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<treatment id="03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273898" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212450180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273898" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A" lastPageId="268" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" scope_family="Coccinellidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Coccinellinae" scope_tribe="Coccinellini">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF3399FDD5FA65" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" box="[151,536,1508,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF3399FE58FA64" bold="true" box="[151,405,1508,1535]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synona melanopepla</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
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(
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11550473FBDD73075FEF1F9B8" box="[159,316,1545,1571]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 189" captionStart-1="FIGURE 190" captionStart-2="FIGURE 191" captionStartId-0="263.[151,250,1826,1850]" captionStartId-1="264.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionStartId-2="265.[151,250,1624,1648]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1425,528,1798]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1433,184,1339]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,181,1600]" captionTargetId-0="figure-144@263.[156,1431,525,1803]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@264.[151,1436,181,1342]" captionTargetId-2="figure-15@265.[151,1436,181,1600]" captionTargetPageId-0="263" captionTargetPageId-1="264" captionTargetPageId-2="265" captionText-0="FIGURE 189. Synona melanopepla: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. adult, variant with pronotal macula." captionText-1="FIGURE 190. Synona melanopepla: a–f. male genitalia: a, d. tegmen, lateral view; b, e. tegmen, ventral view; c, f. penis; g, h. spermatheca, variations." captionText-2="FIGURE 191. Synona melanopepla (Mulsant) and its prey in their natural habitat: a, b. nymph of plataspid bug; c–f. Synona melanopepla feeding on plataspid nymph (Photo credit: Pavan Ramachandra)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262170" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262172" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262176" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8262170/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8262172/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8262176/files/figure.png" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
Figs
<quantity id="4C965D911550473FBD903075FEF1F9B8" box="[216,316,1545,1571]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5691" metricValueMax="19.1193" metricValueMin="0.0189" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" unit="g" value="95691.0" valueMax="191193.0" valueMin="189.0">189–191</quantity>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11550473FBC003075FE5AF9B8" box="[328,407,1545,1571]" captionStart="FIGURE 193" captionStartId="267.[151,250,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-15@267.[151,1436,181,1824]" captionTargetPageId="267" captionText="FIGURE 193. a–f. Synona obscura: life stages: a. eggs; b, c. larva; d, e. pupa; f. adult; g–j. Synona melanopepla (Mulsant), live adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262186/files/figure.png" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">193g–j</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1550473FBDDF3034FEF9F82A" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF3034FE9AF9E4" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1550473FBDDF3034FE9AF9E4" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651550473FBDDF3034FDE6F9FB" author="Mulsant, E." box="[151,555,1608,1632]" page="376" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" year="1850">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF3034FDE6F9FB" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 376" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="376" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,555,1608,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF3034FE97F9FB" box="[151,346,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synia melanopepla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBC293034FDE6F9FB" author="Mulsant, E." box="[353,555,1608,1632]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref117842" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres Trimeres Securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, publiees par la Societe nationale d'Agriculture, etc., de Lyon, Deuxieme Serie, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 376</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651550473FBF7F3034FD53F9FB" author="Mulsant, E." box="[567,670,1608,1632]" page="248" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" year="1866">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBF7F3034FD53F9FB" author="Mulsant, E." box="[567,670,1608,1632]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" refId="ref117962" refString="Mulsant, E. (1866) Monographie des Coccinellides. 1 re Partie Coccinelliens. Savy et Deyrolle, Paris, 294 pp." type="book" year="1866">1866: 248</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED61550473FBFE43034FD2DF9FB" box="[684,736,1608,1632]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “les Indes orientales”).—Crotch 1874: 178 (as synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBD8F301BFE84F9E5" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[199,329,1638,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBD8F301BFE84F9E5" box="[199,329,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">S. melanaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF30FAFDB9F906" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" box="[151,628,1669,1693]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1550473FBDDF30FAFDB9F906" box="[151,628,1669,1693]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651550473FBDDF30FAFDA2F906" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G." box="[151,623,1669,1693]" page="583" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" year="2008">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF30FAFDA2F906" authority=": Poorani et al. 2008: 583" authorityName="Poorani" authorityPageNumber="583" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,623,1669,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF30FAFEA6F906" box="[151,363,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synona melanopepla</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBC3030F9FDA2F906" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G." box="[376,623,1669,1693]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="579 - 594" refId="ref119452" refString="Poorani, J., Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G. (2008) A revision of Synona Pope (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini). Annales Zoologici, 58, 579 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345408 X 364427" type="journal article" year="2008">
Poorani
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBC8530FAFE37F906" box="[461,506,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">et al</emphasis>
. 2008: 583
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF30D8FD20F927" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" box="[151,749,1700,1724]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF30D8FD25F927" authority=": Korschefsky 1932: 276" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="276" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,744,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF30D8FEF3F927" box="[151,318,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synia melanaria</emphasis>
ab.
