New species of Echinoderma and Lepiota (Agaricaceae) from China Author Hou, Ya-Jun 0000-0002-6330-1930 CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, China. & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. houyajun@mail.kib.ac.cn Author Ge, Zai-Wei 0000-0003-3184-4604 CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, China. & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China. zwge@mail.kib.ac.cn text Phytotaxa 2020 2020-06-11 447 4 221 236 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.1 journal article 10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.1 1179-3163 13877612 Echinoderma flavidoasperum Y.J. Hou & Z.W. Ge , sp . nov . FIG. 2a–e , 3a–d MycoBank: MB 833747 Etymology:— flavidoasperum , from the Latin flavidus = yellow, named for its similarity to E. asperum but with yellow coloration in the pileus. Diagnosis:— Echinoderma flavidoasperum differs from E. asperum by the yellowish pileus, nearly smooth stipe discoloring light red when bruised, and broad, clavate to sphaeropedunculate cheilocystidia. Type:— CHINA . Yunnan Province : Lijiang, Lijiang Alpine Botanical Garden, in Quercus sp. forest, elevation 2950 m , 100°11’ E , 27°0’ N , 12 August 2014 , Q. Zhao 2139 ( holotype HKAS 87905!) GenBank Acc. No.:—ITS = MN810147, LSU = MN810098, tef 1-α = MN820903, rpb 2 = MN820969 Description:— Basidiomata ( FIG. 2a–e ) medium-sized. Pileus 70–90 mm , at first nearly hemispherical, then convex to plano-convex, finally expanded, surface rough, dirty white (1B1) to pale buff (1A6), dry, entirely covered with pointed or granular squamules when young; squamules stand upright with pileus growing, pointed, wart-like, pale buff (1A6), yellow (1A2), pale-ferruginous (6A2) near the center, compact, separable; context white. Lamellae free, closely crowded, white (1A1) to cream (2A2), forked. Stipe subcylindrical, 70–150 × 10–20 mm , hollow, slightly broadened towards base, upper part of the stipe (above the annulus) white (1A1), lower part creamy yellow (1A2), nearly smooth, changing light red (7A2) when bruised; context white (1A1). Annulus present, apical to subapical, ring-shaped, membranous, creamy yellow (1A2), densely covered with granular or pointed squamules, annulus and squamules easily fall off. Lacking a distinctive odor. Lamellar trama regular. Composed of hyphae 3–10 (15) μm in diameter. Basidia ( FIG. 3b ) 13–20 × 6–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 2–3 μm long; sometimes with clamps on basal septa. Basidiospores ( FIG. 3a ) [40/2/2] (6.0–)6.5–7.5(–8.5) × 2.8–3.0(–3.5) μm, Q = (1.87)1.94–2.5(2.73), Qm = 2.27 ± 0.18, subcylindrical, dextrinoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia ( FIG. 3c ) 12–30 × 8–20 μm, abundant, hyaline, mostly broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate, occasionally irregular, sometimes with basal clamp connections. Squamules ( FIG. 3d ) composed of chains of subglobose, pyriform to cylindrical enlarged cells. Terminal cells (up to 35 × 55 μm) are markedly ballooned, subspherical or ellipsoid, slightly enlarged cells at base (20–47 × 6–13 μm), basal connate hyphae subcylindrical, 4–6 μm diam., with pale yellow intracellular pigments, thin-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Echinoderma and related genera inferred from four combined loci (ITS, LSU, rpb 2 and tef 1-α) using Maximum Likelihood (ML). Support values are indicated above the nodes as follows: ML bootstrap value (BS) / Bayesian posterior probability (PP). Only bootstrap values over 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0.95 are shown. New species and a new record for China are shown in bold blue text. Clade A and Clade B are outlined in light blue boxes. Legend: C. = Cystolepiota , Me. = Melanophyllum , E. = Echinoderma , L. = Lepiota . Habitat and Distribution:—Solitary to scattered on soil in subalpine forests dominated by Picea sp. or Quercus sp. ; basidiomata occurring in summer and autumn. Known from southwestern and northwestern China . Additional specimen examined:— CHINA . Gansu Province : Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in Picea forest, elevation 2700 m , 12 August 2012 , X.T. Zhu 678 (HKAS 76527!) Comments:— Echinoderma flavidoasperum is characterized by its yellowish pileus with yellowish, yellowish-brown or pale-ferruginous pyramidal squamules, nearly smooth stipe that changes to light red when bruised, and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate or rarely irregular cheilocystidia. Echinoderma flavidoasperum forms a well supported clade in the phylogeny (100% BS, 1.0 PP) and is closely related to Echinoderma asperum complex. The well-known taxon E. asperum is characterized by the brown, reddish brown or dark brown sharply pointed squamules, frequently forked lamellae, stipe covered with tomentose or fibrillose veil remnants, a superior skirt-like annulus, and unpleasant smell that is similar to Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm .. Echinoderma flavidoasperum is very similar to E. asperum and E . aff. asperum in both the basidiospore shape and the structure of the pyramidal squamules. However, E. flavidoasperum has a yellow pileus covered with darker squamules that conceal the white flesh, ring-shaped annulus, and nearly smooth stipe that change color to light red when bruised. Echinoderma hystrix differs from E. flavidoasperum by its unforked lamellae, its black eroded lamellar edges and the stipe that may exude yellowish-brown to dark-brown droplets when fresh ( Candusso & Lanzoni 1990 , Shao & Xiang 1997, Kibby 2009 , Clesse & Marchal, 2012 ). Echinoderma perplexum (Knudsen) Bon differs by its unforked or rarely forked lamellae, the stipe with cortinate annulus-zone, and basidiospores that are typically not longer than 6 or 7 μm ( Candusso & Lanzoni 1990 , Kibby 2009 ).