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<mods:title id="21B9FB6FC356512B1636CBB11EB6F6C4">The Muscini flies of the world (Diptera, Muscidae): identification key and generic diagnoses</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DBDF698C73DCF1549266B16E831CFCBA">Nihei, Silvio Shigueo</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639686FB65FE3BF28E" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,428,1240,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639686FB65FE3BF28E" bold="true" box="[151,428,1240,1266]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639686FB65FF7EF28E" bold="true" box="[151,233,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E16396FEFB65FE3BF28E" author="Linnaeus" box="[239,428,1240,1266]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 10. Vol. 1. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="6E1F36BD2401E1639686FA9EFC58F346" blockId="15.[151,975,1315,1338]" box="[151,975,1315,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4EB011932401E1639686FA9EFC58F346" box="[151,975,1315,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639686FA9EFE55F346" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 589" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="589" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,450,1315,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639686FA9EFF49F346" box="[151,222,1315,1338]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="EF0110AC2401E16396F5FA9EFE55F346" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3919837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3919837" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7A15C111-8FB1-4425-82E0-E24E83123FB2" author="Linnaeus" box="[228,450,1315,1338]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B9D837980E8C1A00828CC3170D95802" page="589" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1758">
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E16396F5FA9EFE1AF346" author="Linnaeus" box="[228,397,1315,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 10. Vol. 1. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 589
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.
<typeStatus id="B11B881F2401E16397DDFA9EFD96F346" box="[460,513,1315,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639472FA9EFC5CF346" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[611,971,1315,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639472FA9EFC8AF346" box="[611,797,1315,1338]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca domestica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E1639532FA9EFC5CF346" author="Linnaeus" box="[803,971,1315,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 10. Vol. 1. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="26BA65362401E1639686FAD6FF58F0DC" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6E1F36BD2401E1639686FAD6FF58F0DC" blockId="15.[151,1437,1387,2016]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639686FAD6FE80F3F9" bold="true" box="[151,279,1387,1413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Colouration pale black with dense silver pruinosity; wing without maculae. Female without proclinate fronto-orbital seta; parafrons setulose on its entire length; interfrontal seta absent. Posthumeral usually present; postsutural intra-alars usually 1; intrapostalar present. Prosternum setulose. Proepisternum bare (but setulose in
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639708FA5EFE20F380" box="[281,439,1507,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639708FA5EFE20F380" box="[281,439,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. domestica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Katepisternals usually 1+2. Anepimeron with the uppermost setulae strongly developed (bristle-like). Suprasquamal ridge setulose or bare. Wing with the basal portion of stem-vein setulose dorsally or bare; M bent forward towards R4+5. Lower calypter enlarged posteriorly, extending under base of scutellum. Subcostal sclerite bare. Calcar absent. First abdominal sternite bare or setulose only on lateral margins.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E1F36BD2401E16396D4F913FB3EF1EC" blockId="15.[151,1437,1387,2016]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E16396D4F913FEC3F0B4" bold="true" box="[197,340,1710,1736]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Comments.</emphasis>
Large in number of species, this genus has proven to be monophyletic (Nihei &amp; de
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E1639320F913FF75F08C" author="Carvalho" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" refString="Nihei, S. S. &amp; de Carvalho, C. J. B. (2007 a) Phylogeny and classification of Muscini (Diptera, Muscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 493 - 532." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Carvalho 2007a</bibRefCitation>
), although the subgeneric classification has not been supported.