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651550473FBC2130D8FD25F927" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[361,744,1700,1724]" page="276" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" year="1932">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBC2130D8FE21F927" box="[361,492,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">melanopepla</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBCB130D8FD25F927" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[505,744,1700,1724]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" refId="ref116133" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 276</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF30BFFBD0F962" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1550473FBDDF30BFFA51F940" box="[151,1436,1730,1755]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651550473FBDDF30BFFE1EF941" author="Mulsant, E." box="[151,467,1730,1754]" page="175" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" year="1866">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF30BFFE1EF941" authority="Mulsant, 1866: 175" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="175" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,467,1730,1754]" class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rougeti">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF30BFFEC0F941" box="[151,269,1731,1754]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Leis rougeti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBC5A30BEFE1EF941" author="Mulsant, E." box="[274,467,1730,1754]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" refId="ref117962" refString="Mulsant, E. (1866) Monographie des Coccinellides. 1 re Partie Coccinelliens. Savy et Deyrolle, Paris, 294 pp." type="book" year="1866">Mulsant, 1866: 175</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED61550473FBC9630BFFD8AF940" box="[478,583,1731,1755]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
, UCCC; Type locality: “les Indes”).—Crotch 1874: 178 (as synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FB84630BFFA40F941" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[1294,1421,1730,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FB84630BFFA40F941" box="[1294,1421,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">S. melanaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
</treatmentCitationGroup>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBD8F309DFEB9F962" author="Gordon, R. D." box="[199,372,1761,1785]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref113038" refString="Gordon, R. D. (1987) A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 3, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1987">Gordon 1987: 22</bibRefCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED61550473FBCC9309DFE2DF962" box="[385,480,1761,1785]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designation). Synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBE6A309DFBD4F962" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G." box="[802,1049,1761,1785]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="579 - 594" refId="ref119452" refString="Poorani, J., Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G. (2008) A revision of Synona Pope (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini). Annales Zoologici, 58, 579 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345408 X 364427" type="journal article" year="2008">
Poorani
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBE3F309EFC6EF962" box="[887,931,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">et al</emphasis>
. 2008: 583
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF317CFBBAF883" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" box="[151,1143,1792,1816]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF317CFD63F883" authority=": Korschefsky 1932: 276" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="276" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,686,1792,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF317CFEF3F883" box="[151,318,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synia melanaria</emphasis>
ab.
