS 87905. Drawings by: Y.J. Hou." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877618/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">FIG. 3d</figureCitation>
) composed of chains of subglobose, pyriform to cylindrical enlarged cells. Terminal cells (up to 35 × 55 μm) are markedly ballooned, subspherical or ellipsoid, slightly enlarged cells at base (20–47 × 6–13 μm), basal connate hyphae subcylindrical, 4–6 μm diam., with pale yellow intracellular pigments, thin-walled. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FF27FEA1BA48FECE" box="[136,352,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Clamp connections</emphasis>
present in all tissues.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6634FF8AFF94FF27F8D4B94AF787" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13877614" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13877614" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13877614/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" startId="3.[136,229,1883,1905]" targetBox="[180,1433,198,1849]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8AFF94FF27F8D4B94AF787" blockId="3.[136,1452,1883,2049]" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FF27F8D4BBD7F8F6" bold="true" box="[136,255,1883,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic tree of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8AFF94FE7EF8D4B97AF8F6" authorityName="Bon" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Locq. ex Bon" box="[465,594,1883,1904]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FE7EF8D4B97AF8F6" box="[465,594,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Echinoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera inferred from four combined loci (ITS, LSU, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FB7EF8D4BFDAF8F6" box="[1233,1266,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">rpb</emphasis>
2 and 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FA9FF8D4BE60F8F6" box="[1328,1352,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">tef</emphasis>
1-α) using Maximum Likelihood (ML). Support values are indicated above the nodes as follows: ML bootstrap value (BS) / Bayesian posterior probability (PP). Only bootstrap values over 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0.95 are shown. New species and a new record for China are shown in bold blue text. Clade A and Clade B are outlined in light blue boxes. Legend: 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FB10F848BFFEF85A" box="[1215,1238,1991,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">C.</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8AFF94FB41F848BEB1F85B" authority=", Me." authorityName="Me." box="[1262,1433,1991,2013]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Cystolepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FB41F848BE4FF85A" box="[1262,1383,1991,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Cystolepiota</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FADCF847BEB1F85B" box="[1395,1433,1992,2013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Me.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8AFF94FF27F864BA37F786" box="[136,287,2027,2048]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Melanophyllum" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FF27F864BA37F786" box="[136,287,2027,2048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Melanophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FE84F863BA68F787" box="[299,320,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">E.</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8AFF94FEF6F864BAF2F786" authorityName="Bon" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Locq. ex Bon" box="[345,474,2027,2048]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FEF6F864BAF2F786" box="[345,474,2027,2048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Echinoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FE49F863BAD2F787" box="[486,506,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">L.</emphasis>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8AFF94FDBCF863B974F787" authorityName="S. F. Gray. Botanisk Tidsskrift" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Pers." box="[531,604,2028,2049]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="224" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8AFF94FDBCF863B974F787" box="[531,604,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="224">Lepiota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8DFF93FF12FEDDBE24FE16" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">
Habitat and Distribution:—Solitary to scattered on soil in subalpine forests dominated by 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FB12FEDCBE0DFEEB" box="[1213,1317,339,365]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FB12FEDCBFD5FEEA" box="[1213,1277,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Picea</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FAE1FEDCBB82FE17" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FAE1FEDCBE84FEEB" box="[1358,1452,339,365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Quercus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; basidiomata occurring in summer and autumn. Known from southwestern and northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364762CFF8DFF93FB6EFEF9BE20FE16" box="[1217,1288,374,400]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8DFF93FF12FE15B89AFE5F" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">
Additional specimen examined:— 
<collectingCountry id="F364762CFF8DFF93FDECFE15B9B7FE32" box="[579,671,410,436]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">CHINA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F85EFF8DFF93FD03FE15B84DFE32" box="[684,869,410,436]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Gansu Province</collectingRegion>
: Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FAC3FE14BE84FE32" box="[1388,1452,411,436]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FAC3FE14BE84FE32" box="[1388,1452,411,436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Picea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest, elevation 
<quantity id="4C8B9B59FF8DFF93FEECFE31BAB2FE5F" box="[323,410,446,473]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" unit="m" value="2700.0">2700 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFCD107CFF8DFF93FE09FE31B973FE5E" box="[422,603,446,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" value="2012-08-12">12 August 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FDC9FE30B9DEFE5E" box="[614,758,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">X.T. Zhu 678</emphasis>
(HKAS 76527!)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36BCFF8DFF93FF12FE6DBA36FC72" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">
Comments:— 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FEF4FE6DB981FE7A" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[347,681,482,508]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FEF4FE6DB981FE7A" box="[347,681,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by its yellowish pileus with yellowish, yellowish-brown or pale-ferruginous pyramidal squamules, nearly smooth stipe that changes to light red when bruised, and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate or rarely irregular cheilocystidia. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FC6BFDA5BE3AFDC2" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[964,1298,554,580]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FC6BFDA5BE3AFDC2" box="[964,1298,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms a well supported clade in the phylogeny (100% BS, 1.0 PP) and is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FBA8FDC1BE2FFDEE" box="[1031,1287,590,616]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FBA8FDC1BE2FFDEE" box="[1031,1287,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. The well-known taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FEF6FDFCBAFFFD0A" box="[345,471,627,652]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FEF6FDFCBAFFFD0A" box="[345,471,627,652]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">E. asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the brown, reddish brown or dark brown sharply pointed squamules, frequently forked lamellae, stipe covered with tomentose or fibrillose veil remnants, a superior skirt-like annulus, and unpleasant smell that is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FDA0FD34B8B7FD53" authority="(Bolton) P. Kumm" authorityName="P. Kumm" baseAuthorityName="Bolton" box="[527,927,698,725]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FDA0FD34B9EBFD52" box="[527,707,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Lepiota cristata</emphasis>
(Bolton) P. Kumm
</taxonomicName>
.. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FC1DFD35BE28FD52" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[946,1280,698,724]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FC1DFD35BE28FD52" box="[946,1280,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FF06FD50BA04FD7E" box="[169,300,735,760]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FF06FD50BA04FD7E" box="[169,300,735,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">E. asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FEC5FD50B935FD7E" box="[362,541,734,761]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="asperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FEC5FD50BA53FD7E" box="[362,379,735,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">E</emphasis>
. aff. 
