treatments-xml/data/03/A5/87/03A587A5FFEAFFAEFF614E73FD2FBF19.xml

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<mods:title id="C49DD54F466D44C02E50937FB4E7A786">Tulostoma subreticulatum (Agaricomycetes, Agaricales): a new species of stalked puffball from Mexico</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8241BDE61FAE79BD7EA3F8340D16EFA5">Hernández-Navarro, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E793B33085ED10002E361ACEB2D2DFF6">Laboratorio de Micología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E2882364E1D3D096C3A04466DCDD773B" type="email">eduardo.hernandez@ib.unam.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E2D28FBDF2FD0A9498B1908A7C516A9E">Cappello-García, Silvia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="986F9CAF406645AD0EBC885ECE63E60A">Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E2E83AD16EBB73FEAC47213454105802" type="email">cappellogs@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF614E73FCCFBF2B" blockId="5.[136,878,1588,1650]" box="[136,878,1588,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<heading id="D0FB81DFFFEAFFA3FF614E73FCCFBF2B" bold="true" box="[136,878,1588,1615]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF614E73FCCFBF2B" bold="true" box="[136,878,1588,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFEAFFA3FF614E73FDA5BF2B" authority="Hern." authorityName="Hern." box="[136,516,1588,1615]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subreticulatum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF614E73FE16BF2A" bold="true" box="[136,439,1588,1615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Tulostoma subreticulatum</emphasis>
Hern.
</taxonomicName>
-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FCF14E73FCCFBF2B" bold="true" box="[792,878,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166538FFEAFFA3FF614E1FFEF7BF17" box="[136,342,1624,1650]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF614E1FFEF7BF17" blockId="5.[136,878,1588,1650]" box="[136,342,1624,1650]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
(
<figureCitation id="13372A36FFEAFFA3FF794E1FFEBABF17" box="[144,283,1624,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-28@6.[151,1436,209,1682]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tulostoma subreticulatum Hern.-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. A. Basidiomes. B. Spore-sac. C-B. Verrucae of the exoperidium. E. Stipes and rhizomorph. F. socket." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216919/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">FIGURES 3</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13372A36FFEAFFA3FED64E1FFEEFBF17" box="[319,334,1624,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1665,1687]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,175,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,175,1648]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tulostoma subreticulatum Hern.-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. A. Basidiospores and capilitial threads. B. Endoperidium hyphae. C. Verrucae seudoparenchymatous hyphae. D. Internal stipe hyphae. E. External stipe hyphae. F-G. Basidiospores under SEM." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216921/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166538FFEAFFA3FF614EE7FBAABE0B" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF614EE7FB5CBE42" blockId="5.[136,1452,1696,2083]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
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<collectionCode id="ED1DAE76FFEAFFA3FF614EE7FF74BFDF" box="[136,213,1696,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">TYPE</collectionCode>
:—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31B7623FFEAFFA3FF114EE7FECBBFDF" box="[248,362,1696,1722]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="49C8F851FFEAFFA3FE9C4EE7FDB2BFDF" box="[373,531,1696,1722]" country="Mexico" name="Tabasco" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Tabasco State</collectingRegion>
: Macuspana Municipality, 
<collectingRegion id="49C8F851FFEAFFA3FCAB4EE7FBB2BFDF" box="[834,1043,1696,1722]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Agua Blanca State</collectingRegion>
Park, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE385074FFEAFFA3FAEF4EE7FA09BFDE" box="[1286,1448,1696,1723]" degrees="92" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-92.47305">92º 28’ 23” W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation: 
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asl., 
<date id="FFB21073FFEAFFA3FE6E4E83FDEABFBB" box="[391,587,1732,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2019-10-17">17 October 2019</date>
. On a rock pit filled with organic matter and moss, 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FB494E83FB6BBFBB" box="[1184,1226,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">leg.</emphasis>
S. Cappello-García (
