185 lines
17 KiB
XML
185 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="E89BCEBE6CBE23F7BE4C77A33FEB548D" ID-CLB-Dataset="25722" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima Topsent 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1732650052328" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="39F65688617F702574F849C1B47535C1">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5CE43B408B05CC05CC6F048A73DCD8F6">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F673EAE60BFD6A46B64A06EC4B975E0D">Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9ED88566519EF8ECF22139640F720D1F">De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="9C3132A23FF2C7A159031F33F3EB6CEB">68</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F95576FB2EF97BE465A6F57075DBD931">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="842F85CE8CA682B6CDBC6C934A28F4DA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="10FC507A768829E23ED3DA655ACB974B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Calthropella">
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<subSubSection id="0AB58CE2A790783CED6D1B387F4D692A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5BB4CCDBCD0835134517CCD75F704FF0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="B5714F5BACEFC672A764067730BD05D1" ID-CoL="Q4QT" authority="Topsent, 1892" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892</taxonomicName>
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Figs 25
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<normalizedToken id="F49A1EEDF4AB50578B1A05EFB604AAE2" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DC4960D8DF9D922877BB9530433233D2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="265735771A146B4B4BF0743A58086A8F" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="D08DBE1DC31F743826579F2630356AFD" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex var. durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="simplex" variety="durissima">Calthropella simplex var. durissima</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="5C73C2BE2696877E2B2329F3F3E64D7C" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 43, pl. V fig. 14, Pl. VIII fig. 9.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48D9E8A3908122E0E335579BB3F31C1D" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="C9FCAED62040AACFB59668657A0ADCB0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="159BA1A4FAECC239FF6FEDD4EA7F6593" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Specimen provided by Dr. Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="280BB23311E873A84F6B31274CE15A6B" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="2734DF2AF2A728C08997796C1034ED97" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C8859B7354A9AD05F8AE3E261FE74392" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Not examined. Dr. P.
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<normalizedToken id="1E4FA7E98854A271937E125ED29C139E" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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(in litteris) reports the existence of a slide, MNHN DT 883.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5EE4A0075AA3B8FA91E0938C9E7D9511" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph id="758315DABBE8C294F0045D57DAE96D07" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1CB744D04AFC1002CB4A152795A09F74" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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White, massive lump (Fig. 25A), encrusting volcanic rock, with optically smooth surface and hard consistency. Size approx. 2
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<normalizedToken id="20949779E1DD86715E4C4B69B73885BA" originalValue="×1.5×">x1.5x</normalizedToken>
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1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4DBB34CE8E6149C9F2543179EA5AD606" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Skeleton: largely confused interiorly, with a densely crowded outer layer of microscleres.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0A6BEDD8608F092E09CC7A34738CCF97" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spicules: calthrops, two types of oxyasters, tuberculated asters, lumpy asters; some broken oxeas.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1DEE444BCC2F1FFE976DD7C97C94AF78" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Calthrops (Fig. 25
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<normalizedToken id="1729F62E696EECA03C4EA5BAE76ADC07" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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) variable in size and shape, possibly divisible in two broadly overlapping size categories; the largest are often
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<normalizedToken id="DC47D1AA508FE29F93392F1326D4A3B7" originalValue="‘tripods’">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="AF25E81455FBF22E2E15E82F6A72E624" originalValue="three–claded">three-claded</normalizedToken>
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calthrops) (Fig. 25
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<normalizedToken id="CF7C539F599CED36AD110D29EC98366D" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), among the smaller are
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<normalizedToken id="32F2631F35C62435D9D29988789F9FEB" originalValue="five–claded">five-claded</normalizedToken>
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modifications with one or more cladi shorter or vestigial, cladi 61
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<normalizedToken id="B9840CBC929D43F8E52D14D3434C5270" originalValue="–327.3–">-327.3-</normalizedToken>
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679
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<normalizedToken id="85DCA7B4A8BA57ABD362F4BCE4E92962" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken id="5EA1DA2C27F6AC379BBA21E34A0D6AAB" originalValue="–44.2–">-44.2-</normalizedToken>
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96
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<normalizedToken id="3DB6E81CB77291FEC0AA6C26B0215A74" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(cladomes 98-955
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<normalizedToken id="FBC0E47690BF2AB125C30AC12DB9BDCB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), smaller with cladi in the range 61-198
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<normalizedToken id="82950BB4D431C1EF8E20FA60558F00AE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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are usually normal calthrops, larger with cladi in the range 297-697
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<normalizedToken id="0914A195E9A48C2D92BDAEECC2B457D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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are predominantly tripods.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A35C5E26997A96A11D7B69E6579BF991" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Oxeas (Fig. 25B), few in number and invariably broken, smallest / largest fragment 800-1450
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<normalizedToken id="4A4B699FE5CB72BC3D423698DF3B5951" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9-13
