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<document id="C4D359D2F920D4AB97EB23E06B1DE092" ID-DOI="10.5070/P940454153" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913559" ID-ZooBank="58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712169471054" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Burrow, Carole Jan, Murphy, Michael &amp; Turner, Susan" docDate="2023" docId="B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.4.1-32.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.3:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Poracanthodes canadensis BURROW &amp; VERGOOSSEN 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="4E25AD23FFDEFFE0596C8867FF9B270C" masterDocTitle="Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1727476634305" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="04BB8267E1E09ACF90FA14B39618FD44">Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EC67719298AC3620F1DF004DF2BEFEAF">Burrow, Carole Jan</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859ED8957FE722661" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859ED8957FE722661" blockId="8.[125,787,304,401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE859ED8957FE722661" authority="BURROW &amp; VERGOOSSEN, 1999" authorityName="BURROW &amp; VERGOOSSEN" authorityYear="1999" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<heading id="6142D321FFD6FFE859ED8957FC8B2646" allCaps="true" box="[129,784,304,330]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859ED8957FE472646" box="[129,476,304,330]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">PORACANTHODES CANADENSIS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD6FFE8588F8957FC8B2646" author="Burrow, C. J. &amp; J. M. J. Vergoossen &amp; S. Turner &amp; T. Uyeno &amp; R. Thorsteinsson" box="[483,784,304,330]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="349 - 361" refId="ref22883" refString="Burrow, C. J., J. M. J. Vergoossen, S. Turner, T. Uyeno, and R. Thorsteinsson. 1999. Microvertebrate assemblages from the Upper Silurian of Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36: 349 - 361." type="journal article" year="1999">BURROW &amp; VERGOOSSEN,</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
1999
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859118911FC88269C" box="[125,787,374,401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859118911FC88269C" blockId="8.[125,787,304,401]" box="[125,787,374,401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
(
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE859E88911FEDD269D" box="[132,326,374,401]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">FIG. 2H–2P, T–V</figureCitation>
?2Q–S;
<tableCitation id="773751F6FFD6FFE858C48911FD91269C" box="[424,522,374,400]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[112,179,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[120,1534,204,1847]" captionTargetId="graphics-72@5.[112,1519,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Distribution of vertebrate and agnathan remains in the Birch Creek Section BCII, northern Roberts Mts. (Přidolí- Lochkovian; bold line indicates probable S/D boundary). Vertebrates are to the left above the upper horizontal line and agnathans are to the right. RP indicates Ross Parke samples. Number of elements: x 1-10, xx 11-50, xxx 51-100, xxxx&gt;100." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9">TABLE 1</tableCitation>
; SUPPL. 1,
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE85BE18911FD44269C" box="[653,735,374,400]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">FIGS. 2</figureCitation>
-19)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859FC89DCFE60258B" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC89DCFCBA26F6" blockId="8.[112,801,443,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE859FC89DCFD4A26DB" authority="Burrow et al. 1999" authorityName="Burrow" authorityYear="1999" box="[144,721,443,471]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859FC89DCFE4E26DB" box="[144,469,443,471]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Poracanthodes canadensis</emphasis>
Burrow et al. 1999
</taxonomicName>
, 353– 356, figs. 3A–C, 3F, 3G, 4A–F, 5A, 5B,?3D,?3E,?4G,?7A–D.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8A64FD10254D" blockId="8.[112,801,443,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
“scales ... were assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD6FFE8588B8A64FD012511" author="Parkes, R." box="[487,666,515,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref25224" refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW." type="book" year="1995">Parkes (1995)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE85BAE8A66FF35254D" authorityName="Brotzen" authorityYear="1934" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85BAE8A66FF35254D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” in part; Burrow et al. 1999, 355, 358.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8A2EFE60258B" blockId="8.[112,801,443,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
“
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE859F78A2FFEB62568" authorityName="Brotzen" authorityYear="1934" box="[155,301,584,612]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859F78A2FFEB62568" box="[155,301,584,612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
... scales ... figured ... are from
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE85BFB8A2FFF15258B" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85BFB8A2FFF15258B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” in part;
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD6FFE8586E8A0AFE23258B" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[258,440,621,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="489 - 493" refId="ref22403" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2003 a. Poracanthodid acanthodian from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) of Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (3): 489 - 493." type="journal article" year="2003">Burrow 2003a</bibRefCitation>