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: 
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE76FFEAFFA3FEE84EAEFEF2BE66" box="[257,339,1769,1795]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" name="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="Herbarium">MEXU</collectionCode>
30552, 
<typeStatus id="54B78811FFEAFFA3FE454EAFFDA0BE67" box="[428,513,1768,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE76FFEAFFA3FDE24EAFFDF1BE67" box="[523,592,1768,1794]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14347" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14347" name="Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="Herbarium">UJAT</collectionCode>
: 4322). Tacotalpa Municipality, Ejido Poaná, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE385074FFEAFFA3FBA74EAFFB5FBE66" box="[1102,1278,1768,1795]" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" precision="1" seconds="54.6" value="17.531834">17° 31’ 54.6” N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE385074FFEAFFA3FAE14EAFFA06BE66" box="[1288,1447,1768,1795]" degrees="92" direction="west" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-92.73944">92° 44’ 22” W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation: 
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asl., 
<date id="FFB21073FFEAFFA3FE984F4BFD86BE43" box="[369,551,1804,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2013-08-18">18 August 2013</date>
. Humicolous soil, 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FD1E4F4BFCB8BE43" box="[759,793,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">leg</emphasis>
. Gómez-García (
<typeStatus id="54B78811FFEAFFA3FC324F4BFBE2BE43" box="[987,1091,1804,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE76FFEAFFA3FBA44F4AFB3EBE42" box="[1101,1183,1805,1831]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" name="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="Herbarium">MEXU</collectionCode>
30553).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF544F77FEECBE2F" bold="true" box="[189,333,1840,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">MykoBank:</emphasis>
#852431
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF544F13FBAABE0B" blockId="5.[136,1452,1696,2083]" box="[189,1035,1876,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF544F13FD8ABE0B" bold="true" box="[189,555,1876,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">GeneBank accession numbers:</emphasis>
OR539673 (
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE76FFEAFFA3FD554F13FC8BBE0B" box="[700,810,1876,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">ITS-LSU</collectionCode>
), PP375809 (Tef1α)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166538FFEAFFA3FF544F3FFBF5BEF7" box="[189,1108,1912,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF544F3FFBF5BEF7" blockId="5.[136,1452,1696,2083]" box="[189,1108,1912,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF544F3FFEE9BEF7" bold="true" box="[189,328,1912,1938]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Etymology:</emphasis>
The name refers to the subreticulate appearance of the basidiospores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166538FFEAFFA3FF544FDBFEC7B146" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFEAFFA3FF544FDBFEC7B146" blockId="5.[136,1452,1696,2083]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFEAFFA3FF544FDBFE9BBED3" bold="true" box="[189,314,1948,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
basidiome up to 
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high, stipe 24 × 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFEAFFA3FCC54FDBFC18BED2" box="[812,953,1948,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
, reddish-brown, with a mycelial bulb with hyphae encrusted with debris, spore-sac 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFEAFFA3FDB14F87FD65BEBE" box="[600,708,1984,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="5.0">5–11 mm</quantity>
diam. × 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFEAFFA3FCC44F87FC2DBEBE" box="[813,908,1984,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
height, circular mouth, verrucose exoperidium, reddish brown endoperidium, subreticulate basidiospores, hyaline capilitium with visible lumen, slightly swollen at the yellowish septa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE9FFA0FF614EECFE68BF80" blockId="6.[136,1452,1707,1765]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE9FFA0FF614EECFF5FBFA5" bold="true" box="[136,254,1707,1729]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE9FFA0FEEC4EECFD9FBFA4" authority="Hern." authorityName="Hern." box="[261,574,1707,1729]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subreticulatum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE9FFA0FEEC4EECFE5EBFA5" box="[261,511,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Tulostoma subreticulatum</emphasis>
Hern.
