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<document id="DD46B678EF0879811A6911991D77BEE1" ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634280027544" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan &amp; Smith, Alan R." docDate="2021" docId="03B787F6FFC19B62620C7E03FD77FB6C" docLanguage="en" docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press" docTitle="Ampelopteris" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB" masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1731444927364" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D0BE0A4EA86A7C6FA5786CED066D63DE">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="C8C2A996C7E303B831A88D63D2154B1C">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE566C6060976CE302C913D4B2EBD1AC">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="1801CCB191531ED1C809655135FD3897">2021</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="1E4D0FBE8D63926807FA3C83A3E14B04">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:identifier id="39C99D9E4CD0EDC9CF4179BB735A11B9" type="DOI">10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFC19B62620C7E03FD77FB6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14076204" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14076204" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFC19B62620C7E03FD77FB6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFC19B62620C7E03FD77FB6C" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B63620C7E03FCA5FCDF" box="[551,770,842,868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B63620C7E03FCA5FCDF" blockId="40.[97,1226,842,929]" box="[551,770,842,868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFC19B63620C7E03FCA5FCDF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[551,770,842,868]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC19B63620C7E03FCA5FCDF" ID-CoL="629W5" box="[551,770,842,868]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63620C7E03FCA5FCDF" bold="true" box="[551,770,842,868]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">AMPELOPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B63604A7E3BFDA4FC3C" box="[97,515,882,903]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B63604A7E3BFDA4FC3C" blockId="40.[97,1226,842,929]" box="[97,515,882,903]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFC19B63604A7E3BFDA7FC3C" author="Ampelopteris Kunze" box="[97,512,882,903]" journal="Bot. Zeit." page="114" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" score="33.79251743416606" volume="6" year="1848">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC19B63604A7E3BFE37FC3C" ID-CoL="629W5" authority="Kunze, Bot. Zeit." authorityName="Kunze, Bot. Zeit." box="[97,400,882,903]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63604A7E3BFF4DFC3C" bold="true" box="[97,234,882,903]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
Kunze, Bot. Zeit.
</taxonomicName>
6:114. 1848
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B6362297E3BFE97FC1A" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B6362297E3BFE97FC1A" blockId="40.[97,1226,842,929]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFC19B6362377E3CFD9BFC3E" box="[540,572,885,901]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFC19B6362377E3CFD9BFC3E" box="[540,572,885,901]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC19B63626E7E3CFCB4FC3E" ID-CoL="CYL3" authority="Kunze" authorityName="Kunze" box="[581,787,885,902]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63626E7E3CFD7AFC3D" box="[581,733,885,902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">Ampelopteris elegans</emphasis>
Kunze
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC19B63630F7E3CFC43FC3C" ID-CoL="CYL5" authority="(Retz.) Copel." authorityName="Copel." baseAuthorityName="Retz." box="[804,996,885,903]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63630F7E3CFCD2FC3D" box="[804,885,885,902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">A. prolifera</emphasis>
(Retz.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
[=
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6363D17E3CFB35FC3D" box="[1018,1170,885,902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC19B6363D17E3CFBEFFC3D" ID-CoL="3Y46" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[1018,1096,885,902]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
proliferus
</emphasis>
(Retz.) Tardieu &amp;
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFC19B6360D87ED9FEA5FC1A" box="[243,258,912,929]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.Chr.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B6360AA7EFCFDB9FC7C" box="[129,542,949,967]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B6360AA7EFCFDB9FC7C" blockId="40.[129,542,949,967]" box="[129,542,949,967]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
For additional generic synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC19B6361B77EFFFDBDFC7C" author="Holttum" box="[412,538,950,967]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="40" pageNumber="30" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B63604A7E95FB61FC49" box="[97,1222,988,1010]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B63604A7E95FB61FC49" blockId="40.[97,1226,988,1778]" box="[97,1222,988,1010]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63604A7E95FF65FC4A" box="[97,194,988,1009]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">Etymology</emphasis>
.—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361287E95FEEAFC4A" box="[259,333,988,1009]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">ampelos</emphasis>
, vine +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361BD7E94FE6DFC49" box="[406,458,989,1010]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">pteris</emphasis>
, fern, in reference to the indeterminate growth of the rachis, and vine-like habit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC19B6260B97EB4FC86FEAC" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC19B6260B97EB4FC86FEAC" blockId="40.[97,1226,988,1778]" lastBlockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">