, 490.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859FC8AD4FDFD25C1" box="[144,614,691,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8AD4FDFD25C1" blockId="8.[112,804,691,1949]" box="[144,614,691,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859FC8AD4FE8825C1" bold="true" box="[144,275,691,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis</emphasis>
—see Burrow et al. (1999).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859FC8AB1FE7523D1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8AB1FD882472" blockId="8.[112,804,691,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859FC8AB1FED425FC" bold="true" box="[144,335,726,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Type material</emphasis>
—
<materialsCitation id="8ADD6E10FFD6FFE858038AB1FD5425FC" box="[367,719,726,752]" collectionCode="GSC" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="GSC 116340" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="E50EDAEFFFD6FFE858038AB1FE7B25FC" box="[367,480,726,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
scale
<specimenCode id="6A13CC36FFD6FFE85B5D8AB1FD5425FC" box="[561,719,726,752]" collectionCode="GSC" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/52gs-z31g" name="Geological Survey of Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">GSC 116340</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="8ADD6E10FFD6FFE85BB28AB0FD8B2472" collectionCode="GSC" country="Canada" county="Cape Phillips Formation" location="Locality" municipality="Cornwallis Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="GSC 116339, GSC 116343" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="E50EDAEFFFD6FFE85BB28AB0FF3C2418" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
scales: flank scale
<specimenCode id="6A13CC36FFD6FFE858F08A9EFDA1241F" box="[412,570,761,787]" collectionCode="GSC" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/52gs-z31g" name="Geological Survey of Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">GSC 116339</specimenCode>
, transitional scale
<specimenCode id="6A13CC36FFD6FFE8591C8B7AFE8D243A" box="[112,278,796,823]" collectionCode="GSC" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/52gs-z31g" name="Geological Survey of Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">GSC 116343</specimenCode>
;
<location id="3F6A3296FFD6FFE8584A8B7BFE15243A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA:3F6A3296FFD6FFE8584A8B7BFE15243A" box="[294,398,796,822]" country="Canada" county="Cape Phillips Formation" municipality="Cornwallis Island" name="Locality" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Locality</location>
C-11460,
<location id="3F6A3296FFD6FFE85B708B7BFC81243A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B21CD55BFFD6FFE859ED8957FB6825AA:3F6A3296FFD6FFE85B708B7BFC81243A" box="[540,794,796,822]" country="Canada" county="Cape Phillips Formation" municipality="Cornwallis Island" name="Marshall Peninsula" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Marshall Peninsula</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="DA6EFE37FFD6FFE8591C8B27FEDE2456" box="[112,325,832,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Cornwallis Island</collectingMunicipality>
, arctic
<collectingCountry id="42A224DDFFD6FFE858FB8B27FE6E2456" box="[407,501,832,858]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Canada</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCounty id="D36B1CC1FFD6FFE858918B27FCBB2456" box="[509,800,832,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Cape Phillips Formation</collectingCounty>
(Late Silurian, Ludlow or Přidolí)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8BE1FE7523D1" blockId="8.[112,804,691,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859FC8BE1FE2F24AC" bold="true" box="[144,436,902,928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Referred specimens</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE858B98BE2FF1424C8" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE858B98BE2FF1424C8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Poracanthodes canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
scales are found at most levels from 395′–518.3′ (
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE859158BABFEAC24EB" box="[121,311,972,999]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.386" metricValueMax="1.568" metricValueMin="1.204" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="138.6" valueMax="156.8" valueMin="120.4">120.4-156.8 m</quantity>
) in the BC II section (
<tableCitation id="773751F6FFD6FFE85B208BABFD3124EB" box="[588,682,972,999]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[112,179,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[120,1534,204,1847]" captionTargetId="graphics-72@5.[112,1519,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Distribution of vertebrate and agnathan remains in the Birch Creek Section BCII, northern Roberts Mts. (Přidolí- Lochkovian; bold line indicates probable S/D boundary). Vertebrates are to the left above the upper horizontal line and agnathans are to the right. RP indicates Ross Parke samples. Number of elements: x 1-10, xx 11-50, xxx 51-100, xxxx&gt;100." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9">Table 1</tableCitation>
), and include UCR 10750-6 (456.5’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE858B88B88FDA72306" box="[468,572,1007,1034]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.391" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="139.1">139.1 m</quantity>
), UCR 10746-5, -6 (430.5’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE859B48C74FED92321" box="[216,322,1043,1070]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3119999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="131.2">131.2 m</quantity>
), UCR 930-4 (395’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE85B5B8C74FD382321" box="[567,675,1043,1070]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.204" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="120.4">120.4 m</quantity>
), possibly UCR 10768-3 (518.3’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE858FF8C51FE72235D" box="[403,489,1078,1105]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="158.0">158 m</quantity>
), and thin sections UCR 930-8 and -9 (395’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE8581F8C3EFE7E2378" box="[371,485,1113,1140]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.204" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="120.4">120.4 m</quantity>