</taxonomicName>
-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. A. Basidiomes. B. Spore-sac. C-B. Verrucae of the exoperidium. E. Stipes and rhizomorph. F. socket.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3166538FFE9FFAEFF544F54FD2FBF19" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE9FFA0FF544F54FD65B14F" blockId="6.[136,1452,1811,2090]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE9FFA0FF544F54FEF0BE48" bold="true" box="[189,337,1811,1837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Description:</emphasis>
Basidiome up to 
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high, stipitated. Spore-sac subglobose, 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFE9FFA0FBC04F54FB35BE4B" box="[1065,1172,1811,1838]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="5.0">5–11 mm</quantity>
diam. × 
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height. Mouth circular to elliptical, less than 
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diam. Exoperidium membranous, brown (E6E) to grayish brown (6E4), verrucose, composed of angulous to cubic verrucae up to 200 μm high, easily removable. Persistent in the base of the spore-sac, leaving a sub-reticular pattern in the upper part. Endoperidium reddish brown (8D6), mottled with some verrucae and verrucae scars. Gleba light ferruginous (6B6–6A7). Socket conspicuous, fibrillose, separated from the stem. Stipe, mostly less than 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFE9FFA0FE334F8FFD8CBE87" box="[474,557,1992,2018]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
, but up to 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFE9FFA0FD444F8FFD5FBE87" box="[685,766,1992,2018]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
× 
<quantity id="4CF49B56FFE9FFA0FCC94F80FC0DBE87" box="[800,940,1991,2018]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
, reddish brown (8D6), very thin and fragile, striated in the base to slightly squamosal in the upper third, with a conspicuous basal bulb with hyphae strongly mixed with grains of sand and debris, as the rhizomorphs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF73663BFFE8FFA1FF614EC6FA8FBFDF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216921/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" startId="7.[136,229,1665,1687]" targetBox="[151,1436,175,1648]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE8FFA1FF614EC6FA8FBFDF" blockId="7.[136,1452,1665,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE8FFA1FF614EC6FF5FBFF3" bold="true" box="[136,254,1665,1687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE8FFA1FEED4EC6FD9ABFF3" authority="Hern." authorityName="Hern." box="[260,571,1665,1686]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subreticulatum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE8FFA1FEED4EC6FE5CBFF3" box="[260,509,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Tulostoma subreticulatum</emphasis>
Hern.
</taxonomicName>
-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. A. Basidiospores and capilitial threads. B. Endoperidium hyphae. C. Verrucae seudoparenchymatous hyphae. D. Internal stipe hyphae. E. External stipe hyphae. F-G. Basidiospores under SEM.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE8FFA1FF544EADFC8CB141" blockId="7.[136,1452,1769,2084]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Verrucae formed by irregular and pigmented pseudo parenchymatous hyphae, up to 26 μm in the longest portion and up to 14 μm in the shortest, with a cracked to granulose appearance, with cell walls up to 1 μm. Endoperidium is formed by short and wavy hyaline hyphae, 3–6 μm diam., septated, and slightly swollen at the yellowish septa in KOH. Stipe composed of hyphae 19–33 μm in length from one septum to another; 6–10 diam. The external cells are shorter, darker, and swollen; the internal hyphae are sub-hyaline to hyaline and slimmer. Basidia not observed. Basidiospores globose to occasionally subglobose, 3.5–4.5 × 4–5 μm, including ornamentation, yellowish, verrucose to subreticulated. Under SEM, the ornamentation is formed by anastomosed elements, forming variable patterns and an incomplete reticulum. Capilitium hyphae hyaline to slightly yellowish, 3–5 μm wide, lumen visible, with yellowish to light brown pigmented septa, slightly swollen up to 6 μm.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE7FFAEFF5448D9FE03B9B8" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1661]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF5448D9FE3CB9DD" bold="true" box="[189,413,158,184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Habit and habitat:</emphasis>
growing gregariously in a tropical forest as saprobe, in a rock pit and in soil, with abundant organic matter and moss.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336B3FFE7FFAEFF5448A1FD2FBF19" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1661]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF5448A1FEA8B865" bold="true" box="[189,265,230,256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Notes:</emphasis>
This is a distinct species due to the combination of characteristics of small to medium-sized basidiomes, tubular stoma, verrucose exoperidium, reddish-brown endoperidium, and small, subreticulate basidiospores. The ornamentation of basidiospores is conformed by anastomosed elements forming irregular patterns that tend to form a subreticulum, visible under L.M. with a good oil-immersion lens (
<figureCitation id="13372A36FFE7FFAEFC324915FBEFB809" box="[987,1102,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1665,1687]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,175,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,175,1648]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tulostoma subreticulatum Hern.-Nav. &amp; Cappello-Gar. A. Basidiospores and capilitial threads. B. Endoperidium hyphae. C. Verrucae seudoparenchymatous hyphae. D. Internal stipe hyphae. E. External stipe hyphae. F-G. Basidiospores under SEM." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216921/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