Plants terrestrial, with proliferous fronds of indefinite growth, sometimes with climbing rhizomes, typically medium-sized, mostly (8–)15–75(–100+) cm tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63626D7954FD02FB89" bold="true" box="[582,677,1053,1074]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">rhizomes</emphasis>
short- to long-creeping, with scales primarily at apices, these setulose and/or glandular at margins, older parts of rhizomes becoming scaleless;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6363EF7974FBA0FBE9" bold="true" box="[964,1031,1085,1106]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">fronds</emphasis>
typically clustered, weakly dimorphic with fertile fronds often taller than non-fertile fronds and with narrower, shorter pinnae, erect or arching, once-pinnate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361697934FED9FB29" bold="true" box="[322,382,1149,1170]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">stipes</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B6361AF7934FE4FFB2A" box="[388,488,1148,1170]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="30.0">30–60 cm</quantity>
long, grooved adaxially, stramineous to dull brown, sometimes with short, blackish spines to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B63613979D4FEECFB0A" box="[274,331,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361AD79D4FE5EFB0A" bold="true" box="[390,505,1180,1202]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">stipe scales</emphasis>
ovate-deltate to lanceolate, appressed, brown,
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B63639279D4FBAFFB0A" box="[953,1032,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
long, typically with hairs on scales;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6360D779F5FE99FB6A" bold="true" box="[252,318,1212,1233]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to subcoriaceous, with apex pinna-like, or blades ± indeterminate, rachises prolonged and whip-like, irregularly producing 20+ pairs of much reduced pinnae &lt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B6363777994FC2BFB4A" box="[860,908,1244,1266]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
, and also bearing buds and plantlets in axils of pinnae, sometimes with clusters of plantlets in a single pinna axis, these proliferous plantlets sometimes well developed, fertile, and with fronds over
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B63622C7854FDE6FA8A" box="[519,577,1308,1330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
long; proximal pinnae of well-developed fronds not reduced or with a few pairs slightly reduced, but lacking greatly reduced or glanduliform pinnae; rachises adaxially grooved, bearing simple and sometimes forked or branched acicular hairs, often glabrescent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63637A7814FC3FFAC9" bold="true" box="[849,920,1373,1394]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">pinnae</emphasis>
grooved adaxially, truncate or slightly cordate at bases, acute at tips, to ca. 15(–20) × 2(–3) cm wide, margins entire, subentire, crenate, or shallowly lobed about 1/4 the distance to costae, lacking acroscopic or basiscopic basal auricles, sessile or often short-petiolulate to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFC19B6360B078F4FF70FA6A" box="[155,215,1468,1490]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, with truncate bases, symmetric, sometimes fertile at a very small size (ca. 3 × 0.6 cm);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63640378F4FBFAFA69" bold="true" box="[1064,1117,1469,1490]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">veins</emphasis>
prominent adaxially and abaxially, with up to ca. 12 pairs of veins from a costule, 5–6 pairs alternately anastomosing with veins from an adjacent costule and producing a ± straight (toward the base) or often zig-zag (toward pinna margins) excurrent vein to sinus, areoles lacking included free veinlets; vein ends reaching margins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B63634D7B55FC70F98A" bold="true" box="[870,983,1564,1585]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">aerophores</emphasis>
absent or at most a small darkened swelling at pinna bases;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361837B74FDCAF9E9" bold="true" box="[424,621,1597,1618]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">indument abaxially</emphasis>
, if present, of sparse hyaline acicular hairs, shorter hairs sometimes shallowly forked or branched (most hairs restricted to costae), costae and sometimes also costules with scattered, tan, peltate, ovate, or lanceolate setulose scales, orangish spherical glands occasionally also present, blades often glabrescent with age;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6361397BD4FE7EF909" bold="true" box="[274,473,1693,1714]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular to ca. 0.5 mm long on costae, seldom with hairs on costules or ultimate veins, never on laminar tissue between veins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6362BD7BF5FD4AF96A" bold="true" box="[662,749,1724,1745]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">pustules</emphasis>
absent on abaxial laminae between veins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6364A47BF4FB10F969" bold="true" box="[1167,1207,1725,1746]" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">sori</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC19B6364967BF5FB6EF96A" box="[1213,1225,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="30">±</emphasis>
medial to supramedial, round to often oblong or elongate, exindusiate, paired on either side of excurrent vein, not confluent, not appearing acrostichoid;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261CC7DEBFDEBFF0C" bold="true" box="[487,588,162,183]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous or often with a reddish globose gland adjacent to annulus on the capsule; sporangial stalks short, with a stalked often reddish globose or pear-shaped gland(s) at the tip;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62645F7D88FB11FF6D" bold="true" box="[1140,1206,193,214]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">spores</emphasis>
