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<document id="79739E1292F9C3FAD8AC2282B0185D7A" ID-CLB-Dataset="302430" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13710313" ID-GBIF-Dataset="83b9d93e-6482-4509-82e7-d477e479612b" ID-ISSN="2295-0214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710313" ID-ZooBank="2612CE09-F7FF-45CD-B52E-99F04DC2AA56" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1723147021568" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Herrera Léon Baert Wouter Dekoninck, Henri W., Causton, Charlotte E., Sevilla, Christian R., Pozo, Paola &amp; Hendrickx, Frederik" docDate="2020" docId="03EC87963E51FFCD54C531FEFABCFC2D" docLanguage="en" docName="BelgJEntomol.93.1-60.pdf" docOrigin="Belgian Journal of Entomology 93" docStyle="DocumentStyle:477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D.1:BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleId="477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D" docStyleName="BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Tetramorium bicarinatum" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFD5FFEE3E72FFE854323415FFBAFFC8" masterDocTitle="Distribution and habitat preferences of Galápagos ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1725616277753" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="CF9149699D902576792B67FC7591C751">Distribution and habitat preferences of Galápagos ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79A9C84B7508D6B7B819F4A4DFD5F57F">Herrera Léon Baert Wouter Dekoninck, Henri W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5098D387F95D720ECF7C144373967BE">Causton, Charlotte E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AE890E5CDE59C96D00DBA0162334C1C">Sevilla, Christian R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="15A9E749F356D574F9F530C308BA7B01">Pozo, Paola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A0C39B0DEF3BB02E76BA1F4606C5C77F">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03EC87963E51FFCD54C531FEFABCFC2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13291150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13291150" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87963E51FFCD54C531FEFABCFC2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87963E51FFCD54C531FEFABCFC2D" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E51FFCB54C531FEFCAEF9CD" box="[247,788,1515,1542]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E51FFCB54C531FEFCAEF9CD" blockId="35.[247,788,1515,1612]" box="[247,788,1515,1542]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB54C531FEFCAEF9CD" ID-CoL="55PJJ" authority="(Nylander, 1846)" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[247,788,1515,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB54C531FEFD86F9CE" bold="true" box="[247,572,1515,1542]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tetramorium bicarinatum</emphasis>
(Nylander, 1846)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E51FFCB54C5321AFD40F984" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E51FFCB54C5321AFDD2F9E1" blockId="35.[247,788,1515,1612]" box="[247,616,1551,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Penny ant (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E51FFCB554C321AFDE9F9E1" author="WETTERER J. K." box="[382,595,1551,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref26421" refString="WETTERER J. K., 2009 a. - Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12: 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="2009">
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, 2009
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c)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E51FFCB54C53227FD40F984" blockId="35.[247,788,1515,1612]" box="[247,762,1586,1612]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
(ANTWEB: CASENT0173284). (
<figureCitation id="137E2A053E51FFCB56A33227FD48F984" box="[657,754,1586,1612]" captionStart="Map 36" captionStartId="38.[247,293,1004,1025]" captionTargetBox="[251,1382,182,979]" captionTargetId="figure-26@38.[247,1386,178,983]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Map 36. Distribution of Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710412/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Map 36</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E51FFCD54C53277FABCFC2D" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E51FFCD54C53277FD0BFD2B" blockId="35.[247,1385,1634,1906]" lastBlockId="37.[247,1386,186,739]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
A tramp ant widespread throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate regions in the world (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E51FFCB54CD3290FE62F957" author="WETTERER J. K." box="[255,472,1669,1695]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref26421" refString="WETTERER J. K., 2009 a. - Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12: 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="2009">
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, 2009
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c). This introduced species is found in all vegetation zones and most islands and islets of the Galápagos archipelago.
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB573B32BCFBF3F90A" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[777,1097,1704,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB573B32BCFBF3F90A" box="[777,1097,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tetramorium bicarinatum</emphasis>
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occurs in natural and disturbed areas from the coast to the high–altitude Dry Zone. It was recorded for the first time in 1891 on
<collectingCountry id="F35276103E51FFCB55B132FBFDC0F8C0" box="[387,634,1774,1800]" name="San Cristobal Island" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">San Cristóbal Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E51FFCB56B932FBFC8FF8C0" author="EMERY C." box="[651,821,1774,1801]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="89 - 92" refId="ref21896" refString="EMERY C., 1893. - Notice sur quelques fourmis des iles Galapagos. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 62: 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="1893">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E51FFCB56B932FBFD5EF8CF" baselines="1793,1794" box="[651,740,1774,1800]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Emery" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">EMERY</smallCapsWord>
, 1893
</bibRefCitation>
). It makes nests under rocks, in small holes in the soil, in bark, dry mangrove trunks, rotten logs and roots (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB50123307FB7DF8E3" baseAuthorityName="BOADA" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1056,1223,1809,1835]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB50123307FB7DF8E3" box="[1056,1223,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">B. graveolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It has been recorded visiting flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB566A3320FBABF886" authority="(CHAMORRO et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="CHAMORRO" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[600,1041,1844,1871]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB566A3320FD74F886" box="[600,718,1844,1871]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">O. helleri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E51FFCB56D33321FBB3F886" author="CHAMORRO S. &amp; HELENO R. &amp; OLESEN J. M. &amp; MCMULLEN C. K. &amp; TRAVESET A." box="[737,1033,1844,1870]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1489 - 1501" refId="ref21572" refString="CHAMORRO S., HELENO R., OLESEN J. M., MCMULLEN C. K. &amp; TRAVESET A., 2012. - Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galapagos: a review. Annals of Botany, 110: 1489 - 1501." type="journal article" year="2012">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB57483320FC7AF886" box="[890,960,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and flowers and extrafloral nectaries of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB55B8334DFE46F8B9" box="[394,508,1879,1906]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echios">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB55B8334DFE46F8B9" box="[394,508,1879,1906]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">O. echios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E51FFCB5604334DFCC8F8BA" authority="(Meier, 1994)" baseAuthorityName="MEIER" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[566,882,1879,1906]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Jasminocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thouarsii">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E51FFCB5604334DFD7AF8B9" box="[566,704,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">J. thouarsii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E51FFCB56FD3342FCD3F8BA" author="MEIER R." box="[719,873,1879,1906]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="74 - 180" refId="ref24043" refString="MEIER R., 1994. - Coexisting patterns and foraging behavior of introduced and native ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). In: WILLIAMS D. F. (ed.). - Exotic ants: biology, impact and control of introduced species. Westview Press, Boulder, 74 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1994">Meier, 1994</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Although it is well known as a predator of insects (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E57FFCD55B834AFFDDDFF1C" author="WETTERER J. K." box="[394,615,186,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref26421" refString="WETTERER J. K., 2009 a. - Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12: 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="2009">
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, 2009
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c) it also feeds on dead animals, like dead lizards, in arid environments (e.g. on Daphne Major Island).
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E57FFCD576D34CBFC6DFF3E" baselines="241,241" box="[863,983,222,248]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Wheeler" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">WHEELER</smallCapsWord>
(1924) reports workers of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD516334CBFE30FED2" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD516334CBFE30FED2" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">T. bicarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exploring the foliage of bushes where a great numbers of frigate birds and boobies were nesting. Specimens were collected from bare lava soil with few grasses and sedges, between litter in the crevices of rocks where seabirds rest, stands of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD500C3552FB5BFEA9" box="[1086,1249,327,353]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Cryptocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyriformis">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD500C3552FB5BFEA9" box="[1086,1249,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. pyriformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mangrove leaf litter, areas with grass along sandy dunes and beaches (in Puerto Villamil), forests of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD517D357FFEC1FE6F" baseAuthorityName="BOADA" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD517D357FFEC1FE6F" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B. graveolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD55F93598FD81FE6F" box="[459,571,397,423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fagara">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD55F93598FD81FE6F" box="[459,571,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Z. fagara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56793598FD57FE6F" box="[587,749,397,423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Macraea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laricifolia">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56793598FD57FE6F" box="[587,749,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">M. laricifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56CE3598FCC7FE6F" box="[764,893,397,423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56CE3598FCEBFE6F" box="[764,849,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cordia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57B93598FC4DFE6E" box="[907,1015,397,422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD57B93598FC4DFE6E" box="[907,1015,397,422]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">W. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD50353598FB31FE6F" box="[1031,1163,397,423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scouleri">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD50353598FB31FE6F" box="[1031,1163,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. scouleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD50A93598FAFAFE6F" box="[1179,1344,397,423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Darwiniothamnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lancifolius">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD50A93598FAFAFE6F" box="[1179,1344,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">D. lancifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD51623598FEEAFE02" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Alternanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filifolia">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD51623598FEEAFE02" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">A. filifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and grasses) as well as in deciduous steppe forest of
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD501935A4FB5FFE02" box="[1067,1253,432,458]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD501935A4FB5AFE02" box="[1067,1248,432,458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Hippomane" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mancinella">H. mancinella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
herbs (
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD517D35A4FE3FFE25" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conjugatum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD517D35A4FE3FFE25" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">P. conjugatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD55A435C1FD15FE25" box="[406,687,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD55A435C1FD97FE25" box="[406,557,467,493]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Homolepis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glutinosa">H. glutinosa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD560935C1FD11FE25" box="[571,683,467,493]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eragrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilosa">E. pilosa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD568A35C6FBEDFE26" authority="Trin. &amp; Rupr." authorityName="Trin. &amp; Rupr." box="[696,1111,467,494]" class="Diplura" family="Campodeidae" genus="Aristida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspicata">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD568A35C6FC19FE25" box="[696,931,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Aristida subspicata</emphasis>
Trin. &amp; Rupr.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD505635C6FA85FE26" box="[1124,1343,467,494]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Rhynchospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD505635C6FAA8FE25" box="[1124,1298,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Rhynchospora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD517C35C6FEEDFDD8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Centella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD517C35C6FEEDFDD8" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. asiatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD555635E2FE65FDD8" box="[356,479,503,528]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Rhynchosia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD555635E2FE65FDD8" box="[356,479,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">R. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD562535E3FDC4FDD8" box="[535,638,502,528]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setosa">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD562535E3FDC4FDD8" box="[535,638,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">S. setosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), ferns (
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56D035E2FCC1FDD8" box="[738,891,502,528]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Pteridium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquilinum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56D035E2FCC1FDD8" box="[738,891,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">P. aquilinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57BB35E2FC46FDD8" box="[905,1020,502,528]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tridens">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD57BB35E2FC46FDD8" box="[905,1020,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">P. tridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD503B35E2FAD3FDD8" authority="(Willd.)" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[1033,1385,502,528]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Doryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palmata">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD503B35E2FABEFDD8" box="[1033,1284,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Doryopteris palmata</emphasis>
(Willd.)
</taxonomicName>
J. Sm.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD5563360FFE52FDFB" box="[337,488,537,564]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salviifolia">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD5563360FFE52FDFB" box="[337,488,537,564]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">S. salviifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) mosses, sedges (
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56F0360FFCCBFDFB" box="[706,881,537,564]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anderssonii">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56F0360FFCCBFDFB" box="[706,881,537,564]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. anderssonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), grasses (
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD57C6360FFAB2FDFB" box="[1012,1288,538,564]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57C6360FFB28FDFB" box="[1012,1170,538,563]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauperum">P. pauperum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD50AC360FFAB2FDFB" box="[1182,1288,538,564]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setosa">S. setosa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), plants of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD552A3628FE07FD9E" baseAuthorityName="BOADA" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[280,445,572,598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD552A3628FE07FD9E" box="[280,445,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B. graveolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD55FE3629FDF1FD9F" box="[460,587,572,599]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chloris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD55FE3629FD9CFD9E" box="[460,550,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chloris</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56653628FD43FD9F" box="[599,761,573,599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Merremia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56653628FD75FD9E" box="[599,719,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Merremia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57333629FB70FD9E" authority="(Hook. f.) D'Arcy" authorityName="D'Arcy" baseAuthorityName="Hook. f." box="[769,1226,572,598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Exodeconus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miersii">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD57333629FC54FD9E" box="[769,1006,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Exodeconus miersii</emphasis>
(Hook. f.) D'Arcy
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD51373629FE5FFDB2" authority="Stewart. In" authorityName="Stewart. In" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Scalesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD51373629FEFDFDB1" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Scalesia villosa</emphasis>
Stewart. In
</taxonomicName>
cultivated areas it attends scale insects and is reported in crops of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD54C53696FE1BFD55" box="[247,417,643,669]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD54C53696FE1BFD55" box="[247,417,643,669]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">S. officinarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD55823696FC43FD54" box="[432,1017,643,669]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD55823696FD86FD54" box="[432,572,643,669]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comosus">A. comosus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD567A3696FD61FD55" box="[584,731,643,669]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betaceum">S. betaceum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56D53696FCFDFD54" box="[743,839,643,668]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">Z. mays</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57613696FC43FD54" box="[851,1017,643,668]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">M. acuminata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD503A3696FB23FD54" box="[1032,1177,643,669]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quitoense">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD503A3696FB23FD54" box="[1032,1177,643,669]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">S. quitoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In urban areas it was collected in gardens, trees of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD56A336B3FCB7FD08" box="[657,781,678,704]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papaya">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD56A336B3FCB7FD08" box="[657,781,678,704]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. papaya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, soil and leaf litter. It can easily be collected with pitfall traps, or tuna and honey baits.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3A66083E56FFCC54C537F9FCDAFBC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710408" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710408" box="[247,864,1003,1025]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710408/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[247,293,1004,1025]" targetBox="[251,1382,182,979]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E56FFCC54C537F9FCDAFBC9" blockId="36.[247,864,1003,1025]" box="[247,864,1003,1025]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Map 34. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E56FFCC55DE37F9FCE6FBC9" authority="Roger, 1863" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[492,860,1003,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianae">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E56FFCC55DE37F9FD6CFBC8" box="[492,726,1003,1025]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Strumigenys louisianae</emphasis>
Roger, 1863
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3A66083E56FFCC54C53366FC26F840" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710410" box="[247,924,1906,1929]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710410/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[247,293,1907,1928]" targetBox="[251,1382,1085,1884]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E56FFCC54C53366FC26F840" blockId="36.[247,924,1906,1929]" box="[247,924,1906,1929]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Map 35. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E56FFCC55DE3366FC2DF840" authority="(Emery, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[492,919,1906,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="membranifera">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E56FFCC55DE3366FD46F840" box="[492,764,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Strumigenys membranifera</emphasis>
(Emery, 1869)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E57FFCD54C536ECFABCFC2D" blockId="37.[247,1385,760,998]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD54C536ECFD81FCDA" ID-CoL="55PJJ" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[247,571,760,786]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD54C536ECFD81FCDA" box="[247,571,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tetramorium bicarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an introduced species impacting natural environments. In
<collectingRegion id="4981F8623E57FFCD54C5370EFECCFCFD" box="[247,374,795,821]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
it was identified as the probable cause of the extinction of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD501E3709FB6AFCFD" ID-CoL="QDYR" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1877" box="[1068,1232,795,822]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macilentus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD501E3709FB6AFCFD" box="[1068,1232,795,822]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. macilentus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Española Island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E57FFCD5561372AFE49FC92" author="LUBIN Y. D." box="[339,499,831,858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="473 - 493" refId="ref23495" refString="LUBIN Y. D., 1985. - Studies of the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata in a Nino year. In: ROBINSON G. AND DEL PINO E. M. (eds). - El Nino en las Islas Galapagos: el Evento de 1982 - 1983. Charles Darwin Foundation, Quito, 473 - 493." type="book chapter" year="1985">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E57FFCD5561372AFE1BFC90" baselines="850,851" box="[339,417,831,857]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Lubin" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">LUBIN</smallCapsWord>
, 1985
</bibRefCitation>
). Recent expeditions by the authors to Fernandina Island show that it is probably the main competitor of the endemic ant
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E57FFCD57533777FC6DFCB4" ID-CoL="5X8JM" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1877" box="[865,983,866,892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD57533777FC6DFCB4" box="[865,983,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having invaded extensive areas around the trail to the summit. This suggests that its invasiveness potential is greater than previously thought (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E57FFCD55DD37BDFCBAFC0A" author="CAUSTON C. E. &amp; PECK S. &amp; SINCLAIR B. J. &amp; ROQUE &amp; ALBELO L. &amp; HODGSON C. J. &amp; LANDRY B." box="[495,768,936,962]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="121 - 143" refId="ref21457" refString="CAUSTON C. E., PECK S. B, SINCLAIR B. J., ROQUE - ALBELO L., HODGSON C. J. &amp; LANDRY B., 2006. - Alien insects: threats and implications for the conservation of the Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 121 - 143." type="journal article" year="2006">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E57FFCD55DD37BDFDDEFC09" baselines="955,956" box="[495,612,936,962]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Causton" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">CAUSTON</smallCapsWord>
<emphasis id="B931EA923E57FFCD565C37BCFD0EFC0A" box="[622,692,936,962]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.,</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). This species has been recorded in ports, airports and tourist boats, suggesting continuous reintroductions to and within the archipelago.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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