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<document id="53477C5DB033BDC54D524F401DCEC254" ID-DOI="10.4314/met.v34i1.6" ID-ISSN="2307-5031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119408" ID-ZooBank="0F510750-563D-4E6D-BE9F-F901EE02A422" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1731462156187" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bouyer, Thierry" docDate="2023" docId="039087D1C25CFF941531FD81FF616105" docLanguage="en" docName="Metamorphosis.34.59-78.pdf" docOrigin="Metamorphosis 34 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v34i1.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA.1:Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA" docStyleName="Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Laodice Bouyer 2023, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="709BCD1A-906B-47D2-8550-7D207F7D663D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFA9FFA9C25AFF9C160EFF85FF846037" masterDocTitle="The genera of the tribe Charaxini (Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae)" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1735061715257" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7B2E8A814EFCCBD811006F11CC2692BF">The genera of the tribe Charaxini (Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="893DB25E97B8741A2E983CAE04186CB0">Metamorphosis</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C1A07CBC73FFF001544FBB32C7012A0C">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039087D1C25CFF941531FD81FF616105" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:709BCD1A-906B-47D2-8550-7D207F7D663D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087D1C25CFF941531FD81FF616105" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9A1531FD81FBD7622B" box="[831,1107,516,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531FD81FBD7622B" blockId="6.[831,1416,516,563]" box="[831,1107,516,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="D0CE81ABC25CFF9A1531FD81FBD7622B" box="[831,1107,516,540]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1531FD81FBD7622B" bold="true" box="[831,1107,516,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A1581FD81FC62622B" ID-CoL="BDX74" authority="Bouyer, 2023" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[911,998,516,540]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1581FD81FC62622B" bold="true" box="[911,998,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25CFF9A15E3FD81FBD7622B" box="[1005,1107,516,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9A1531FDA4FA0C6204" box="[831,1416,545,563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="description">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9A1572FDD6FC6962BE" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1572FDD6FC6962BE" blockId="6.[831,1455,594,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<typeStatus id="54828865C25CFF9A1572FDD6FC37625C" box="[892,947,595,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Type</typeStatus>
species of the genus:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A12E0FDD7FA2B625D" box="[1262,1455,594,618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A12E0FDD7FA2B625D" box="[1262,1455,594,618]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Papilio lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1793.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9A1531FD2DFEF0680F" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531FD2DFC0A62CA" blockId="6.[831,1456,680,765]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Corresponds to the
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1203FD2DFBF562F7" box="[1037,1137,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">lycurgus-</emphasis>
group of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25CFF9A12DCFD2DFA2B62F7" author="HENNING, S. F." box="[1234,1455,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" refId="ref8385" refString="HENNING, S. F. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Aloe Books, Johannesburg. 457 p." type="book" year="1989">Henning (1989: 384)</bibRefCitation>
and the species-group Lycurgus of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25CFF9A12D1FD42FC0E62CA" author="ADUSE-POKU, K. &amp; VINGERHOEDT, E. &amp; WAHLBERG, N." pageId="6" pageNumber="65" pagination="463 - 478" refId="ref7924" refString="ADUSE-POKU, K., VINGERHOEDT, E., &amp; WAHLBERG, N. 2009. Out-of-Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (2): 463 - 478." type="journal article" year="2009">
Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A137CFD4DFA3462E8" box="[1394,1456,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF46664FC25CFF9A168AFC9EFE67635F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119440/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" startId="6.[132,200,795,816]" targetBox="[130,744,488,762]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AFC9EFE67635F" blockId="6.[132,756,795,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A168AFC9EFDC46307" bold="true" box="[132,576,795,816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Figure 11 – Type species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A17F5FC9EFDBE6307" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[507,570,795,816]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Ydeali" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A17F5FC9EFDBE6307" bold="true" box="[507,570,795,816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Ydeali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A144AFC9EFD706306" box="[580,756,795,817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A144AFC9EFD456306" box="[580,705,795,817]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Ydeali" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lydiae">Ydeali lydiae</taxonomicName>