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FE12FD50B935FD7E" box="[445,541,735,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">asperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both the basidiospore shape and the structure of the pyramidal squamules. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FF51FC8CBAE5FC9A" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[254,461,770,796]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FF51FC8CBAE5FC9A" box="[254,461,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">E. flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a yellow pileus covered with darker squamules that conceal the white flesh, ring-shaped annulus, and nearly smooth stipe that change color to light red when bruised. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FB98FCA9BE08FCC6" box="[1079,1312,806,832]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="hystrix">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FB98FCA9BE08FCC6" box="[1079,1312,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma hystrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FF27FCC4BA7EFCE2" authorityName="Y. J. Hou &amp; Z. W. Ge" authorityYear="2020" box="[136,342,842,868]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidoasperum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FF27FCC4BA7EFCE2" box="[136,342,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">E. flavidoasperum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its unforked lamellae, its black eroded lamellar edges and the stipe that may exude yellowish-brown to dark-brown droplets when fresh (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B4DFF8DFF93FDDBFCE1B882FC0E" author="Candusso, M. &amp; Lanzoni, G." box="[628,938,878,904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" refId="ref6275" refString="Candusso, M. &amp; Lanzoni, G. (1990) Lepiota s. l. Fungi Europaei 4. Giovanna Biella, Saronno, 743 pp." type="book" year="1990">Candusso &amp; Lanzoni 1990</bibRefCitation>
, Shao &amp; Xiang 1997, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B4DFF8DFF93FB02FCE1BE1FFC0E" author="Kibby, G." box="[1197,1335,878,904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" pagination="111 - 112" refId="ref7189" refString="344. Kibby, G. (2009) Fungal portraits: No. 40: Echinoderma hystrix. Field Mycology 10 (4): 111 - 112." type="journal article" year="2009">Kibby 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B4DFF8DFF93FAEBFCE1BA1AFC2A" author="Clesse, B. &amp; Marchal, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="225" pagination="17 - 20" refId="ref6474" refString="Clesse, B., &amp; Marchal, A. (2012) Echinoderma hystrix (FH Moller &amp; JE Lange) Bon, nouvelle espece pour la Wallonie. Bulletin de l'Association des Mycologues Francophones de Belgique 5: 17 - 20." type="journal article" year="2012">Clesse &amp; Marchal, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D3FFF8DFF93FEE9FC1DB83AFC2B" authority="(Knudsen) Bon" authorityName="Bon" baseAuthorityName="Knudsen" box="[326,786,914,941]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Echinoderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="perplexum">
<emphasis id="B907EAAEFF8DFF93FEE9FC1DB974FC2A" box="[326,604,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="225">Echinoderma perplexum</emphasis>
(Knudsen) Bon
</taxonomicName>
differs by its unforked or rarely forked lamellae, the stipe with cortinate annulus-zone, and basidiospores that are typically not longer than 6 or 7 μm (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B4DFF8DFF93FBD4FC39BE8FFC56" author="Candusso, M. &amp; Lanzoni, G." box="[1147,1447,950,976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" refId="ref6275" refString="Candusso, M. &amp; Lanzoni, G. (1990) Lepiota s. l. Fungi Europaei 4. Giovanna Biella, Saronno, 743 pp." type="book" year="1990">Candusso &amp; Lanzoni 1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B4DFF8DFF93FF27FC55BA3AFC72" author="Kibby, G." box="[136,274,986,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="225" pagination="111 - 112" refId="ref7189" refString="344. Kibby, G. (2009) Fungal portraits: No. 40: Echinoderma hystrix. Field Mycology 10 (4): 111 - 112." type="journal article" year="2009">Kibby 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>