). According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFAEB4915FA07B809" author="Wright, J. E." box="[1282,1446,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref10391" refString="Wright, J. E. (1987) The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world monograph. Stuttgart: J Cramer. Berlin, Germany. 338 pp." type="book" year="1987">Wright (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, subreticulated basidiospores can be formed by anastomosed verrucae or spines. Some examples are 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB0C4930FE4CB8D1" authority="Long &amp; S. Ahmad (1947: 241)" authorityName="Long &amp; S. Ahmad" authorityPageNumber="241" authorityYear="1947" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subsquamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB0C4930FA0AB8F5" box="[1253,1451,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subsquamosum</emphasis>
Long &amp; S. Ahmad (1947: 241)
</taxonomicName>
with fused spines, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFD3949DCFBE4B8D0" authority="Lloyd (1906: 25)" authorityName="Lloyd" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1906" box="[720,1093,410,437]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cyclophorum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFD3949DCFC21B8D1" box="[720,896,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. cyclophorum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFC6349DDFBE4B8D0" author="Lloyd, G. C." box="[906,1093,410,437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref8537" refString="Lloyd, G. C. (1906) The Tylostomeae. Mycological Writings 7: 25 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1906">Lloyd (1906:25)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with low fused verrucae, or 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFA7E49DCFE60B8BD" authority="(Henn. 1898: 274)" baseAuthorityName="Henn." baseAuthorityPageNumber="274" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="purpusii">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFA7E49DCFF44B8BD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. purpusii</emphasis>
(Henn. 1898: 274)
</taxonomicName>
, described as “basidiospores spores with numerous appressed verrucae fusing in rib-like structures” under the LM and “anastomosed crest, which exhibits notorious likeness to a subreticulum”. A similar case is 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFF4A4A40FE9DBB45" authorityName="Long" authorityYear="1947" box="[163,316,518,544]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="dumeticola">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF4A4A40FE9DBB45" box="[163,316,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. dumeticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is described as having anastomosed finger-like spines that appear almost reticulated. On the other hand, Wright (op. cit.) describes “asperulated”, some species with asperulated basidiospores both under LM and SEM; for example, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFE8C4A08FD64BB0C" authority="Long (1946: 85)" authorityName="Long" authorityPageNumber="85" authorityYear="1946" box="[357,709,590,617]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xerophillum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFE8C4A08FDA6BB0D" box="[357,519,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. xerophillum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFDE74A08FD64BB0C" author="Long, W. H." box="[526,709,590,617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="77 - 90" refId="ref8586" refString="Long, W. H. (1946) Studies in the Gasteromycetes XII: Five new species of Tylostoma with membranous exoperidia. Mycologia 38: 77 - 90." type="journal article" year="1946">Long (1946: 85)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFD024A08FB96BB0D" authority="White (1901: 428)" authorityName="White" authorityPageNumber="428" authorityYear="1901" box="[747,1079,590,616]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFD024A08FCC4BB0D" box="[747,869,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. albicans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFC854A09FB96BB0D" author="White, V. S." box="[876,1079,590,616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="421 - 444" refId="ref10361" refString="White, V. S. (1901) The Tylostomataceae of North America. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28 (8): 421 - 444." type="journal article" year="1901">White (1901:428)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In these cases, the basidiospores are almost smooth at 100× with low and irregular verrucae that can be seen with a good oil immersion lens or phase contrast microscopy. Under SEM, both species have irregular verrucae and truly asperulated spores. Other species are described as asperulate at L.M. but with different kinds of ornamentation at SEM; for example, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB224AFCFEFFBB9D" authority="(Pat.) J. E. Wright (1987: 160)" authorityName="J. E. Wright" authorityPageNumber="160" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="Pat." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB224AFCFA92BBB1" box="[1227,1331,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. nanum</emphasis>