tan, with numerous short and narrow ridges and small echinulate elements (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B62630D7DABFBB5FF4C" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[806,1042,226,247]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62640A7DABFB8BFF4C" box="[1057,1068,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">x</emphasis>
= 36, only diploids known. No hybridization with any other genus has been demonstrated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC09B6260827C6BFBE5FD6C" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B6260827C6BFBE5FD6C" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260827C6BFEA2FE8C" box="[169,261,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—The axillary plantlets of proliferous fronds produce rootlets that aid in clinging tightly to trees in thickets (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6260F87C0BFE32FEEC" author="Holttum" box="[211,405,322,343]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="195 - 215" part="43" refId="ref110127" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E., U. SEN, &amp; D. MITTRA. 1970. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze. Blumea 43: 195 - 215." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze" type="journal article" year="1970">Holttum et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
). Other paleotropical genera with proliferous fronds include species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6264667C08FB11FEED" box="[1101,1206,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Grypothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6264667C08FB11FEED" box="[1101,1206,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Grypothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260527C2BFEA7FECD" box="[121,256,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260527C2BFF79FECC" box="[121,222,354,375]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Menisorus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFC09B6260CE7C28FEA7FECD" box="[229,256,353,374]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and these genera appear to have no close affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62636F7C28FC63FECD" box="[836,964,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62636F7C28FC63FECD" box="[836,964,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6263F97C28FBF5FECD" box="[978,1106,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6263F97C28FBF5FECD" box="[978,1106,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260527CCBFEB8FE2C" box="[121,287,386,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
in having indeterminate growth of its fronds, a feature shared with the distantly related Hawaiian endemic
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260FF7CE8FDBDFE0D" box="[212,538,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260FF7CE8FDB0FE0D" box="[212,535,417,438]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keraudreniana">Pseudophegopteris keraudreniana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the Antillean
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6262FC7CEBFC34FE0C" box="[727,915,418,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6262FC7CEBFC34FE0C" box="[727,915,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Goniopteris reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The forked or branched hairs in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260527C88FF54FE6D" box="[121,243,449,470]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260527C88FF54FE6D" box="[121,243,449,470]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6261087C8BFE7AFE6C" author="Holttum" box="[291,477,450,471]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="195 - 215" part="43" refId="ref110127" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E., U. SEN, &amp; D. MITTRA. 1970. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze. Blumea 43: 195 - 215." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze" type="journal article" year="1970">Holttum et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
) are inconspicuous and easily abraded, and are not indicative of a close relationship with neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261627CABFE12FE4C" box="[329,437,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261627CABFE12FE4C" box="[329,437,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Goniopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the proliferous nature of the fronds of many
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62634D7CABFC75FE4C" box="[870,978,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62634D7CABFC75FE4C" box="[870,978,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Goniopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been considered an indication of affinity to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62615B7F48FE57FDAD" box="[368,496,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62615B7F48FE57FDAD" box="[368,496,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by some, but this trait is likely independently derived in the two genera. Characteristics shared between
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261867F68FD80FD8D" box="[429,551,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261867F68FD80FD8D" box="[429,551,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62627D7F68FD1EFD8D" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[598,697,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62627D7F68FD1EFD8D" box="[598,697,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFC09B6262947F6BFD7CFD8C" box="[703,731,546,567]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6262947F6BFD73FD8C" box="[703,724,546,567]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
include the very similar spore morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6264A17F6BFEB7FDEC" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
), stalked, multicellular glands with a globose, often reddish tip, and the presence of costal scales. Characteristics shared with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261AC7F28FDA3FDCD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[391,516,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261AC7F28FDA3FDCD" box="[391,516,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include the similar sporangial stalk glands, but spores of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62641A7F28FB09FDCD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[1073,1198,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62641A7F28FB09FDCD" box="[1073,1198,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have much broader, higher, and fewer ridges and lack the dense echinulate elements (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6263457FCBFBFEFD2C" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[878,1113,642,663]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62644C7FC8FB46FD2D" box="[1127,1249,641,662]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62644C7FC8FB46FD2D" box="[1127,1249,641,662]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from both in having proliferous fronds, more copiously anastomosing veins, and short (to ca. 0.3 mm) forked, branched, or stellate hairs on the axes, these most easily seen along the adaxial ridges of young fronds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC09B6260827FA8FB11FC8C" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B6260827FA8FB11FC8C" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260827FA8FD8BFD4D" box="[169,556,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
Biogeography and ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261997FA8FD8BFD4D" box="[434,556,737,758]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ampelopteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
comprises a single species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62631D7FA8FB8EFD4C" authority="(Retz.) Copel." authorityName="Copel." baseAuthorityName="Retz." box="[822,1065,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62631D7FA8FC3BFD4D" box="[822,924,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">A. prolifera</emphasis>
(Retz.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
, widely distributed from tropical West Africa to northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFC09B62623E7E4BFDCAFCAC" box="[533,621,770,791]" name="Australia" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Australia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFC09B6262B47E4BFC90FCAC" box="[671,823,770,791]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, including mainland southeastern Asia and throughout
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFC09B6260C07E6BFE9FFC8C" box="[235,312,802,823]" name="Malaysia" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Malesia</collectingCountry>
. It occurs on riverbanks, and in wet ditches, sometimes forming thickets, often in open places.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC09B6260827E0BFEB8FB0C" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B6260827E0BFE4BFC4C" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260827E0BFDA5FCED" box="[169,514,833,855]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—Most workers have thought
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6263157E08FC1BFCED" box="[830,956,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6263157E08FC1BFCED" box="[830,956,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260527E28FF7BFCCD" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[121,220,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260527E28FF7BFCCD" box="[121,220,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFC09B6260CB7E2BFF5BFCCC" box="[224,252,866,887]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260CB7E2BFF51FCCC" box="[224,246,866,887]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261017E28FE00FCCD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[298,423,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261017E28FE00FCCD" box="[298,423,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6261987E2BFD9BFCCC" author="Holttum" box="[435,572,866,887]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B62626E7E2BFD12FCCC" author="Smith" box="[581,693,866,887]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFC09B62626E7E2BFDD8FCCC" box="[581,639,866,887]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Smith</collectingRegion>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
), and this hypothesis is now supported by molecular data, which show
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6260C47EC8FECEFC2D" box="[239,361,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6260C47EC8FECEFC2D" box="[239,361,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms a clade with these two genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6262ED7ECBFCDAFC2C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[710,893,898,919]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press;
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFC09B62647E7ECBFB2DFC2C" box="[1109,1162,898,919]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111042/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62647E7ECBFB2DFC2C" bold="true" box="[1109,1162,898,919]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), though the relationship among them is poorly resolved. The sole species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6262D57EE8FCDFFC0D" box="[766,888,929,950]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6262D57EE8FCDFFC0D" box="[766,888,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has sometimes been placed in a more broadly defined
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261317E88FE26FC6D" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[282,385,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261317E88FE26FC6D" box="[282,385,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261977E88FD8DFC6D" box="[444,554,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261977E88FD8DFC6D" box="[444,554,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Goniopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B62624E7E8BFCB3FC6C" author="Christensen" box="[613,788,962,983]" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd." pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="55 - 282" part="10" refId="ref107711" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1913. A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd., ser. 7, 10: 55 - 282." title="A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk" type="journal article" year="1913">Christensen 1913</bibRefCitation>
), a neotropical genus having many proliferous species, as well as similar stellate hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B626082794BFC46FBCC" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B626082794BFF7BFBAC" box="[169,220,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Notes</emphasis>
.—Fossils of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62617C7948FD8DFBAD" box="[343,554,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62617C7948FE1DFBAD" authorityName="sensu Copeland" authorityYear="1947" box="[343,442,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
eoproliferus
</emphasis>
(Prasad) Prasad et al. from mid-late Miocene strata in northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFC09B626485794BFB46FBAC" box="[1198,1249,1026,1047]" name="India" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">India</collectingCountry>
(ca. 10 Ma), appear to be very similar to or conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6262987968FBF2FB8C" authority="(Mehrotra et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Mehrotra" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[691,1109,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6262987968FCD9FB8D" box="[691,894,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris prolifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6263A2796BFBEAFB8C" author="Mehrotra" box="[905,1101,1058,1079]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mehrotra" journalOrPublisher="The Palaeobotanist" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="273 - 280" part="60" refId="ref111990" refString="MEHROTRA, R. C., S. K. BASUMATARY, S. K. BERA, G. SRIVASTAVA, G. C. SARMA, &amp; C. K. BARUAH. 2011. First report of the plant fossils from the Manas National Park, Assam, India. The Palaeobotanist 60: 273 - 280." title="First report of the plant fossils from the Manas National Park, Assam, India" type="journal article" year="2011">Mehrotra et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The same or a similar taxon was previously described as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6262267908FC4DFBEC" authority="(Retz.) C. Presl" authorityName="C. Presl" baseAuthorityName="Retz." box="[525,1002,1089,1111]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6262267908FD6DFBED" box="[525,714,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Goniopteris prolifera</emphasis>
(Retz.) C. Presl (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B626347790BFC44FBEC" author="Prasad" box="[876,995,1090,1111]" firstAuthor="Prasad" journalOrPublisher="Curr. Sci." pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="655 - 656" part="60" refId="ref112992" refString="PRASAD, M. 1991. Fossil fern Goniopteris prolifera Presl from the Siwalik sediments near Nainital, North India. Curr. Sci. 60: 655 - 656." title="Fossil fern Goniopteris prolifera Presl from the Siwalik sediments near Nainital, North India" type="journal article" year="1991">Prasad 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a homotypic synonym of the extant species, and the fossil
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261847928FD4DFBCC" box="[431,746,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Thelypteridaceophyllum tertiarum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B6262C4792BFC7AFBCC" author="Joshi &amp; Mehrotra" box="[751,989,1122,1143]" firstAuthor="Joshi" journalOrPublisher="India. J. Geol. Soc. India" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="483 - 486" part="61" refId="ref110507" refString="JOSHI, A. &amp; R. C. MEHROTRA. 2003. A thelypteridaceous fossil fern from the Lower Siwalik of the East Kameng District, Arunchal Pradesh, India. J. Geol. Soc. India 61: 483 - 486." title="A thelypteridaceous fossil fern from the Lower Siwalik of the East Kameng District, Arunchal Pradesh" type="journal article" year="2003">Joshi &amp; Mehrotra (2003)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B62608179CBFEB8FB0C" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
Young tips of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B62611D79C8FE12FB2D" box="[310,437,1153,1174]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62611D79C8FE12FB2D" box="[310,437,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are edible, but supposedly inferior to those of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6263BE79C8FBC9FB2D" box="[917,1134,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Diplazium esculentum</emphasis>
(Retz.) Sw. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFC09B62605479EBFEB3FB0C" author="Copeland" box="[127,276,1186,1207]" firstAuthor="Copeland" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol." pageId="41" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 247" part="5" refId="ref107963" refString="COPELAND, E. B. 1947. Genera filicum, the genera of ferns. Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5: 1 - 247." title="Genera filicum, the genera of ferns" type="journal article" year="1947">Copeland 1947</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFC09B62608C7988FD77FB6C" box="[167,720,1217,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFC09B62608C7988FD77FB6C" blockId="41.[121,1251,162,1239]" box="[167,720,1217,1239]" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B62608C7988FEDCFB6D" box="[167,379,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Constituent species.—*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFC09B6261507988FD77FB6C" authority="(Retz.) Copel." box="[379,720,1217,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFC09B6261507988FDE0FB6D" box="[379,583,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="31">Ampelopteris prolifera</emphasis>
(Retz.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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