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBC21317DFE7CF883" box="[361,433,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">rougeti</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBCF6317CFD63F883" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[446,686,1792,1816]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" refId="ref116133" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 276</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBFF0317CFC6CF883" author="Miwa, Y. &amp; Yoshida, T." box="[696,929,1792,1816]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="31 - 53" refId="ref117567" refString="Miwa, Y. &amp; Yoshida, T. (1935) Catalogue of Japanese Insects. Fasc. IX. Coleoptera. Coccinellidae. (In Japanese). Entomological World, Tokyo, 3 (22), 31 - 53." type="journal article" year="1935">Miwa &amp; Yoshida 1935</bibRefCitation>
; Bielawski 1957: 88.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF3163FD49F8AC" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" box="[151,644,1822,1847]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF3163FE15F8AC" authority=": Weise 1923: 184" authorityName=": Weise" authorityPageNumber="184" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,472,1822,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rougeti">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF3163FED3F8AD" box="[151,286,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synia rougeti</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBC633162FE15F8AC" author="Weise, J." box="[299,472,1822,1847]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="182 - 189" refId="ref124572" refString="Weise, J. (1923) H. Sauter's Formosan-Ausbeute: Coccinelliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschicht, 89 (A), 2, 182 - 189." type="journal article" year="1923">Weise 1923: 184</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBCAA3162FDB2F8AC" author="Miwa, Y." box="[482,639,1822,1847]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref117534" refString="Miwa, Y. (1931) A systematic catalogue of Formosan Coleoptera. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Government Research Institute, Taihoku, 55, 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="1931">Miwa 1931: 87</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF3142FEF9F8EF" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF3142FD0EF8CE" authority="Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1978: 180" authorityName="Yablokov-Khnzoryan" authorityPageNumber="180" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,707,1853,1877]" genus="Lemnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF3142FEA6F8CE" box="[151,363,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Lemnia melanoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBC3B3141FD0EF8CE" author="Yablokov-Khnzoryan, S. M." box="[371,707,1853,1877]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="180 - 183" refId="ref124692" refString="Yablokov-Khnzoryan, S. M. (1978) Two new species of ladybeetles from Eastern Asia (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Doklady Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, 67 (3), 180 - 183." type="journal article" year="1978">Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1978: 180</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type locality: “
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41550473FBE3B3141FC72F8CE" box="[883,959,1853,1877]" name="Vietnam" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
” (=
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41550473FBEAC3141FB8DF8CE" box="[996,1088,1853,1877]" name="Vietnam" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
)). Synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FB8593141FA51F8CE" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G." box="[1297,1436,1853,1877]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="579 - 594" refId="ref119452" refString="Poorani, J., Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G. (2008) A revision of Synona Pope (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini). Annales Zoologici, 58, 579 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345408 X 364427" type="journal article" year="2008">
Poorani
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FB8203142FA5BF8CE" box="[1384,1430,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">et al</emphasis>
.
</bibRefCitation>
2008: 584.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741550473FBDDF3107FEF9F82A" blockId="264.[151,1436,1608,1969]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71550473FBDDF3107FD11F809" authority="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1984: 205" authorityName="Iablokoff-Khnzorian" authorityPageNumber="205" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,732,1914,1939]" genus="Lemnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" rank="species" species="martini" subGenus="Synia">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDDF3107FF2EF809" box="[151,227,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Lemnia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBDBD3107FEE0F809" box="[245,301,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Synia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FBC773107FE47F809" box="[319,394,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">martini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FBCDA3106FD11F809" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." box="[402,732,1914,1939]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="203 - 220" refId="ref114074" refString="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M. (1984) Notes sur la tribu des Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, New Series, 1 (2), 203 - 220." type="journal article" year="1984">Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1984: 205</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED61550473FBFA43107FCEDF808" box="[748,800,1915,1939]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “Madras, Vellore”). Synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851550473FB8473106FA51F809" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G." box="[1295,1436,1914,1938]" pageId="264" pageNumber="265" pagination="579 - 594" refId="ref119452" refString="Poorani, J., Slipinski, A. &amp; Booth, R. G. (2008) A revision of Synona Pope (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini). Annales Zoologici, 58, 579 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345408 X 364427" type="journal article" year="2008">
Poorani
<emphasis id="B91A2C661550473FB82F3107FA5BF809" box="[1383,1430,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="264" pageNumber="265">et al</emphasis>
.