(Pat.) J.E. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFF614A99FEFFBB9D" author="Wright, J. E." box="[136,350,734,760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref10391" refString="Wright, J. E. (1987) The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world monograph. Stuttgart: J Cramer. Berlin, Germany. 338 pp." type="book" year="1987">Wright (1987: 160)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has asperulate basidiospores at L.M. but with minute verrucae on SEM. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB744A98FEACBA79" authority="Long (1944: 337)" authorityName="Long" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1944" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="macrocephalum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB744A98FACBBB9D" box="[1181,1386,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. macrocephalum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFA994A98FEACBA79" author="Long, W. H." pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="318 - 339" refId="ref8558" refString="Long, W. H. (1944) Studies in the Gasteromycetes X. Seven new species of Tylostoma. Mycologia 36: 318 - 339." type="journal article" year="1944">Long (1944: 337)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the ornamentation is formed by low-crested verrucae on SEM. Based on ITS nrDNA, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB384B44FA32BA79" box="[1233,1427,770,796]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subreticulatum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB384B44FA32BA79" box="[1233,1427,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subreticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFF094B60FE03BA25" box="[224,418,806,832]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="deltaconcavum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF094B60FE03BA25" box="[224,418,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T.deltaconcavum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the latter has non-verrucose exoperidium, composed of polymorphous hyphae, yellowish, branched, and septate, without pseudoparenchymatous hyphae. In addition, the basidiospores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB0A4B0CFA0DBA01" box="[1251,1452,842,868]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="deltaconcavum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB0A4B0CFA0DBA01" box="[1251,1452,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. deltaconcavum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present concave, triangular spines, not subreticulated. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFD174B29FC67BAED" author="Lima, A. &amp; Melanda, G. &amp; Marinho, P. &amp; Martin, M. P. &amp; Baseia, I." box="[766,966,878,905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref8466" refString="Lima, A., Melanda, G., Marinho, P., Martin, M. P. &amp; Baseia, I. (2023) Two new species of Tulostoma (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from the Neotropics. Turkish Journal of Botany 47 (5): 399 c 407. https: // doi. org / 10.55730 / 1300 - 008 X. 2777" type="journal volume" year="2023">
Lima 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFCAC4B28FCD9BAED" box="[837,888,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Both species group with high support as a sister group of Clade 11, which is composed of eight species with circular ostioles, reddish stipes, and coarsely ornamented spores: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFE874BF0FDA0BAB5" box="[366,513,950,976]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="calcareum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFE874BF0FDA0BAB5" box="[366,513,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. calcareum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFDF84BF0FD7BBAB5" authorityName="Long &amp; S. Ahmad" authorityYear="1947" box="[529,730,950,976]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subsquamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFDF84BF0FD7BBAB5" box="[529,730,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subsquamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFD024BF0FCC5BAB5" authorityName="H. Hussain &amp; Khalid" authorityYear="2016" box="[747,868,950,976]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ahmadii">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFD024BF0FCC5BAB5" box="[747,868,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. ahmadii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFC9C4BF0FBB7BAB5" box="[885,1046,951,976]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="squamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFC9C4BF0FBB7BAB5" box="[885,1046,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. squamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFBCE4BF0FB4EBAB5" box="[1063,1263,950,976]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="dominguenziae">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFBCE4BF0FB4EBAB5" box="[1063,1263,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. dominguenziae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB174BF0FF5EBA91" authority="Lloyd (1906: 18)" authorityName="Lloyd" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1906" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="rufum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB174BF0FAFEBAB5" box="[1278,1375,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. rufum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFA814BF1FF5EBA91" author="Lloyd, G. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref8537" refString="Lloyd, G. C. (1906) The Tylostomeae. Mycological Writings 7: 25 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1906">Lloyd (1906: 18)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFEE24B9CFE69BA91" box="[267,456,986,1012]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="melanocyclum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFEE24B9CFE69BA91" box="[267,456,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. melanocyclum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFDED4B9DFD01BA90" box="[516,672,986,1013]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFDED4B9DFDD8BA91" box="[516,633,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Tulostoma</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