male
</emphasis>
upperside on top and underside below (Gabon, Mts de Cristal,
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A14ECFCB2FD70637B" box="[738,756,823,844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">in</emphasis>
coll. G. Faravel). FW length 46 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF46664FC25CFF9A1531FBCCFB1B64A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119442/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" startId="6.[831,899,1097,1118]" targetBox="[829,1452,798,1056]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531FBCCFB1B64A1" blockId="6.[831,1455,1096,1174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1531FBCCFAD06469" bold="true" box="[831,1364,1097,1118]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Figure 13 – Type species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A130EFBCCFACB6469" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[1280,1359,1097,1118]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A130EFBCCFACB6469" bold="true" box="[1280,1359,1097,1118]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A136CFBCDFC16644D" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A136CFBCDFC16644D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Laodice lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male upperside on top and underside below (Gabon,
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1393FBE0FA2B644D" box="[1437,1455,1125,1146]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">in</emphasis>
coll. G. Faravel). FW length 35 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF46664FC25CFF9A168AFB40FDCC64C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119444/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" startId="6.[132,200,1221,1242]" targetBox="[244,575,899,1185]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AFB40FDCC64C1" blockId="6.[132,755,1221,1271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A168AFB40FDCF64ED" bold="true" box="[132,587,1221,1242]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Figure 12 –
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A1705FB40FE0B64ED" box="[267,399,1221,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Ydeali" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lydiae">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1705FB40FE0B64ED" bold="true" box="[267,399,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Ydeali lydiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female upperside
</emphasis>
(Gabon, Mts de Cristal,
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A16DEFB64FF6764C1" box="[208,227,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">in</emphasis>
coll. G. Faravel). FW length 51 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AFA90FD3E65D1" blockId="6.[132,755,1301,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
This species is unique from every point of view: habitus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25CFF9A1682FAB1FEC2657B" author="HENNING, S. F." box="[140,326,1332,1356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" refId="ref8385" refString="HENNING, S. F. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Aloe Books, Johannesburg. 457 p." type="book" year="1989">Henning, 1989</bibRefCitation>
), genitalia (see illustrations and comparative study
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1764FAD1FEFB655C" box="[362,383,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25CFF9A179CFAD6FDC4655C" author="PLANTROU, J." box="[402,576,1363,1387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" refId="ref8939" refString="PLANTROU, J. 1983. Systematique biogeographique et evolution des Charaxes africains (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). E. N. S. Laboratoire de Zoologie. 456 p." type="book" year="1983">Plantrou, 1983</bibRefCitation>
), mimicry and behaviour (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25CFF9A170FFAF7FE0965BD" author="DARGE, P." box="[257,397,1394,1418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref8141" refString="DARGE, P. 1973. Une redecouverte dans la region de Yaounde: Charaxes lydiae Holl. (Lepidopteres Nymphalidae Charaxidinae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences du Cameroun 13: 51 - 58." type="journal article" year="1973">Darge, 1973</bibRefCitation>
), endemism (Quaternary refuges in southern
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25CFF9A1704FA15FEF9659F" box="[266,381,1424,1448]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
: Lolodorf, Efulen, Mt Kala, from
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25CFF9A168AFA2AFF4B65F0" box="[132,207,1455,1479]" name="Gabon" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Gabon</collectingCountry>
: Mts de Cristal and from
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25CFF9A140DFA2AFD9C65F1" box="[515,536,1455,1478]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">R</collectionCode>
.P.
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25CFF9A1433FA2AFD0C65F0" box="[573,648,1455,1479]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Congo</collectingCountry>
: Ndouba, Kelle). The early stages and food plant are unknown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF46664FC25CFF9A1531FA64FBEB6625" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119446/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" startId="6.[831,899,1505,1526]" targetBox="[965,1317,1202,1469]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531FA64FBEB6625" blockId="6.[831,1456,1505,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1531FA64FA9065C1" bold="true" box="[831,1300,1505,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Figure 14 –
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A15B6FA64FBE565C1" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[952,1121,1505,1526]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A15B6FA64FBE565C1" bold="true" box="[952,1121,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Laodice lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female upperside
</emphasis>
(Gabon,
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1360FA67FA0565C0" box="[1390,1409,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">in</emphasis>
coll. G. Faravel). FW length 41 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF980FE10660C" blockId="6.[132,755,1541,1596]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">The species cannot be included in any species group or in any genus of Charaxinae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF9DEFEA766A6" blockId="6.[132,755,1627,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">The upperside and underside have an almost identical pattern except:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF91CFF7766DA" blockId="6.[132,755,1627,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">- the basal area of the forewing and the costa of the hindwing in which black is replaced by orange on the underside,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF970FE5A671C" blockId="6.[132,755,1627,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">- the white drawings more accentuated and clearer on the underside than on the upperside,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF8B7FD4C675F" blockId="6.[132,755,1627,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">- the baso-anal black lines on the underside hindwing not present on the upperside (but visible by transparency).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A168AF802FEF0680F" blockId="6.[132,756,1927,2104]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">The forewing is black, adorned with a band of three preapical white spots, a series of 5 postdiscal white spots, the central one of which is strongly offset towards the end of the cell, two large elongated anal spots and small white spots more or less distinct and scattered in the cell and at the level of the tornus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9A1531F9B7FAD96650" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531F9B7FAD96650" blockId="6.[831,1455,1585,1639]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1531F9B7FB85667E" box="[831,1025,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Derivatio nominis</emphasis>
. The name
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A128CF9B4FB5C667E" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[1154,1240,1585,1609]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A128CF9B4FB5C667E" box="[1154,1240,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the old and often used specific name
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A121FF9CAFBDB6650" baseAuthorityName="Drury" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1041,1119,1615,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laodice">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A121FF9CAFBDB6650" box="[1041,1119,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the actual
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A12F4F9CAFAD26650" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1274,1366,1615,1639]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A12F4F9CAFAD26650" box="[1274,1366,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25CFF9B1531F902FBF86526" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9A1531F902FAB6670F" blockId="6.[831,1455,1671,1848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
Basically black
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A15E7F902FBD666A8" box="[1001,1106,1671,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Charaxini">Charaxini</taxonomicName>
on the upperside with some blue patterns and almost completely brown on the underside. Forewings massive, with sinuous outer edge and rounded apex. Hindwings not caudate except for most of the females (but
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A15DBF884FB97672E" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[981,1043,1793,1817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zelica">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A15DBF884FB97672E" box="[981,1043,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">zelica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with a tail at M3 of the hindwing, rounded and slightly spatulate (never pointed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25CFF9B1531F8D2FEE860FA" blockId="6.[831,1455,1879,2087]" lastBlockId="7.[132,755,151,205]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
The patterns on the upperside are always blue with occasional white premarginal dots on the hindwings. On the underside, the patterns are limited to bands of separate spots. These bands are two in number on the hindwings, a discal (very shifted in
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A1224F857FB0B67DD" box="[1066,1167,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A1224F857FB0367DD" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1066,1159,2002,2026]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">lycurgus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
and sometimes an obsolete marginal band (female
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A125EF874FB2F683E" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1104,1195,2033,2057]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A125EF874FB2F683E" box="[1104,1195,2033,2057]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25CFF9A12FEF874FACE683E" box="[1264,1354,2033,2057]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25CFF9A12FEF874FAC6683E" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1264,1346,2033,2057]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porthos">porthos</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
. On the forewings, the disc band is always present, in a staggered position, sometimes accompanied by a preapical spot and/or a cellular spot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AFF69FD606156" blockId="7.[132,756,236,353]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">The underside is relatively uniform, shiny with a basal band and a clear postdiscal band delimited by fine black lines more or less underlined with white. The postdiscal band is straight on HW and curved on FW, well-marked.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF46664FC25DFF9B168AFC61FD4B6406" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119448" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119448/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" startId="7.[132,209,996,1017]" targetBox="[136,761,381,961]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AFC61FD4B6406" blockId="7.[132,756,996,1073]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B168AFC61FD3263CE" bold="true" box="[132,694,996,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
Figures 15, 16 – Putative last instar lava of
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B146CFC61FD3463CE" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[610,688,996,1017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B146CFC61FD3463CE" bold="true" box="[610,688,996,1017]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Body lateral view and close-up of the head and firsts segments, dorsal view. R.D. Congo, Ituri, 21-iii-2021. Photos Anne Laudisoit.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AFBD5FEB065EF" blockId="7.[132,757,1104,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
Early stages. Following Williams’s catalogue, the foodplants for
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1727FBEAFE2164B1" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[297,421,1134,1158]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1727FBEAFEBC64B1" box="[297,312,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1747FBEBFE2164B1" box="[329,421,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B17E3FBEBFF4C6492" authority="(DC.) J. F. Macb." authorityName="J. F. Macb." baseAuthorityName="DC." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Albizia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zygia">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B17E3FBEBFDFF64B1" box="[493,635,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Albizia zygia</emphasis>
(DC.) J.F. Macb.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B16EAFB08FECF6492" box="[228,331,1165,1189]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25DFF9B1763FB08FDE26492" author="HENNING, S. F." box="[365,614,1165,1189]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refId="ref8385" refString="HENNING, S. F. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Aloe Books, Johannesburg. 457 p." type="book" year="1989">Henning, 1989: 385</bibRefCitation>
];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1489FB08FF5564F3" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1489FB08FD706492" box="[647,756,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Dalbergia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B16D0FB29FEC164F3" box="[222,325,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Larsen, 2005a];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1404FB29FD7064F3" box="[522,756,1196,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1404FB29FD2564F3" box="[522,673,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Dichapetalum</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1685FB4FFEB964D5" box="[139,317,1226,1250]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dichapetalaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Larsen, 2005a];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1467FB4FFDF56536" authority="(Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Roberty" authorityName="Roberty" baseAuthorityName="Schumach. &amp; Thonn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Philenoptera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanescens">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1467FB4FFF786536" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Philenoptera cyanescens</emphasis>
(Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Roberty
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1488FB6CFD686536" box="[646,748,1257,1281]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B36C25DFF9B1684FA8DFEDB6517" author="HENNING, S. F." box="[138,351,1288,1312]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refId="ref8385" refString="HENNING, S. F. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Aloe Books, Johannesburg. 457 p." type="book" year="1989">Henning, 1989: 385</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1771FA8DFEC96509" authority="(Schum. &amp; Thonn.) Benth." authorityName="Benth." baseAuthorityName="Schum. &amp; Thonn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lonchocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanescens">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1771FA8DFD116517" box="[383,661,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Lonchocarpus cyanescens</emphasis>
(Schum. &amp; Thonn.) Benth.
</taxonomicName>
];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B176CFAA3FD906509" box="[354,532,1318,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B176CFAA3FE396509" box="[354,445,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Millettia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B142AFAA3FD0F6509" box="[548,651,1318,1342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Larsen, 2005a];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B16EEFAC0FE1A656A" box="[224,414,1349,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B16EEFAC0FE1A656A" box="[224,414,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Paullinia pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B17C1FAC0FDDC656A" box="[463,600,1349,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Vuattoux &amp; Blandin, 1977;
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25DFF9B173BFAE1FE39654B" box="[309,445,1380,1404]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B17DBFAE0FEAE65AD" authority="L'Her. ex DC." authorityName="DC." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pterocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="santalinoides">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B17DBFAE0FD70654B" box="[469,756,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pterocarpus santalinoides</emphasis>
L’Hér. ex DC.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1732FA07FE2765AD" box="[316,419,1410,1434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Vuattoux &amp; Blandin, 1977;
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25DFF9B168AFA27FE90658E" box="[132,276,1441,1466]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
];
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B173DFA24FDC2658E" box="[307,582,1441,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B173DFA24FE60658E" box="[307,484,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Trachyphrynium</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B146FFA24FD69658E" box="[609,749,1441,1465]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
) [Larsen, 2005a].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AFA7DFD39669F" blockId="7.[132,756,1527,1704]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
No description of the early stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1407FA72FDDB6638" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[521,607,1527,1551]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1407FA72FDDB6638" box="[521,607,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has ever been published. However, a last instar larva was photographed in eastern
<collectingCountry id="F32E7657C25DFF9B16F8F9B0FEEF667B" box="[246,363,1588,1612]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
by Anne Laudisoit that could be it. The observation took place on
<date id="FF871007C25DFF9B17DCF9D6FD05665C" box="[466,641,1619,1643]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" value="2021-03-19">March 19, 2021</date>
, in a relict forest on the north-east side of Lake Albert (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72179159).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AF942FEAB674E" blockId="7.[132,756,1735,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
Although its general structure seems close to the last stage caterpillar of the
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1744F963FE1766C9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[330,403,1766,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasius">“jasius</taxonomicName>
group”, this has some original characters which we give below. Overall, this caterpillar is very different from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B17B9F8A6FD98670C" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[439,540,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euxanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B17B9F8A6FD98670C" box="[439,540,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Euxanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the genus in which Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1701F8C6FEC2676D" box="[271,326,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
included the lycurgus-group (= the new
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B168AF8E4FF5E674E" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[132,218,1889,1913]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B168AF8E4FF5E674E" box="[132,218,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B168AF81DFF45683B" blockId="7.[132,756,1944,2060]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
There are several species of
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B17BCF81DFD8C6787" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" box="[434,520,1944,1968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B17BCF81DFD8C6787" box="[434,520,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this region and it is therefore risky to attribute it to a particular species, while remembering that
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1748F850FE7A67DA" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[326,510,2005,2029]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1748F850FE7A67DA" box="[326,510,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice lycurgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most common of them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531FF12FB8A6470" blockId="7.[831,1455,151,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
The general shape is that of caterpillars of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1531FF30FC2160FA" authorityName="Ochsenheimer" authorityYear="1816" box="[831,933,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1531FF30FC2160FA" box="[831,933,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Charaxes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as of the
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1215FF30FBE260FA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1051,1126,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasius">
“
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1226FF33FBE260FA" box="[1064,1126,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">jasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group”. Facial disc of head is pale green with entire margin and horns black-brown, heavily covered with small white granules. The two outer pairs of horns are small and sturdy with a broad base, triangular. They are of the same size, but the outermost ones are clearly curved inwards. A third median dorsal pair is composed of two very small, pointed horns. There do not appear to be any other horns or supernumerary growths, giving a very simple formula of 3 simple pairs of horns. The general dorsal color of the body is pale green (like the head capsule) except for the first tergite which is dark leaf green, bordered posteriorly by a fine granular white margin. On the anterior half of the middle of the back of segments
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B15A6FDC1FC3F626C" box="[936,955,580,603]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B15E3FDC1FB9A626C" box="[1005,1054,580,603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">VIII</collectionCode>
, there are two almost circular, slightly oval discs whose middle is a black-brown disc surrounded by an asymmetrical greenish-yellow ring wider towards the front than the rear. This last ring is bordered by a thin, irregular black border that is sometimes vestigial. These discs are bordered, set back towards the bottom, with two white dots, the most dorsal of which is slightly set back in relation to the first. The stigmata are white. The dorsoventral lateral band is very marked, slightly swollen, with a blackish-brown background color heavily covered with white granularities, more accentuated on the lateral margin. This band completely contours the body towards the rear at the level of the last segment. This last segment is normally bifid. Straddling segments
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B12D8FC56FB7963DD" box="[1238,1277,979,1002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">I-II</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B1308FC56FABA63DD" box="[1286,1342,979,1002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">II-III</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B1349FC56FA0663DD" box="[1351,1410,979,1002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">V-VI</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B1384FC56FCE3643E" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">VIVII</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B1578FC77FC56643E" box="[886,978,1010,1033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">VII-VIII</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED28AE02C25DFF9B1203FC77FBE7643E" box="[1037,1123,1010,1033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">VIII-IX</collectionCode>
, the black-brown lateral band widens, forming blackish-brown triangles covered with white granularities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531FBE3FB6A64ED" blockId="7.[831,1455,1126,1242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
The combination of the dorsal ornamentation, the shape of the head face and the recurring presence of brown-black marginal bands or lines heavily covered with white granularities is unique within
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1270FB47FB6F64ED" box="[1150,1259,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Charaxini">Charaxini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531FB7CFBF86526" blockId="7.[831,1148,1273,1298]" box="[831,1148,1273,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">The genus contains 5 species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25DFF9B1531FAB5FC24659A" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531FAB5FC24659A" blockId="7.[831,1456,1328,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1531FAB5FB34657F" authority="(Fabricius 1793)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[831,1200,1328,1352]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lycurgus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1531FAB5FC7C657F" box="[831,1016,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice lycurgus</emphasis>
(Fabricius 1793)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B12B9FAB4FAB6657E" bold="true" box="[1207,1330,1329,1353]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B12B9FAB4FAB6657E" box="[1207,1330,1329,1353]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Syn.
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B15A9FACAFA946550" authority="(Hewitson 1876)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[935,1296,1359,1383]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nesiope" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B15A9FACAFBD06550" box="[935,1108,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice nesiope</emphasis>
(Hewitson 1876)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1318FACAFA166550" bold="true" box="[1302,1426,1359,1383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1318FACAFA166550" box="[1302,1426,1359,1383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EFAF0FAE165BA" authority="(Plantrou, 1978)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Plantrou" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[880,1381,1397,1421]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="lycurgus" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="bernardiana">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EFAF0FB3565BA" box="[880,1201,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice lycurgus bernardiana</emphasis>
(Plantrou, 1978)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1365FAF3FC24659A" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1365FAF3FC24659A" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC25DFF941531FA49FDE86098" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531FA49FC2466A2" blockId="7.[831,1456,1484,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<heading id="D0CE81ABC25DFF9B1531FA49FA20663C" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1531FA49FBFD65D3" authority="(Butler, 1869)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[831,1145,1484,1508]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zelica" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1531FA49FC5E65D3" box="[831,986,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice zelica</emphasis>
(Butler, 1869)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1271FA49FB7F65D3" bold="true" box="[1151,1275,1484,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1271FA49FB7F65D3" box="[1151,1275,1484,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EFA77FAA5663D" authority="(Plantrou, 1978)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Plantrou" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[880,1313,1522,1546]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="zelica" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="rougeoti">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EFA77FBE8663D" box="[880,1132,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice zelica rougeoti</emphasis>
(Plantrou, 1978)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1326FA76FA20663C" bold="true" box="[1320,1444,1523,1547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1326FA76FA20663C" box="[1320,1444,1523,1547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EF99CFA2B6606" authority="(Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1921)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Joicey &amp; Talbot" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[880,1455,1561,1585]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="zelica" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="depuncta">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF99CFB016606" box="[880,1157,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice zelica depuncta</emphasis>
(Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1921)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF9BDFC686667" bold="true" box="[880,1004,1592,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B157EF9BDFC686667" box="[880,1004,1592,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EF9DBFAE46641" authority="(Carcasson, 1964)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Carcasson" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[880,1376,1630,1654]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="zelica" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="toyoshimai">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF9DBFB0A6641" box="[880,1166,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice zelica toyoshimai</emphasis>
(Carcasson, 1964)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1365F9DAFC2466A2" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1365F9DAFC2466A2" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531F919FC6867F6" blockId="7.[831,1456,1484,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1531F919FB566683" authority="(Grose-Smith, 1883)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[831,1234,1692,1716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porthos" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1531F919FC6A6683" box="[831,1006,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice porthos</emphasis>
(Grose-Smith, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B12D6F919FAD06683" bold="true" box="[1240,1364,1692,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B12D6F919FAD06683" box="[1240,1364,1692,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Syn.
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B15A9F93FFA9666E5" authority="(Staudinger, 1891)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[935,1298,1722,1746]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="midas" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B15A9F93FFBC666E5" box="[935,1090,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice midas</emphasis>
(Staudinger, 1891)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1317F93FFA1066E5" bold="true" box="[1305,1428,1722,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1317F93FFA1066E5" box="[1305,1428,1722,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Syn.
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B15A9F95CFB6A66C6" authority="(Rober, 1939)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rober" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[935,1262,1753,1777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dunkeli" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B15A9F95CFBD666C6" box="[935,1106,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice dunkeli</emphasis>
(Röber, 1939)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B12FBF95CFAF566C6" bold="true" box="[1269,1393,1753,1777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B12FBF95CFAF566C6" box="[1269,1393,1753,1777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EF97AFA2B6720" authority="(Rousseau-Decelle, 1931)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rousseau-Decelle" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[880,1455,1791,1815]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="porthos" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="katangae">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF97AFB096720" box="[880,1165,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice porthos katangae</emphasis>
(Rousseau-Decelle, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF89AFC686700" bold="true" box="[880,1004,1823,1847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B157EF89AFC686700" box="[880,1004,1823,1847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EF8C0FAE6676A" authority="(van Someren, 1968)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="van Someren" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[880,1378,1861,1885]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="porthos" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="gallayi">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF8C0FBF7676A" box="[880,1139,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice porthos gallayi</emphasis>
(van Someren, 1968)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1365F8C0FC24674B" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B1365F8C0FC24674B" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B157EF80FFA2B6795" authority="(Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1921)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Joicey &amp; Talbot" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[880,1455,1930,1954]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="porthos" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="dummeri">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF80FFB146795" box="[880,1168,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice porthos dummeri</emphasis>
(Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1921)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B157EF82CFC6867F6" bold="true" box="[880,1004,1961,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B157EF82CFC6867F6" box="[880,1004,1961,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C25DFF9B1531F865FAE067CE" blockId="7.[831,1380,2016,2041]" box="[831,1380,2016,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<heading id="D0CE81ABC25DFF9B1531F865FAE067CE" box="[831,1380,2016,2041]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C25DFF9B1531F865FB6667CF" authority="(Aurivillius, 1899)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Aurivillius" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[831,1250,2016,2040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doubledayi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B1531F865FB9667CF" box="[831,1042,2016,2040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Laodice doubledayi</emphasis>
(Aurivillius, 1899)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C25DFF9B12E6F864FAE067CE" bold="true" box="[1256,1380,2017,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC25DFF9B12E6F864FAE067CE" box="[1256,1380,2017,2041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C252FF94168AFF12FDE86098" blockId="8.[132,756,155,306]" box="[132,620,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C252FF94168AFF12FE6E6098" authority="(Godart, 1824)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[132,490,151,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mycerina" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF94168AFF12FEC06098" box="[132,324,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Laodice mycerina</emphasis>
(Godart, 1824)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF9417FEFF12FDE86098" bold="true" box="[496,620,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC252FF9417FEFF12FDE86098" box="[496,620,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654CC252FF9416BAFF38FF616105" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636C7C252FF9416BAFF38FF616105" blockId="8.[132,756,155,306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C252FF9416BAFF38FD2D60E2" authority="(Staudinger, 1891)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[180,681,189,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="mycerina" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="nausicaa">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF9416BAFF38FE5F60E2" box="[180,475,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Laodice mycerina nausicaa</emphasis>
(Staudinger, 1891)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF9414A1FF3BFF6160C3" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC252FF9414A1FF3BFF6160C3" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Syn.
<taxonomicName id="4C394D44C252FF9416E5FF7FFD2D6125" authority="(Plantrou, 1978)" authorityName="Bouyer" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Plantrou" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[235,681,250,274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="mycerina" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="viettei">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF9416E5FF7FFE776125" box="[235,499,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Laodice mycerina viettei</emphasis>
(Plantrou, 1978)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94DEAD5C252FF9414A1FF7EFF616105" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57AEC252FF9414A1FF7EFF616105" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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