); also AMF 97947 (level 513’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE859DA8C1BFEBF239B" box="[182,292,1148,1175]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.564" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="156.4">156.4 m</quantity>
) and AMF 97951 (level 402’=
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD6FFE85BCA8C1BFC8A239B" box="[678,785,1148,1175]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="122.5">122.5 m</quantity>
), figured by
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD6FFE859938CC7FE3723B6" author="Parkes, R." box="[255,428,1183,1210]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref25224" refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW." type="book" year="1995">Parkes (1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 32.1, 32.2, 32.9, 32.10): Roberts Mountains Formation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE859FC8C81FACC264B" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8C81FD0B203F" blockId="8.[112,804,691,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE859FC8C81FEAF220C" bold="true" box="[144,308,1254,1280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Description</emphasis>
—The scales have 6–16 short, sharp, mostly even-spaced ridges running back from the anterior edge of the crown. The rest of the crown is relatively smooth, with close-set evenly spaced pores along the margin between growth zones paralleling the zig-zagging posterolateral edges of the crown (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE85B748DF1FD3F22BC" box="[536,676,1430,1456]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H–2P</figureCitation>
). Unfortunately, the posterior area of most scale crowns has broken off, and the zig-zag orientation of the outer rows of pores, characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE858288D99FE7E2116" box="[324,485,1534,1562]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE858288D99FE7E2116" box="[324,485,1534,1562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is only rarely preserved (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE859158E44FF482131" box="[121,211,1571,1597]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
). Each side of the undersurface of the posterior crown on most scales has three or four large openings to the pore canal system at the crown-neck junction. The neck and base morphology is comparable with that of
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE85A628EECFF7321C6" authorityName="Brotzen" authorityYear="1934" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85A628EECFF7321C6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One of the scales figured (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE85B4E8ED7FD0D21C6" box="[546,662,1712,1738]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2Q–S</figureCitation>
) could possibly be from
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE858708EB6FE3421E1" authorityName="Brotzen" authorityYear="1934" box="[284,431,1745,1773]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE858708EB6FE3421E1" box="[284,431,1745,1773]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the anterior crown ridges are only weakly developed (or alternatively, worn down) and there is a slight anterior median sulcus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE859FC8F5BFACC264B" blockId="8.[112,804,691,1949]" lastBlockId="8.[832,1521,193,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Despite the poor preservation and extensive borings through the scales, thin sectioning shows that the scales have the pore canal layout typical of
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE85B0F8FE6FC5D27D1" box="[611,966,193,1949]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85B0F8FE6FC5D27D1" box="[611,966,193,1949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Poracanthodes canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with six or eight radial pore system canals interconnected by v-shaped arcade canals, from which short canals rise up to the pore openings aligned along the growth zones on the crown (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD6FFE85DBE894BFAD0264B" box="[1234,1355,300,327]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2T–V</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD6FFE85A0C8928FB6825AA" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD6FFE85A0C8928FB6825AA" blockId="8.[832,1521,193,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85A0C8928FB982665" bold="true" box="[864,1027,335,361]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Comparison</emphasis>
—Scales of
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD6FFE85DF48929FAA12666" box="[1176,1338,334,362]" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD6FFE85DF48929FAA12666" box="[1176,1338,334,362]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">P. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other poracanthodid taxa by their multiple short sharp ridges along the anterior rim of the crown and the alignment of pore openings parallel with the posterolateral edges of the crown, forming a zigzag pattern paralleling the jagged denticulations in younger zones. The taxon is only recorded elsewhere from the Přidolí of the Barlow Inlet Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD6FFE85DF38A20FAF4256C" author="Marss, T. &amp; K. L. Soehn &amp; M. V. H. Wilson" box="[1183,1391,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="37 - 39" refId="ref24522" refString="Marss, T., K. L. Soehn, and M. V. H. Wilson. 1998. Microvertebrate-based correlations of the Llandovery - Wenlock boundary in some sections of the Selwyn and Franklinian sedimentary basins, northern Canada. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 4: 37 - 39." type="journal article" year="1998">Märss et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canadian Archipelago (Burrow et al. 1999), and now from
<collectingRegion id="F871AAAFFFD6FFE85DFC8AEBFB6B25AA" box="[1168,1264,652,678]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Nevada</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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