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<normalizedToken id="D25C571A7BB6896B48352F22BD00CB4C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7505E6541D79D884BB6F2BF2C271856" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Oxyasters, occurring in two distinct types: small oxyasters (Fig. 25D) with small center and long conical but thin rays, diameter 11
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<normalizedToken id="3D2EA9B5BEC8E449A5328B65CCFF5312" originalValue="–13.7–">-13.7-</normalizedToken>
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18
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<normalizedToken id="086DC2067B5E591ABC1FE0061B71E7FD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; larger spherasters (Fig. 25E) with conical smooth rays ending in a single spine, relatively rare, diameter 18-24
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<normalizedToken id="7591A11A5D2E7F5A69B6F9BD1A5B9676" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(N=5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F970E3763EABEEE98AB8E3E8D3648991" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Tuberculated asters (Fig. 25F) with short rays (almost entirely taken up by the tubercles), rare and grading into lumpy asters, diameter 7-30
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<normalizedToken id="C8AE48BB5A912301C10B79F519B3187C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(N=4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C2EF45BCE8545DD566D499C797200EFC" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<pageBreakToken id="36FBC32B5A698F999F599296E87E7FB7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Lumpy</pageBreakToken>
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, irregular aster-derived silica bodies (Fig. 25F), probably derived from tuberculated asters, but most become entirely irregularly rounded: 7
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<normalizedToken id="79E4D24F7238631664F16EF80B1874AF" originalValue="–21.5–">-21.5-</normalizedToken>
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36
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<normalizedToken id="176C2EF89377BDC885AE34CC465DAD69" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. These asters were named
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<normalizedToken id="F7CF5BD523BA226607B1C12D8BBFAB40" originalValue="‘spherochiasters’">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="922204F6121D1C81DF56ADFC63571786" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="5DAEAC4E3BDF94E164CFC239B35260F1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<paragraph id="6BF0D33DE53027781B5E13E22FB3172B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Figure 25.
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<taxonomicName id="C281AE8987A4E629EF567D3C42DB9CD5" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
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, specimen EMEPC/G3/08.30, from S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount A habit B
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<normalizedToken id="DC1A3482C0DFBAE7DFDD830853FAAA00" originalValue="‘tripod’">'tripod'</normalizedToken>
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and calthrops C overview of spicules D oxyaster E smooth spheroxyasters F tuberculated spheraster and various derived slica bodies.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D77BBDB7A220E6055E4B521DF27BE493" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="habitat">
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<paragraph id="C69B361B5545B7AB8A1B4D6C1D7BE876" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="636995FE3818F4F85362152F44990D36" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Deep water, 450-1132 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4D3D8CD9D9D2E10F4067222FF2BB0E45" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="6A4FA59FA5EE57B5357B183019EB4FB3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6EAA60231F64890043CCDBBDFA1BB2E6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">W of Flores and seamounts S of the Azores.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="541BA68CA8223E5713AAF28966874B29" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="E814CBE149ABA5CBAF47FB5E7EDC8F0B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D47E80A033F4E0C3B2E54AAB3108E394" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<normalizedToken id="309EF2A6F4686AA84AAB9554E3B28547" originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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variety durissima (type specimen MNHN DT 833 from deep water off the Azores) is here raised to species rank because of the peculiar modification of the tuberculated asters into small irregular silica-balls, which are also larger than those of
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<taxonomicName id="C8866A7BE774D2F82774F89E18C69E50" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A6554C113F63EEC88CB3EDCF91D8DB26" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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.
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<normalizedToken id="599CF53620545C31C0333CC15C08C9FD" originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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type material was more extensive (largest specimen had half the size of a fist) and the surface more elaborate (
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<normalizedToken id="C65A8E48E4D0CB07DF2EEC7617F85A65" originalValue="‘rugueux’">'rugueux'</normalizedToken>
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, oscules sometimes on a papilla). In 1904, Topsent retracted his variety durissima as he had become convinced that the lumpy asters were derived from the tuberculated asters and probably subject to considerable variation. Having
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<pageBreakToken id="DACAE9D4D135FBE0D7B1BB8C11F7C312" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">examined</pageBreakToken>
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the variation of these asters, we disagree with the retraction of durissima and
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<normalizedToken id="637DAAD8855260090827D4FDD6C84C2A" originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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assignment of it to the variability of
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<taxonomicName id="441418ED564015346AD54CA91F7920A0" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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. The predominance of three-claded calthrops and the absence of dichocalthrops combined with the presence of the lumpy entirely spined
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<normalizedToken id="1B178FDF478AA54A7CA3768ED55E5F78" originalValue="‘spherochiasters’">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
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is sufficient evidence for specific distinction.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |