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<document id="C04C2374BF87F5F14A58C7A8127684C6" ID-DOI="10.1002/tax.12600" ID-ISSN="1996-8175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047424" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1730917512589" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F. &amp; Kiel, Carrie A." docDate="2022" docId="03884F74FFFC8B5945A8CC0193E39505" docLanguage="en" docName="TAXON.71.1.103-153.pdf" docOrigin="TAXON 71 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F.1:TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F" docStyleName="TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys" docType="key" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F" masterDocTitle="Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1731193931025" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="82FD9F71E7CB96D225EA00804405741A">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="78A0443571BAE12EDA28A1B605C8FE8E">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8740D383626BD6D0EDA914EF1A1CDE86">* Iain Darbyshire, &amp; University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5650F834B7D9C74CC21531C1A9D3E753">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7BCF10B7B9A298DE36A0465536ADC1C1">* &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW &amp; * &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; AE, United Kingdom &amp; Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag &amp; WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945A8CC01945D910F" blockId="20.[196,626,1304,1328]" box="[196,626,1304,1328]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5945A8CC01945D910F" bold="true" box="[196,626,1304,1328]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Key to the genera of Andrographideae</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFFC8B5945AFCC2293E39505" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" type="key">
<key id="FFB0A953FFFC8B5945AFCC2293E39505" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B5945AFCC22953091A1" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCC2295309155" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCC2295309155" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Filaments swollen (pouched) distally; corolla subequally 5-lobed, not clearly bilabiate...................................................................... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFFC8B59461ECC5492EB915A" box="[882,1220,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461ECC5492EB915A" blockId="20.[882,1220,1357,1381]" box="[882,1220,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59461ECC5492EB915A" bold="true" box="[882,1220,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Key to the genera of Ruellieae</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCC69953091A1" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCC69953091A1" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Filaments not swollen or pouched; corolla bilabiate or subequally 5-lobed......................................................................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFFC8B5B461DCC69953197D4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" type="key">
<key id="FFB0A953FFFC8B5B461DCC69953197D4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCC6993E291A1" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCC6993E291BB" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" box="[881,1485,1392,1412]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCC6993E291BB" box="[881,1485,1392,1412]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Filament curtain lacking .............................................................. 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCC9393E291A1" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" box="[881,1485,1418,1438]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCC9393E291A1" box="[881,1485,1418,1438]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Filament curtain present .............................................................. 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AECCBC953191D1" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B5945AECCBC95309202" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AECCBC953191D1" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Cladodes (reduced abortive branches) present in the inflorescence, terminated by paired small spines; seeds not compressed, with 2 distinct grooves, surface with hygroscopic trichomes ...............
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B5947F2CCC397369237" authority="Cladodes" authorityName="Cladodes" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Haplanthodes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5947F2CCC3953191D1" bold="true" box="[670,798,1498,1518]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Haplanthodes</emphasis>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCCBD93E2921D" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCCBD93E291D2" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCCBD93E291D2" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Anther filament connective tissue positioned lateral to thecae, thecae facing outward in a 180° configuration from connective tissue........................................................................................3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCCED95309202" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCCED95309202" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Cladodes absent in inflorescence; seeds somewhat compressed, not distinctly grooved, surface lacking trichomes, verrucose ........ ..............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B5947E2CF3094D19202" box="[654,766,1577,1597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Haplanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5947E2CF3094D19202" bold="true" box="[654,766,1577,1597]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Haplanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[9]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCCED93E2921D" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCCED93E2921D" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Anther filament connective tissue positioned dorsal to thecae, thecae held parallel (i.e., side-by-side) as typical in
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594043CF179387921D" box="[1327,1448,1550,1570]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
.... 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCF3193E39203" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" box="[881,1484,1576,1596]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCF3193E3924E" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCF3193E39203" box="[881,1484,1576,1596]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Plants with basal rosettes of leaves..............................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59400DCF3195869269" authority="Plants" authorityName="Plants" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pararuellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59400DCF3193E39203" bold="true" box="[1377,1484,1576,1596]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Pararuellia</emphasis>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B5945AFCF5A953092FD" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCF5A9531924D" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCF5A9531924D" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Ovules 2 per locule; anthers glabrous, dehiscent by longitudinal slit in central half or 2/3 of each theca........
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59473FCF4794DD924D" box="[595,754,1630,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Sphinctacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59473FCF4794DD924D" bold="true" box="[595,754,1630,1650]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Sphinctacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[10]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCF5B93E3924E" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCF5B93E3924E" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Plants upright, with cauline leaves................................................. ...................................................... “
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B5941D5CF44934C924E" box="[1209,1379,1629,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseudosiphonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5941D5CF44934C924E" bold="true" box="[1209,1379,1629,1649]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Pseudosiphonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ined.” [16]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCF61953092FD" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCF61953092FD" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Ovules 3 or more per locule, or if 2 then anthers conspicuously penicillate at base and dehiscent by longitudinal slit in distal half extending to apex......................................................................... 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCF6E93E292E4" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCF6E93E3935F" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCF6E93E292E4" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Plants with long, tubular flowers (≥
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFC8B5941DCCF6E92F192B4" box="[1200,1246,1655,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
total length), these yellow to white, narrow, unexpanded portions of tubes ≥2× longer than expanded portions; leaves not in a basal rosette; Papuasia................ .............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59405ECFDE958692CA" authority="Plants" authorityName="Plants" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Leptosiphonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59405ECFDE93E292E4" bold="true" box="[1330,1485,1735,1755]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Leptosiphonium</emphasis>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B5945AFCFD195309344" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCFD195309313" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCFD195309313" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Capsule compressed perpendicular to the septum, elliptic, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong in face view; seeds subglobose, ellipsoid or block-like, not compressed, often pitted or rugose and grooved; anthers often penicillate at base ........
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594703CE0194DD9313" box="[623,754,1816,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Andrographis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594703CE0194DD9313" bold="true" box="[623,754,1816,1836]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Andrographis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[11]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCFF893E3935F" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCFF893E3935F" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Plants with short, infundibuliform flowers (&lt;
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFC8B594071CFF8936492CA" box="[1309,1355,1761,1781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
total length), these mostly purple, narrow unexpanded portions of tubes ± equal to expanded portions (or marginally different in length, not as above); leaves typically held in a basal rosette;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFC8B594052CE2893BB937A" box="[1342,1428,1841,1861]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFC8B5940CDCE2895FE935F" name="New Caledonia" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFC8B594167CE559262935F" box="[1035,1101,1868,1888]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Guinea</collectingCountry>
.............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594035CE5595839345" authority="Pollen" authorityName="Pollen" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brunoniella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594035CE5593E3935F" bold="true" box="[1369,1484,1868,1888]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Brunoniella</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCE2B95309344" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCE2B95309344" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Capsule not compressed, narrow throughout and 4-angled; seeds markedly compressed, smooth and lacking trichomes, or covered in trichomes; anthers not penicillate ............................................ 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B58461DCE7F94C094D3" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCE7F93E2938F" blockId="20.[881,1485,1392,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCE7F93E2938F" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Pollen with coarse reticulate exine; corolla with a very long, narrow, unexpanded portion of tube; androecium of 2 stamens + 2 staminodes; ovary with 4 ovules ...................................................... 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCE98953093AA" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" box="[195,799,1921,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B5945AFCE989530938F" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCE98953093AA" box="[195,799,1921,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Calyx 4-lobed; slender procumbent herbs .................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B5947C5CE9896D5938F" authority="Calyx" authorityName="Calyx" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Graphandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5947C5CE98953093AA" bold="true" box="[681,799,1921,1941]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Graphandra</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B5945AFCE859530938F" blockId="20.[194,799,1339,1968]" box="[195,799,1948,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B5945AFCE859530938F" box="[195,799,1948,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Calyx 5-lobed; habit variable but not procumbent herbs............. 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DC9A493E294D4" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DC9A493E394EE" blockId="20.[872,1485,189,314]" box="[881,1484,189,209]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DC9A493E394EE" box="[881,1484,189,209]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Staminodes present ........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59407EC9A4938F94EE" box="[1298,1440,189,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Phlogacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59407EC9A4938F94EE" bold="true" box="[1298,1440,189,209]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Phlogacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[12]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DC9CE93E294D4" blockId="20.[872,1485,189,314]" box="[881,1485,215,235]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DC9CE93E294D4" box="[881,1485,215,235]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Staminodes absent ....................................................................... 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461CC9E893E39505" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461CC9E893E39505" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461CC9E893E2953A" blockId="20.[872,1485,189,314]" box="[880,1485,241,261]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Corolla tube shorter than limb; upper lip ± curved....
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59403CC9E893E2953A" box="[1360,1485,241,261]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Diotacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59403CC9E893E2953A" bold="true" box="[1360,1485,241,261]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Diotacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461CC81293E39505" blockId="20.[872,1485,189,314]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Corolla tube longer than limb; upper lip not curved...................... ..............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594041C83F93E39505" box="[1325,1484,294,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Gymnostachyum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594041C83F93E39505" bold="true" box="[1325,1484,294,314]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Gymnostachyum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFFC8B59461EC86992DD95B7" box="[882,1266,368,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461EC86992DD95B7" blockId="20.[882,1266,368,392]" box="[882,1266,368,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59461EC86992DD95B7" bold="true" box="[882,1266,368,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Key to the genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594132C86992DD95B7" box="[1118,1266,368,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFFC8B59461DC88B93E29114" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" type="key">
<key id="FFB0A953FFFC8B59461DC88B93E29114" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DC88B93E3962E" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DC88B93E29644" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DC88B93E3962E" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Seeds covered in hygroscopic trichomes that obscure the seed surface; androecium of 2 stamens and (usually) 2 staminodes; corolla salverform (or sinus between the anterior pair of lobes broader than the other sinuses), tube narrowly cylindrical throughout............... ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594030C8E4958A9614" authority="Seeds" authorityName="Seeds" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lankesteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594030C8E493E3962E" bold="true" box="[1372,1484,509,529]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Lankesteria</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCB0E93E29644" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCB0E93E29644" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Seeds lacking trichomes, surface with concentric rings at least towards rim; androecium of 4 stamens (very rarely reduced to 2 stamens plus 2 staminodes in occasional flowers); corolla
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594034CB5593E3965F" box="[1368,1484,588,608]" form="various" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" rank="form">form various</taxonomicName>
but not salverform with tube narrowly cylindrical throughout........ 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCB9893E296DA" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCB9893E2968F" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCB9893E2968F" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Flowers in well-developed racemes or spikes, these sometimes branched to
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59468FCB85924C968F" box="[995,1123,668,688]" form="panicles" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" rank="form">form panicles</taxonomicName>
; tropical Africa and
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFC8B59404CCB8593A0968F" box="[1312,1423,668,688]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
....... 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCBAF93E296DA" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCBAF93E296DA" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Flowers in axillary or subterminal fascicles, glomerules or short umbels;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFC8B5946D3CBC8920196DA" box="[959,1070,721,741]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
[13]............................................................. 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCBF293E3970B" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCBF293E397BC" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCBF293E3970B" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Each inflorescence unit 1-flowered; calyx ≥
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFC8B594197CBF2931E96C0" box="[1275,1329,747,767]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
long, usually extending beyond or subequal in length to bracteoles, often showy and can be colored similar to corolla...........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59400ECA3995B09771" authority="Each" authorityName="Each" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Whitfieldia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59400ECA3993E3970B" bold="true" box="[1378,1484,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Whitfieldia</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCA2393E397BC" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCA2393E397BC" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Each inflorescence unit either 1-flowered or 23-flowered; calyx up to
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFC8B5946CFCA4C95F69756" box="[931,985,853,873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
long, hidden within paired bracteoles, not colored similar to corolla.....................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59404CCA7695EE97A1" authority="Peduncle" authorityName="Peduncle" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Chlamydacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59404CCA7693E397BC" bold="true" box="[1312,1484,879,899]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Chlamydacanthus</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461CCA9393E29787" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461CCA9393E297D2" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461CCA9393E29787" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Peduncle of each inflorescence unit conspicuous, filiform,
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFC8B59401ACA9393E397A1" box="[1398,1484,905,926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="7.0">714 mm</quantity>
long, considerably longer than bracteoles and calyces .. ..
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594008CABD95C397ED" authority="Inflorescence" authorityName="Inflorescence" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Zygoruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594008CABD93E29787" bold="true" box="[1380,1485,932,952]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Zygoruellia</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCAA793E297D2" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCAA793E297D2" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Inflorescence units either sessile or peduncles shorter than or equal in length to bracteoles and calyces, not filiform.......................... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCAEA93E2901D" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCAEA93E2904E" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCAEA93E2901D" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Corolla bright orange-red or scarlet, tube markedly curved; stamens exserted well beyond corolla lobes.....................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594008CD1795999003" authority="Corolla" authorityName="Corolla" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Camarotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594008CD1793E2901D" bold="true" box="[1380,1485,1038,1058]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Camarotea</emphasis>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCD3193E2904E" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCD3193E2904E" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Corolla variously colored but not bright orange-red or scarlet, tube straight or curved; stamens not or only slightly exserted beyond corolla lobes................................................................................. 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFC8B59461DCD6193E29114" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCD6193E390FE" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCD6193E390FE" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Corolla tube subequal in length to limb, limb strongly bilabiate, lobes of upper lip partially fused, all lobes with long wispy white trichomes internally .............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B59405FCDB4938E90FE" box="[1331,1441,1197,1217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Leandriella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B59405FCDB4938E90FE" bold="true" box="[1331,1441,1197,1217]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Leandriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[14]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFC8B59461DCDDE93E29114" blockId="20.[880,1485,402,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFC8B59461DCDDE93E29114" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
Corolla tube longer than limb, often markedly so, limb not strongly bilabiate, lobes of upper lip more deeply divided, or limb subequally 5-lobed, all lobes lacking long white trichomes internally ..........................................................
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5941B2CC0E93B09114" bold="true" box="[1246,1439,1303,1323]" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B5941B2CC0E936E9114" box="[1246,1345,1303,1323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Forcipella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B5941B2CC0E936E9114" bold="true" box="[1246,1345,1303,1323]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Forcipella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFC8B594024CC0E93B09114" box="[1352,1439,1303,1323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Vindasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFC8B594024CC0E93B09114" bold="true" box="[1352,1439,1303,1323]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="123">Vindasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
[15]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC9A494C094D3" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC9A494C094D3" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">5 Pollen, corolla, androecium, and ovule number various, but not in the above combination................................................................. 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BC9EB94C095B4" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC9EB94C09504" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC9EB94C09504" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
6 Dichasia of 2 flowers typically arranged in terminal spikes, each flower subtended by a single leaf-like bract; pollen colporate; tropical Asia................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584718C83E94C09504" box="[628,751,295,315]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Eranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584718C83E94C09504" bold="true" box="[628,751,295,315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Eranthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC85894C095B4" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC85894C095B4" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
6 Dichasia typically of 2 flowers, axillary and not arranged into terminal spikes, each flower subtended by pair of leaf-like bracts; pollen porate; west-central Africa .................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584702C86E94C095B4" box="[622,751,375,395]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Kosmosiphon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584702C86E94C095B4" bold="true" box="[622,751,375,395]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Kosmosiphon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BC88894C19580" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC88894C0959A" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,751,401,421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC88894C0959A" box="[103,751,401,421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">7 All anther thecae lacking basal awns or appendages ................... 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC8B294C19580" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,427,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC8B294C19580" box="[103,750,427,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">7 One or more anther thecae with basal awns or appendages....... 27</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BC8DC94C1967C" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BC8DC94C09630" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BC8DC94C09630" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
8 Corolla with a rugula and with rows of trichomes on the inner surface of posterior corolla; transverse fusion of filaments creating a ridge or “strobilanthoid”
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFFD8B584417C8E2978C9630" box="[379,419,507,527]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
of filament curtain ....................... 9
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCB0C94C1967C" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCB0C94C1967C" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">8 Corolla lacking a rugula or rows of trichomes; filament curtain not “strobilanthoid” ......................................................................... 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCB5094C196AD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCB5094C19662" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,585,606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCB5094C19662" box="[103,750,585,606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
9 Ovaries with ≤4 ovules ............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58471CCB5094C19662" box="[624,750,585,605]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Strobilanthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58471CCB5094C19662" bold="true" box="[624,750,585,605]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Strobilanthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCB7D94C196AD" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCB7D94C196AD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
9 Ovaries with&gt;4 ovules .......................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58473CCB7D94E19647" box="[592,718,612,632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Strobilanthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58473CCB7D94E19647" bold="true" box="[592,718,612,632]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Strobilanthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2669F0BFFFD8B5847B8CB7D94C19647" box="[724,750,612,632]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[incl.
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58445ECB67949496AD" bold="true" box="[306,699,638,658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58445ECB67978196AD" box="[306,430,638,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hemigraphis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58445ECB67978196AD" bold="true" box="[306,430,638,658]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Hemigraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B5844D8CB67943596AD" box="[436,538,638,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Clarkeasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B5844D8CB67943596AD" bold="true" box="[436,538,638,658]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Clarkeasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58474CCB67949496AD" box="[544,699,638,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenosiphonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58474CCB67949496AD" bold="true" box="[544,699,638,658]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Stenosiphonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
] [17]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCB8194C196F8" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCB8194C19693" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,664,684]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCB8194C19693" box="[103,750,664,684]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">10 Androecium of 2 stamens + 2 staminodes................................. 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCBAA94C196F8" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,691,711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCBAA94C196F8" box="[103,750,691,711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">10 Androecium of 4 stamens.......................................................... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCBD494C19774" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCBD494C19729" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCBD494C19729" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
11 Ovaries with 2 ovules; pollen with sexine lips, 12-pseudocolpate; plants usually strongly odoriferous with a creosote-like smell ...... ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B5847ECCA1B94C19729" box="[640,750,770,790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Duosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B5847ECCA1B94C19729" bold="true" box="[640,750,770,790]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Duosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCA0594C19774" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCA0594C19774" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">11 Ovaries with&gt;2 ovules; pollen lacking sexine lips and not 12- pseudocolpate; plants not typically strongly odoriferous .......... 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCA4894C197D5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCA4894C0978A" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCA4894C0978A" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
12 Corolla very large, gullet-shaped, pale green to greenish-yellow (sometimes with maroon tinges), cream-colored, or entirely dark maroon; primarily nocturnal, and adapted to bat pollinators; calyx 3-lobed; pollen lacking pseudocolpi..........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584714CAB894C0978A" box="[632,751,929,949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Louteridium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584714CAB894C0978A" bold="true" box="[632,751,929,949]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Louteridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCAA294C197D5" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCAA294C197D5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">12 Corolla various but not in the above character combination, and rarely yellow; calyx not 3-lobed; pollen with 4 pseudocolpi......13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCAE994C19081" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCAE994C0906B" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCAE994C0906B" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
13 Plants usually large herbs to large shrubs; corolla strongly bilabiate, hooded; leaf bases decurrent onto the petiole and forming a wing; plants typically of forests and woodlands or their margins.... ......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584717CD5994C0906B" box="[635,751,1088,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584717CD5994C0906B" bold="true" box="[635,751,1088,1108]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Brillantaisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCD4394C19081" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCD4394C19081" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
13 Plants typically small herbs; corolla usually more weakly bilabiate, typically not hooded; leaf bases not typically decurrent onto the petiole thus not forming a wing; plants typically of riparian corridors ......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B5847EECDB394C19081" box="[642,750,1194,1214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B5847EECDB394C19081" bold="true" box="[642,750,1194,1214]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Hygrophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCDDD94C19162" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCDDD94C19132" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCDDD94C19132" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
14 Plants with large, inflated calyces with calyx lobes fused nearly to the apex (thus appearing tubular); all plant surfaces covered with large, prominent glands ............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584718CDE094C19132" box="[628,750,1273,1293]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Satanocrater" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584718CDE094C19132" bold="true" box="[628,750,1273,1293]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Satanocrater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCC0A94C19162" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCC0A94C19162" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">14 Plants lacking large, inflated, nearly completely fused calyces; plant surfaces with or without glands but not to the extent and size as above ..................................................................................... 15</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCC7A94C19193" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCC7A94C191AD" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCC7A94C191AD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
15 Corolla with all 5 lobes comprising the lower lip (thus 1-lipped) .... ............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58472ECC6794EC91AD" box="[578,707,1406,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Eremomastax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58472ECC6794EC91AD" bold="true" box="[578,707,1406,1426]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Eremomastax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[18]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCC8194C19193" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,1432,1452]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCC8194C19193" box="[103,750,1432,1452]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">15 Corolla not 1-lipped................................................................... 16</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCCAB94C192BF" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCCAB94C1920E" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCCAB94C1920E" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
16 Corolla with conspicuous “herring-bone” pattern characterizing lower throat and/or lip surfaces; transverse folds of corolla forming an additional fold (in addition to transverse fusion of filaments), or “corolla fold”
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFFD8B584441CF1B977A9229" box="[301,341,1538,1558]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
of filament curtain; corolla typically strongly bilabiate but weakly bilabiate in a few species.......................... 17
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCF2E94C192BF" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCF2E94C192BF" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
16 Corolla lacking “herring-bone” patterning; filament curtain not of the “corolla fold”
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFFD8B58442ECF489743925A" box="[322,364,1617,1637]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
; corolla typically rotate to zygomorphic, only distinctly bilabiate in a few species ................................... 18
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCF9F94C192D5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCF9F94C1928A" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCF9F94C1928A" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
17 Large herbs typically&gt;
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFD8B584418CF9F97BA92A5" box="[372,405,1670,1690]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
in height; leaves drying blackish in color; pollen grains 2-aperturate........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584726CFB894ED928A" box="[586,706,1697,1717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Calacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584726CFB894ED928A" bold="true" box="[586,706,1697,1717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Calacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[19]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCFA294C192D5" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCFA294C192D5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
17 Small herbs typically &lt;
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFD8B584405CFA297A592F0" box="[361,394,1723,1743]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
in height; leaves not drying blackish in color; pollen grains 4-aperturate..................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B5847EECFCF94C192D5" box="[642,750,1750,1770]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B5847EECFCF94C192D5" bold="true" box="[642,750,1750,1770]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Hygrophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCFE994C19321" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCFE994C0933B" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,751,1776,1796]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCFE994C0933B" box="[103,751,1776,1796]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
18 Calyx 3-lobed ............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584714CFE994C0933B" box="[632,751,1776,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Louteridium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584714CFE994C0933B" bold="true" box="[632,751,1776,1796]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Louteridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCE1394C19321" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" box="[103,750,1802,1822]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCE1394C19321" box="[103,750,1802,1822]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">18 Calyx not 3-lobed ...................................................................... 19</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B58450BCE3D94C1939D" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCE3D94C09352" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCE3D94C09352" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
19 Corolla with flattened, apically rounded, uni- or bicellular trichomes lining inner corolla surfaces; pollen spherical, echinate, lacking ring of echinae surrounding the apertures.......
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584715CE4094C09352" box="[633,751,1881,1901]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Acanthopale" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584715CE4094C09352" bold="true" box="[633,751,1881,1901]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Acanthopale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B58450BCE6D94C1939D" blockId="21.[103,751,189,1954]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B58450BCE6D94C1939D" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">19 Corolla lacking trichomes as described above; pollen various but not spherical, echinate, and lacking the ring of echinae............ 20</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679C9A493B39569" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679C9A493B39539" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679C9A493B39539" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
20 Ovary with 2 ovules; pollen with sexine lips and 12-pseudocolpate; plants usually strongly odoriferous with a creosote-like smell ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584042C9EB93B39539" box="[1326,1436,242,262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Duosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584042C9EB93B39539" bold="true" box="[1326,1436,242,262]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Duosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679C81493B39569" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679C81493B39569" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">20 Ovary with&gt;2 ovules (rarely reduced to 2); pollen lacking sexine lips and not 12-pseudocolpate; plants not typically strongly odoriferous.........................................................................................21</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679C84593B2959A" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679C84593B3954F" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,348,368]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679C84593B3954F" box="[789,1436,348,368]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">21 Calyx conspicuously zygomorphic............................................ 22</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679C86F93B2959A" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679C86F93B2959A" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">21 Calyx typically actinomorphic or at most weakly zygomorphic .............................................................................................................23</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679C8B293B396AB" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679C8B293B29630" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679C8B293B29630" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
22 Calyx with 3 anterior lobes fused to varying degrees, 2 posterior lobes mostly free; dorsalmost lobe lacking conspicuous marginal veins; pollen spherical, echinate, and with conspicuous ring of echinae surrounding the apertures ..................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58418BC8E2935E9630" box="[1255,1393,507,527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Dischistocalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58418BC8E2935E9630" bold="true" box="[1255,1393,507,527]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Dischistocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[20]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CB0C93B396AB" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CB0C93B396AB" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
22 Calyx in a 2 + 2 + 1 configuration with dorsalmost lobe the largest, the 2 ventral lobes intermediate in size, the 2 lateral lobes the smallest, and all lobes free to the receptacle; dorsalmost lobe with conspicuous marginal veins; pollen spherical, coarsely reticulate, ring of echinae absent...........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584065CB9993B396AB" box="[1289,1436,640,660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Dinteracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584065CB9993B396AB" bold="true" box="[1289,1436,640,660]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Dinteracanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CB8393B39727" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CB8393B296DC" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CB8393B296DC" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
23 Shrubs or trees to
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFD8B584689CB83923A9691" box="[997,1045,666,686]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
tall and usually&gt;
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFD8B5841D9CB8392F59691" box="[1205,1242,666,686]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
in height at maturity; plants often used as fence posts; restricted to southern Central America and northern South America......................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58404CCBD693B296DC" box="[1312,1437,719,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58404CCBD693B296DC" bold="true" box="[1312,1437,719,739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Trichanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CBF093B39727" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CBF093B39727" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">23 Herbs, shrubs, or treelets, but clearly not true trees; plants not used as fenceposts to our knowledge; widespread............................. 24</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CA0793B397BD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CA0793B29757" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CA0793B29757" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
24 Plants covered in dense tomentum of golden-yellow pubescence; pollen bicolporate with numerous bands of pseudocolpi oriented perpendicular to opposing face...........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58406DCA4D93B29757" box="[1281,1437,852,872]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichosanchezia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58406DCA4D93B29757" bold="true" box="[1281,1437,852,872]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Trichosanchezia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CA7793B397BD" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,878,898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CA7793B397BD" box="[789,1436,878,898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">24 Plants not as above; pollen not as above.................................... 25</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CA9193B297EE" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CA9193B29789" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CA9193B29789" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
25 Pollen spherical, exine coarsely reticulate, lacking pseudocolpi and lacking sexine lips .............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584034CABB93B29789" authorityName=", Tripp" authorityYear="2007" box="[1368,1437,930,950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584034CABB93B29789" bold="true" box="[1368,1437,930,950]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Ruellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CAA493B297EE" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1437,957,977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CAA493B297EE" box="[789,1437,957,977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">25 Pollen 3-porate, 12-pseudocolpate, pores flanked by sexine lips .... 26</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CACE93B29020" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CACE93B297D4" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1437,983,1003]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CACE93B297D4" box="[789,1437,983,1003]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
26 Capsule with fracturing placentae ...............................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584058CACE93B297D4" box="[1332,1437,983,1003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Phaulopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584058CACE93B297D4" bold="true" box="[1332,1437,983,1003]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Phaulopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CAE893B29020" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CAE893B29020" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
26 Capsule remaining intact post-dehiscence, lacking fracturing placentae.................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58407ACD1293B29020" box="[1302,1437,1035,1055]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Heteradelphia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58407ACD1293B29020" bold="true" box="[1302,1437,1035,1055]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Heteradelphia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CD3F93B39081" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CD3F93B290B5" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CD3F93B290B5" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
27 Plants creeping or trailing herbs characterized most frequently by near linear leaves, giving overall gestalt a “grass-like” appearance (rarely elliptical to obovate); restricted to Namib and Kalahari Deserts.........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584058CD6F93B290B5" box="[1332,1437,1142,1162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruelliopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584058CD6F93B290B5" bold="true" box="[1332,1437,1142,1162]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Ruelliopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CD8993B39081" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CD8993B39081" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">27 Plant habit various but not creeping with linear leaves and “grass-like” in appearance; widespread ................................................ 28</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CDDC93B39132" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CDDC93B390E6" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,1221,1241]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CDDC93B390E6" box="[789,1436,1221,1241]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">28 Capsule with fracturing placentae ............................................. 29</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CDC693B39132" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CDC693B39132" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">28 Capsule with placentae that remain attached to capsular wall at time of dehiscence ..................................................................... 30</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CC0A93B391AD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CC0A93B2917D" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CC0A93B2917D" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
29 Flowers lacking pair of conspicuously leaf-like bracts; pollen grains with sexine lips .................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584058CC3793B2917D" box="[1332,1437,1326,1346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Phaulopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584058CC3793B2917D" bold="true" box="[1332,1437,1326,1346]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Phaulopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CC5193B391AD" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CC5193B391AD" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
29 Conspicuous pair of relatively large, leaf-like bracts subtending each flower; pollen grains with 4 areas of raised tectum, triangular in polar view.................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58405ACC6793B391AD" box="[1334,1436,1406,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Petalidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58405ACC6793B391AD" bold="true" box="[1334,1436,1406,1426]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Petalidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CC8193B391F9" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CC8193B39193" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,1432,1452]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CC8193B39193" box="[789,1436,1432,1452]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
30 Anther thecae each with 2 appendages...................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584074CC8193B39193" box="[1304,1436,1432,1452]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Diceratotheca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584074CC8193B39193" bold="true" box="[1304,1436,1432,1452]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Diceratotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CCAB93B391F9" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,1458,1478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CCAB93B391F9" box="[789,1436,1458,1478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">30 Anther thecae otherwise ............................................................ 31</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CCD593B3922A" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CCD593B391C4" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CCD593B391C4" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
31 Pollen polypseudocolpate with 40+ pseudocolpi.............................. ................................................................“
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B5841DACCFE931991C4" bold="true" box="[1206,1334,1511,1531]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Sinoacanthus</emphasis>
ined.” [21]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CF1893B3922A" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,1537,1557]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CF1893B3922A" box="[789,1436,1537,1557]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">31 Pollen otherwise ........................................................................ 32</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CF0293B392A6" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CF0293B3925B" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CF0293B3925B" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">32 Calyx lobes fused for at least 1/3 of their length and usually over half of their length, with hyaline regions bordering each lobe............................................................................................ 33</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CF7393B392A6" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CF7393B392A6" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">32 Calyx lobes unfused or variously fused but rarely over 1/3 of their length, lacking hyaline regions bordering each lobe ................. 34</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CF8693B2933C" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CF8693B292F1" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CF8693B292F1" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
33 Ovary with 4 ovules, capsule with (up to) 4 seeds ........................ ............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58406DCFA3935F92F1" box="[1281,1392,1722,1742]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Dyschoriste" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58406DCFA3935F92F1" bold="true" box="[1281,1392,1722,1742]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Dyschoriste</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[22]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CFCD93B2933C" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CFCD93B2933C" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
33 Ovary with 8 ovules, capsule with more than 4 seeds................... ..............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B584061CFF693B2933C" box="[1293,1437,1775,1795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Echinacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B584061CFF693B2933C" bold="true" box="[1293,1437,1775,1795]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Echinacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B584679CE1093B3936D" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CE1093B39322" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" box="[789,1436,1801,1821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CE1093B39322" box="[789,1436,1801,1821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">34 Leaves conspicuously dentate or crenate................................... 35</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CE3A93B3936D" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CE3A93B3936D" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">34 Leaves entire or weakly dentate to crenate, but not conspicuously so...................................................................................... 36</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFD8B5B4679CE41953194D3" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFD8B584679CE4193B3939E" blockId="21.[789,1437,189,1953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFD8B584679CE4193B3939E" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">
35 Outermost theca of each of longer pair of stamens with a conspicuous appendage, other thecae with much shorter appendages or rounded................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFD8B58406ECE94935E939E" box="[1282,1393,1933,1953]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mimulopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFD8B58406ECE94935E939E" bold="true" box="[1282,1393,1933,1953]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="124">Mimulopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[23]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC9A4953194D3" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC9A4953194D3" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
35 Either both thecae or one of each pair of thecae of all anthers with an appendage .............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47C5C9C194DC94D3" box="[681,755,216,236]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mellera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47C5C9C194DC94D3" bold="true" box="[681,755,216,236]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Mellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[24]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFE8B5B45FBC9EB9531954F" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC9EB95319569" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC9EB95319569" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">36 Plants with long tubular, bird-pollination adapted flowers, often bright red, pink, orange, or yellow in color; pollen bicolporate with numerous bands of pseudocolpi oriented perpendicular to opposing face ...................................................................................... 37</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC8459531954F" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" box="[151,798,348,368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC8459531954F" box="[151,798,348,368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">36 Plants with various flowers and pollen, but not as above .......... 38</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFE8B5B45FBC86F9530959B" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC86F953195B5" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" box="[151,798,374,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC86F953195B5" box="[151,798,374,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
37 Androecium of 2 stamens + 2 staminodes....................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47D1C86F953195B5" box="[701,798,374,394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Sanchezia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47D1C86F953195B5" bold="true" box="[701,798,374,394]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Sanchezia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC8899530959B" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" box="[151,799,400,420]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC8899530959B" box="[151,799,400,420]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
37 Androecium of 4 stamens......................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47F9C8899530959B" box="[661,799,400,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Suessenguthia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47F9C8899530959B" bold="true" box="[661,799,400,420]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Suessenguthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFE8B5B45FBC8B3953195E6" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC8B395319581" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" box="[151,798,426,446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC8B395319581" box="[151,798,426,446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">38 Capsules usually 2-seeded ......................................................... 39</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC8DC953195E6" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" box="[151,798,453,473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC8DC953195E6" box="[151,798,453,473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">38 Capsules with&gt;2 seeds.............................................................. 40</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFE8B5B45FBC8C6953096AD" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBC8C695319617" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBC8C695319617" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
39 Corolla bilabiate,
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFE8B5B4402C8C697CB95CC" box="[366,484,478,499]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="11.25" valueMax="12.5" valueMin="10.0">1012.5 mm</quantity>
long, tube cylindrical, without a clearly expanded throat; lower lip with long bristly trichomes internally; pollen with 12 pseudocolpi; SW
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFE8B5B4741CB0D945D9617" box="[557,626,532,552]" name="Angola" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Angola</collectingCountry>
..............
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47ABCB0D95319617" box="[711,798,532,552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mcdadea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47ABCB0D95319617" bold="true" box="[711,798,532,552]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Mcdadea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBCB37953096AD" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBCB37953096AD" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
39 Corolla subactinomorphic, not strongly bilabiate,
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFE8B5B47D5CB379531967D" box="[697,798,558,579]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="22.0">2245 mm</quantity>
long, tube clearly differentiated into a narrow basal tube and an expanded throat; pollen with 18+ pseudocolpi;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFE8B5B47D1CB7D952D9647" box="[701,770,612,632]" name="Angola" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Angola</collectingCountry>
to D.R.
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFE8B5B459BCB67971996AD" box="[247,310,638,658]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Congo</collectingCountry>
and to
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFE8B5B4410CB6797F196AD" box="[380,478,638,658]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
..........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47EDCB67953096AD" box="[641,799,638,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Strobilanthopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47EDCB67953096AD" bold="true" box="[641,799,638,658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Strobilanthopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFE8B5B45FBCB8195319729" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBCB81953196F8" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBCB81953196F8" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
40 Inflorescences of very long, terminal spikes, these commonly
<quantity id="4CD95387FFFE8B5B45AFCBAA96D296F8" box="[195,253,691,711]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
in length;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFE8B5B440DCBAA979B96F8" box="[353,436,691,711]" name="Malaysia" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B47C8CBAA953196F8" box="[676,798,691,711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47C8CBAA953196F8" bold="true" box="[676,798,691,711]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Stenothyrsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFE8B5B45FBCBD495319729" blockId="22.[151,799,189,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFE8B5B45FBCBD495319729" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">
40 Inflorescences variable, primarily of racemes, less commonly of spikes or solitary flowers, but if a spike, these not so elongate, consistently &lt;
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long ................................................................ 41
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41 Evergreen shrubs or trees, precocious flowering absent; ultimate branches not as below; pollen bicolporate with numerous bands of pseudocolpi oriented perpendicular to opposing face; Neotropics...............................................................................
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B47A9CA74953197BE" bold="true" box="[709,798,877,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Bravaisia</emphasis>
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41 Deciduous tree to
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tall, flowering before the leaves appear (precocious flowering); ultimate branches numerous and curved-ascending; pollen not as above; karst hills of
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....................... ...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFE8B5B4710CACE94DD97D4" box="[636,754,983,1003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Xylacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFE8B5B4710CACE94DD97D4" bold="true" box="[636,754,983,1003]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="125">Xylacanthus</emphasis>
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[25]
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