22 (an undescribed species from South America). All of these species mentioned above present stouter basidiomes than 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFD244BB8FC32BD7D" box="[717,915,1022,1048]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subreticulatum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFD244BB8FC32BD7D" box="[717,915,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subreticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB5A4BB8FADFBD7D" authorityName="Long &amp; S. Ahmad" authorityYear="1947" box="[1203,1406,1022,1048]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subsquamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB5A4BB8FADFBD7D" box="[1203,1406,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subsquamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all present echinulate basidiospores with independent spines, not subreticulated, and, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFBDE4C64FB5DBD59" authorityName="Long &amp; S. Ahmad" authorityYear="1947" box="[1079,1276,1058,1084]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subsquamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFBDE4C64FB5DBD59" box="[1079,1276,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subsquamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ornamentation is conformed by spines fused at the apex, forming crests. On the other hand, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFC1A4C00FB1BBD05" authorityName="Long &amp; S. Ahmad" authorityYear="1947" box="[1011,1210,1094,1120]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subsquamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFC1A4C00FB1BBD05" box="[1011,1210,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. subsquamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB1A4C00FAF3BD05" box="[1267,1362,1094,1120]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="rufum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB1A4C00FAF3BD05" box="[1267,1362,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. rufum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present hyphal exoperidium and mycosclereids but no verrucae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFCC94C2DFBA8BDE1" author="Jeppson, M. &amp; Altes, A. &amp; Moreno, G. &amp; Nilsson, R. H. &amp; Loarce, Y. &amp; de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E." box="[800,1033,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="33 - 88" refId="ref7981" refString="Jeppson, M., Altes, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, R. H., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E. (2017) Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys 21: 33 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 21.12176" type="journal article" year="2017">
Jeppson 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFC6E4C2CFC62BDE1" box="[903,963,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFBF04C2DFB14BDE1" author="Wright, J. E." box="[1049,1205,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref10391" refString="Wright, J. E. (1987) The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world monograph. Stuttgart: J Cramer. Berlin, Germany. 338 pp." type="book" year="1987">Wright, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFB254C2CFA2FBDE1" box="[1228,1422,1130,1156]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="melanocyclum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFB254C2CFA2FBDE1" box="[1228,1422,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. melanocyclum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the noticeable dark peristome and hyphal exoperidium but lacks mycosclereids. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFB274CC9FA3EBDCD" author="Wright, J. E." box="[1230,1439,1166,1192]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref10391" refString="Wright, J. E. (1987) The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world monograph. Stuttgart: J Cramer. Berlin, Germany. 338 pp." type="book" year="1987">
Wright 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFACC4CC8FAFCBDCD" box="[1317,1373,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
). The rest of the species in the clade 11 present verrucose exoperidium; however, they differ in the hyphal structure of the verrucae, a characteristic that is only sometimes properly measured and described. 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFBCB4C90FB01BD95" box="[1058,1184,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFBCB4C90FB3DBD95" authorityName="H. Hussain &amp; Khalid" authorityYear="2016" box="[1058,1180,1238,1264]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ahmadii">T. ahmadii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F31B7623FFE7FFAEFB0A4C91FAE4BD95" box="[1251,1349,1238,1264]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, presents light olive brown verrucae, composed of subglobose to elongated pseudo parenchymatous hyphae, 7–10 × 2–4 μm, irregularly arranged. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFE9D4D58FDA4BC5D" box="[372,517,1310,1336]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="calcareum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFE9D4D58FDA4BC5D" box="[372,517,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. calcareum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from Europe, was described as having a deciduous hyphal-verrucose exoperidium, but the hyphal structure of the verrucae was not described (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFCC14D05FBABBC39" author="Jeppson, M. &amp; Altes, A. &amp; Moreno, G. &amp; Nilsson, R. H. &amp; Loarce, Y. &amp; de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E." box="[808,1034,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="33 - 88" refId="ref7981" refString="Jeppson, M., Altes, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, R. H., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E. (2017) Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys 21: 33 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 21.12176" type="journal article" year="2017">
Jeppson 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFC654D04FC67BC39" box="[908,966,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFBF74D04FB45BC39" box="[1054,1252,1346,1372]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="dominguenziae">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFBF74D04FB45BC39" box="[1054,1252,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. dominguenziae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents reddish-brown warts conformed by pigmented pseudoparenchymatous hyphae up to 250 × 11 μm (Hernández-Caffort 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFA9B4D20FA0DBCE5" box="[1394,1452,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2011). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFF1C4DCCFE34BCC1" box="[245,405,1419,1444]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="squamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF1C4DCCFE34BCC1" box="[245,405,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. squamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the verrucae are composed of dark sphaerocystis (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFC3A4DCDFB10BCC1" author="Jeppson, M. &amp; Altes, A. &amp; Moreno, G. &amp; Nilsson, R. H. &amp; Loarce, Y. &amp; de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E." box="[979,1201,1418,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="33 - 88" refId="ref7981" refString="Jeppson, M., Altes, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, R. H., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A. &amp; Larsson, E. (2017) Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys 21: 33 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 21.12176" type="journal article" year="2017">
Jeppson 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFBDF4DCCFBCEBCC1" box="[1078,1135,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFB544DCDFA3EBCC1" author="Esqueda, M. &amp; Moreno, G. &amp; Perez-Silva, E. &amp; Sanchez, A. &amp; Altes, A." box="[1213,1439,1418,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="409 - 422" refId="ref7372" refString="Esqueda, M., Moreno, G., Perez-Silva, E., Sanchez, A. &amp; Altes, A. (2004) The genus Tulostoma in Sonora, Mexico. Mycotaxon 90: 409 - 422." type="journal article" year="2004">
Esqueda 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFACA4DCCFAFABCC1" box="[1315,1371,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
); however, the size is not specified. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFDE74DE9FD0FBCAD" author="Wright, J. E." box="[526,686,1454,1480]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" refId="ref10391" refString="Wright, J. E. (1987) The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world monograph. Stuttgart: J Cramer. Berlin, Germany. 338 pp." type="book" year="1987">Wright (1987)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFCD14DE8FC79BCAD" box="[824,984,1455,1480]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="squamosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFCD14DE8FC79BCAD" box="[824,984,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. squamosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFC0E4DE8FAD5BCAD" authority="Henn. (1901: 337)" authorityName="Henn." authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1901" box="[999,1396,1454,1481]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="mussooriense">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFC0E4DE8FB3DBCAD" box="[999,1180,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. mussooriense</emphasis>
Henn. (1901: 337)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D30FFE7FFAEFF614D94FDB4BC89" authority="Morgan (1890: 164)" authorityName="Morgan" authorityPageNumber="164" authorityYear="1890" box="[136,533,1490,1517]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Tulostoma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="verrucosum">
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFF614D94FE89BC89" box="[136,296,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">T. verrucosum</emphasis>
Morgan (1890: 164)
</taxonomicName>
as independent species. In the latter, Wright (op. cit.) described vesicular hyphae freely arranged in chains (15–30 × 6–11 μm). These three taxa were considered synonymous by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B42FFE7FFAEFB594DB0FA06BF75" author="Moreno, G. &amp; Altes, A. &amp; Wright, J. E." box="[1200,1447,1526,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="61 - 68" refId="ref8838" refString="Moreno, G., Altes, A. &amp; Wright, J. E. (1992 b) Tulostoma squamosum, T. verrucosum and T. mussooriense are the same species. Mycotaxon 43: 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="1992">
Moreno 
<emphasis id="B978EAA1FFE7FFAEFAE64DB0FA9EBF75" box="[1295,1343,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. (1992b)
</bibRefCitation>
, who reported spherocysts or chains of short subglobose to subcylindrical hyphae in the warts of the exoperidium of the 
<typeStatus id="54B78811FFE7FFAEFF584E78FF40BF3C" box="[177,225,1599,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
materials of the three species. Exact measurements were not specified, but based on the images presented and their scales, the largest are ~10 × 16 μm diam.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>