</bibRefCitation>
2008: 584.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF11A0FC1551473EBDDF3024FC7CF90F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262176" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8262176" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262176/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" startId="265.[151,250,1624,1648]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1600]" targetPageId="265" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741551473EBDDF3024FC7CF90F" blockId="265.[151,1437,1624,1684]" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661551473EBDDF3024FEE3F9EB" bold="true" box="[151,302,1624,1648]" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">FIGURE 191.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71551473EBC7D3024FDB8F9EB" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" box="[309,629,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661551473EBC7D3024FDC7F9EB" box="[309,522,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Synona melanopepla</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
</taxonomicName>
and its prey in their natural habitat: a, b. nymph of plataspid bug; c–f.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71551473EB81A3024FED7F90F" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661551473EB81A3024FED7F90F" italics="true" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Synona melanopepla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on plataspid nymph (Photo credit: Pavan Ramachandra).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1551473BBDDF309AFE0FFF62" lastPageId="268" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741551473EBDDF309AFB2EF843" blockId="265.[151,1437,1766,2009]" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661551473EBDDF309AFEDFF89B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1766,1792]" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length:
<quantity id="4C965D911551473EBC34309AFDE9F89A" box="[380,548,1766,1793]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="7.25" valueMax="7.6" valueMin="6.9">6.90–7.60 mm</quantity>
; width:
<quantity id="4C965D911551473EBFCB309AFCE1F89A" box="[643,812,1766,1793]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="6.15" valueMax="6.4" valueMin="5.9">5.90–6.40 mm</quantity>
. Form circular to broad oval, dorsum strongly convex and hemispherical, glabrous. Head yellow, or with a pair of black markings on either side of posterior margin of eyes (in examples from northern and eastern
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41551473EBFEE3152FD29F8D3" box="[678,740,1838,1864]" name="India" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">India</collectingCountry>
); pronotum yellow orange to red, immaculate (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EB8403152FA55F8D3" box="[1288,1432,1838,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 189" captionStartId="263.[151,250,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,528,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-144@263.[156,1431,525,1803]" captionTargetPageId="263" captionText="FIGURE 189. Synona melanopepla: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. adult, variant with pronotal macula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262170/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Figs 189a–c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EBDDF312EFF25F8F7" box="[151,232,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 191" captionStartId="265.[151,250,1624,1648]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-15@265.[151,1436,181,1600]" captionTargetPageId="265" captionText="FIGURE 191. Synona melanopepla (Mulsant) and its prey in their natural habitat: a, b. nymph of plataspid bug; c–f. Synona melanopepla feeding on plataspid nymph (Photo credit: Pavan Ramachandra)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262176" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262176/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">191c–f</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EBDBC312EFE8BF8F7" box="[244,326,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 193" captionStartId="267.[151,250,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-15@267.[151,1436,181,1824]" captionTargetPageId="267" captionText="FIGURE 193. a–f. Synona obscura: life stages: a. eggs; b, c. larva; d, e. pupa; f. adult; g–j. Synona melanopepla (Mulsant), live adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262186/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">
<quantity id="4C965D911551473EBDBC312EFEE0F8F7" box="[244,301,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.93" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" unit="g" value="193.0">193g</quantity>
–j
</figureCitation>
), or with a median, subtrapezoidal black macula (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EBE36312EFC23F8F7" box="[894,1006,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 189" captionStartId="263.[151,250,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,528,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-144@263.[156,1431,525,1803]" captionTargetPageId="263" captionText="FIGURE 189. Synona melanopepla: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. adult, variant with pronotal macula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262170/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Fig. 189d</figureCitation>
), scutellar shield yellow, occasionally yellowish testaceous with a darker border or dark brown, elytra black. Ventral side yellow orange except elytral epipleura black, last antennomere darker, brownish. Elytral punctures fine, interspaces between punctures with distinct microsculpture. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EBF1F31C2FD16F843" box="[599,731,1982,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 190" captionStartId="264.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-20@264.[151,1436,181,1342]" captionTargetPageId="264" captionText="FIGURE 190. Synona melanopepla: a–f. male genitalia: a, d. tegmen, lateral view; b, e. tegmen, ventral view; c, f. penis; g, h. spermatheca, variations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262172/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">Fig. 190a–f</figureCitation>
) and spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11551473EBEFC31C2FBF0F843" box="[948,1085,1982,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 190" captionStartId="264.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-20@264.[151,1436,181,1342]" captionTargetPageId="264" captionText="FIGURE 190. Synona melanopepla: a–f. male genitalia: a, d. tegmen, lateral view; b, e. tegmen, ventral view; c, f. penis; g, h. spermatheca, variations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262172/files/figure.png" pageId="265" pageNumber="266">
Fig.
<quantity id="4C965D911551473EBEA031C2FBEEF843" box="[1000,1059,1982,2008]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.9" pageId="265" pageNumber="266" unit="g" value="190.0">190g</quantity>
, h
</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF11A0FC1552473DBDDF31EBFBFDF84F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8262178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262178/files/figure.png" pageId="266" pageNumber="267" startId="266.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[208,1382,181,1912]" targetPageId="266" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741552473DBDDF31EBFBFDF84F" blockId="266.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="266" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661552473DBDDF31EBFEE0F834" bold="true" box="[151,301,1943,1967]" pageId="266" pageNumber="267">FIGURE 192.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71552473DBC7C31E4FE15F82B" box="[308,472,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="266" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661552473DBC7C31E4FE15F82B" box="[308,472,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="266" pageNumber="267">Synona obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: a. adult, dorsal view; b. abdomen, female; c. abdominal postcoxal line; d. female genitalia; e. spermatheca; f–h. male genitalia: f. tegmen, lateral view; g. tegmen, ventral view; h. penis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF11A0FC1553473CBDDF3144FF30F8EF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262186" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8262186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8262186/files/figure.png" pageId="267" pageNumber="268" startId="267.[151,250,1848,1872]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1824]" targetPageId="267" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741553473CBDDF3144FF30F8EF" blockId="267.[151,1436,1848,1908]" pageId="267" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661553473CBDDF3144FEE3F8CB" bold="true" box="[151,302,1848,1872]" pageId="267" pageNumber="268">FIGURE 193.</emphasis>
a–f.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71553473CBC2C3144FDC4F8CB" box="[356,521,1848,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="267" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661553473CBC2C3144FDC4F8CB" box="[356,521,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="267" pageNumber="268">Synona obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: life stages: a. eggs; b, c. larva; d, e. pupa; f. adult; g–j.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71553473CB91D3144FA55F8CB" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" box="[1109,1432,1848,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="267" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661553473CB91D3144FAE7F8CB" box="[1109,1322,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="267" pageNumber="268">Synona melanopepla</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
</taxonomicName>
, live adult.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F36EBFE0FFF62" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
The nominate form of this species can be readily distinguished by its coloration, particularly the median black macula on pronotum. The form with yellow pronotum is very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBE9936C7FB84FF4E" box="[977,1097,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBE9936C7FB84FF4E" box="[977,1097,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and can be reliably separated only by the male genitalia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1554473BBD8F377EFE1AFE12" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F377EFE1AFE12" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F377EFEACFE87" bold="true" box="[199,353,258,284]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBC20377FFE6FFE86" box="[360,418,259,285]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBCF8377FFD4BFE86" box="[432,646,259,285]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
(Das
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBF81377FFCCCFE86" box="[713,769,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">et al.</emphasis>
2020b),
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBE2C377FFC7EFE86" box="[868,947,259,285]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Assam</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBEF5377FFBB9FE86" box="[957,1140,259,285]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Andhra Pradesh</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BB936377FFB73FE86" box="[1150,1214,259,285]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Bihar</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BB982377FFA8DFE86" box="[1226,1344,259,285]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BB803377FFA55FE86" box="[1355,1432,259,285]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBDDF375BFF34FEDA" box="[151,249,295,321]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Manipur</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBC41375BFE45FEDA" box="[265,392,295,321]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBCDF375BFE24FEDA" box="[407,489,295,321]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Odisha</collectingRegion>
, Punjab,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBF10375BFD29FEDA" box="[600,740,295,321]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBFBC375BFC59FEDA" box="[756,916,295,321]" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BBEEB375BFBFDFEDA" box="[931,1072,295,321]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961554473BB977375BFB1BFEDA" box="[1087,1238,295,321]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
);
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BB9A6375BFAF9FEDA" box="[1262,1332,295,321]" name="Nepal" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Nepal</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BB80C375BFA55FEDA" box="[1348,1432,295,321]" name="Bhutan" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBDDF3737FEC6FEFE" box="[151,267,331,357]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBC503737FEB7FEFE" box="[280,378,331,357]" name="Vietnam" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBCC03737FE03FEFE" box="[392,462,331,357]" name="China" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">China</collectingCountry>
; The
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBF593737FD5EFEFE" box="[529,659,331,357]" name="Philippines" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Philippines</collectingCountry>
; Distributed from
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBE203737FC6FFEFE" box="[872,930,331,357]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
east to
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBEB73737FB9CFEFE" box="[1023,1105,331,357]" name="Taiwan" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and south to the
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BB8563737FA51FEFE" box="[1310,1436,331,357]" name="Philippines" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBDD63713FE06FE12" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." box="[158,459,367,393]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" refId="ref114042" refString="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M. (1982) Les Coccinelles Coleopteres-Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubee, Paris, 568 pp. [in French]" type="book" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1554473BBD8F37EEFBA2FD56" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F37EEFB02FD82" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F37EEFE2BFE37" bold="true" box="[199,486,402,428]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Prey/associated habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBCB837EFFDA6FE36" box="[496,619,403,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBF3037EFFCDFFE36" box="[632,786,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plataspididae</taxonomicName>
: Very effective predator of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BB91837EFFA51FE36" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" box="[1104,1436,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspidae" genus="Coptosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostensum">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BB91837EFFA8CFE37" box="[1104,1345,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Coptosoma ostensum</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBDD737CBFE44FE4A" author="Subramanyam, T. V." box="[159,393,438,465]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" pagination="924 - 925" refId="ref123201" refString="Subramanyam, T. V. (1925) Coptosoma ostensum Dist. and its enemy Synia melanaria Muls. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 30, 924 - 925." type="journal article" year="1925">Subramanyam 1925</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBCD237CBFCDAFE4A" author="Malhotra, C. P. &amp; Krishnaswami, S." box="[410,791,439,465]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" pagination="231 - 237" refId="ref117276" refString="Malhotra, C. P. &amp; Krishnaswami, S. (1962) Coptosoma ostensum Dist. - a pentatomid pest of Palas (Butea monosperma) with notes on its coccinellid predator, Synia melanaria var. rougeti Mulsant and egg parasite, Telenomus species. Indian Forester, 88, 231 - 237." type="journal article" year="1962">Malhotra &amp; Krishnaswami 1962</bibRefCitation>
). Also feeds on aphids. Commonly collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BB81337CBFEE5FE6F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Butea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monosperma">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BB81337CBFEE5FE6F" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Butea monosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBC1537A7FD81FE6E" box="[349,588,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sesbania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBC1537A7FD81FE6E" box="[349,588,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Sesbania grandiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sandal, lablab, snakegourd, cabbage, pigeonpea, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BB9F037A7FAE0FE6E" box="[1208,1325,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Trewia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BB9F037A7FAC8FE6F" box="[1208,1285,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Trewia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Feeds on unnamed psyllids on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBCCE3783FE20FD82" box="[390,493,511,537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBCCE3783FE09FD83" box="[390,452,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Ficus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBCB13783FD4FFD83" box="[505,642,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspidae" genus="Coptosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostensum">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBCB13783FD4FFD83" box="[505,642,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">C. ostensum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBFD83783FCB1FD82" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[656,892,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspidae" genus="Megacopta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribraria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBFD83783FCB1FD82" box="[656,892,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Megacopta cribraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and pentatomids (label data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F345FFB93FDFA" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F345FFE57FDA6" bold="true" box="[199,410,547,573]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Afroze &amp; Shujauddin (1998) gave a general description of the immature stages of ‘
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BB8CF345FFEDEFDFA" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. melanaria’</emphasis>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBCF6343BFE37FDFA" box="[446,506,583,609]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
, which most probably apply to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBEE2343BFB9AFDFA" box="[938,1111,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBEE2343BFB9AFDFA" box="[938,1111,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. melanopepla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F3416FA5CFD32" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F3416FE0BFD1E" bold="true" box="[199,454,618,645]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
Collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBF393417FC82FD1F" box="[625,847,619,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Butea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monosperma">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBF393417FC82FD1F" box="[625,847,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Butea monosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during March–June, September–December (South
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBDDF34F3FF18FD32" box="[151,213,655,681]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
). Common on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBC3234F3FDE7FD33" box="[378,554,655,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Butea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monosperma">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBC3234F3FDE7FD33" box="[378,554,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">B. monosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during October–March in Aligarh (north
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBEB534F3FBF5FD32" box="[1021,1080,655,681]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
) (Afroze &amp; Shujauddin 1998).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F34CFFBA2FD56" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" box="[199,1135,690,717]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F34CFFE5CFD57" bold="true" box="[199,401,690,717]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBCD034CFFCC1FD56" authority="(Dalman)" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[408,780,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaminius">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBCD034CFFD5BFD56" box="[408,662,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Homalotylus flaminius</emphasis>
(Dalman)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBE5F34CFFBA2FD56" authority="Brues." authorityName="Brues." box="[791,1135,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Proctotrupidae" genus="Nothoserphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBE5F34CFFBD2FD56" box="[791,1055,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Nothoserphus mirabilis</emphasis>
Brues.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1554473BBD8F34ABFB79FC1A" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741554473BBD8F34ABFB79FC1A" blockId="268.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBD8F34ABFEDCFD6A" bold="true" box="[199,273,727,753]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Notes.</emphasis>
Papers on the biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBF0934ABFD01FD6A" box="[577,716,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBF0934ABFD5EFD6A" box="[577,659,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Synona</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(most of them on ‘
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBEF934ABFB86FD6A" box="[945,1099,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. melanaria’</emphasis>
) may involve more than one species as
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBC433487FE7AFC8E" box="[267,439,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopepla">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBC433487FE7AFC8E" box="[267,439,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. melanopepla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBCA33487FD37FC8E" authority="Poorani et al." authorityName="Poorani" box="[491,762,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBCA33487FDADFC8E" box="[491,608,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">S. obscura</emphasis>
Poorani
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBF8B3487FD37FC8E" box="[707,762,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">et al.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often co-exist in some parts of South
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BB9D33487FB15FC8E" box="[1179,1240,763,789]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
. In the absence of voucher specimens, it is hard to ascertain the identity of the species involved. Works on the bioecology / predatory potential of ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71554473BBC7C353FFE3FFCC6" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[308,498,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBC7C353FFE3FFCC6" box="[308,498,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">Synia melanaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBF78353FFCE6FCC6" author="Subramanyam, T. V." box="[560,811,834,861]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" pagination="924 - 925" refId="ref123201" refString="Subramanyam, T. V. (1925) Coptosoma ostensum Dist. and its enemy Synia melanaria Muls. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 30, 924 - 925." type="journal article" year="1925">Subramanyam (1925)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBE75353FFAD6FCC6" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." box="[829,1307,834,861]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref119835" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1953) Beneficial coccinellids of Mysore - I. Indian Journal of Entomology, 15, 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1953">Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953)</bibRefCitation>
, Afroze &amp; Shujauddin (1998) and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851554473BBCD7351BFD53FC1A" author="Rachappa, V. &amp; Hegde, R. &amp; Kulkarni, K. A. &amp; Patil, R. K." box="[415,670,871,897]" pageId="268" pageNumber="269" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref120010" refString="Rachappa, V., Hegde, R., Kulkarni, K. A. &amp; Patil, R. K. (2002) Biology and feeding potential of Synia melanaria Mulsant on Coptosoma ostensum Distant. Myforest, 38 (2), 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="2002">
Rachappa
<emphasis id="B91A2C661554473BBF5C351BFD88FC1A" box="[532,581,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">et al</emphasis>
. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41554473BBFAA351BFCD1FC1A" box="[738,796,871,897]" name="India" pageId="268" pageNumber="269">India</collectingCountry>
apply to either of these two species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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