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E16395C3F96BFBB7F093" box="[978,1056,1750,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E16395C3F96BFBB7F093" box="[978,1056,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes the best known species of
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E16396A6F943FEBBF164" box="[183,300,1790,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
, although this popularity is mainly due to their damaging skills, as
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639244F943FA00F164" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[1109,1431,1790,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639244F943FAB6F16B" box="[1109,1313,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca domestica</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639686F89BFE49F13C" authority="De Geer" authorityName="De Geer" box="[151,478,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639686F89BFEE6F143" box="[151,369,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca autumnalis</emphasis>
De Geer
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E163940BF89BFC60F13C" authority="Walker (Pont 1973)" authorityName="Walker (Pont" authorityYear="1973" box="[538,1015,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetustissima">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E163940BF89BFC97F143" box="[538,768,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Musca vetustissima</emphasis>
Walker (
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E163957FF89BFC7AF13C" author="Pont" box="[878,1005,1830,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="23" refString="Pont, A. C. (1973) Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series), 21, 129 - 296." type="journal article" year="1973">Pont 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand, several species also have been reported as anthophilous or pollinators (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E1639575F8F3FC77F114" author="Pont" box="[868,992,1870,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="23" refString="Pont, A. C. (1993) Observations on anthophilous Muscidae and other Diptera (Insecta) in Abisko National Park, Sweden. Journal of Natural History, 27, 631 - 643." type="journal article" year="1993">Pont 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C2401E16395FCF8F3FB5AF114" author="Proctor" box="[1005,1229,1870,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="23" refString="Proctor, M., Yeo, P. &amp; Lack, A. (1996) The natural history of pollination. Timber Press, Portland, 479 pp." type="book" year="1996">Proctor et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). This is the only genus of
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639713F8CBFEF5F1EC" box="[258,354,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Muscini">Muscini</taxonomicName>
occurring west of the Andes (record for
<taxonomicName id="A9A04D3E2401E1639550F8CBFC49F1F3" box="[833,990,1910,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E1639550F8CBFC49F1F3" box="[833,990,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. domestica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, spread by man).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26BA65362401E16396D4F823FF77F19C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6E1F36BD2401E16396D4F823FF77F19C" blockId="15.[151,1437,1387,2016]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF2401E16396D4F823FEC9F1C4" bold="true" box="[197,350,1950,1976]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution</emphasis>
(67 species). Afrotropical, Andean, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26BA6536241EE17C96D4FF2AFC58F72E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6E1F36BD241EE17C96D4FF2AFC58F72E" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,338]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="5CD4EAAF241EE17C96D4FF2AFEC2F6CD" bold="true" box="[197,341,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">References.</emphasis>
Afrotropical species:
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C944AFF25FC97F6CE" author="Patton" box="[603,768,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="22" refString="Patton, W. S. (1936) Studies on the Higher Diptera of medical and veterinary importance: A revision of the species of the genus Musca, based on a comparative study of the male terminalia. III. A practical guide to the Ethiopian species. Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology, 30, 469 - 490." type="journal article" year="1936">Patton (1936)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C951DFF25FC2EF6CE" author="Emden" box="[780,953,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1939) 3. Muscidae: A. Muscinae and Stomoxydinae. In: Ruwenzori Expedition 1934 - 5. Vol. 2 (No. 3). British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 49 - 89." type="book chapter" year="1939">Emden (1939)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C95D4FF25FBCEF6CE" author="Peris" box="[965,1113,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" refString="Peris, S. V. (1967) Los Muscini de la Guinea Espanola. Claves para la identificacion y notas sobre las especies etiopicas (Diptera, Muscidae). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologica), 65, 21 - 64." type="journal article" year="1967">Peris (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C9277FF25FA9DF6CE" author="Zielke" box="[1126,1290,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="24" refString="Zielke, E. (1971) Revision der Muscinae der athiopischen Region. Series Entomologica, 7, 1 - 199." type="journal article" year="1971">Zielke (1971)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C9306FF25FF7EF6A6" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Couri, M. S., Pont, A. C. &amp; Penny, N. D. (2006) Muscidae (Diptera) from Madagascar: identification keys, descriptions of new species, and new records. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 57, 799 - 923." type="journal article">Couri et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
; Australasian:
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C9789FF7DFDBFF6A6" author="Pont" box="[408,552,192,218]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" refString="Pont, A. C. (1973) Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series), 21, 129 - 296." type="journal article" year="1973">Pont (1973)</bibRefCitation>
; Andean, Nearctic and Neotropical: de
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C95EEFF7DFAD5F6A6" author="Carvalho" box="[1023,1346,192,218]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="de Carvalho, C. J. B. &amp; Couri, M. S. (2002) Part I. Basal groups. In: de Carvalho, C. J. B. (Ed.), Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region: taxonomy. Editora Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, pp. 17 - 132." type="book chapter" year="2002">Carvalho and Couri (2002)</bibRefCitation>
; Oriental:
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C96D4FF55FEF4F77E" author="Awati" box="[197,355,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Awati, P. R. (1917) Studies in flies. III. Classification of the genus Musca and description of the Indian species. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 5, 160 - 191." type="journal article" year="1917">Awati (1917)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C9760FF55FD82F77E" author="Patton" box="[369,533,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" refString="Patton, W. S. (1937) Studies on the Higher Diptera of medical and veterinary importance: A revision of the species of the genus Musca, based on a comparative study of the male terminalia. IV. A practical guide to the Oriental species. Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology, 31, 127 - 140, 195 - 213." type="journal article" year="1937">Patton (1937)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C9433FF55FD58F77E" author="Emden" box="[546,719,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1965) Diptera. Vol. 7. Muscidae, Part 1. In: Sewell, R. B. S. &amp; Roonwal, M. L. (Eds), The Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 647 pp." type="book" year="1965">Emden (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C94CDFF55FC77F77E" author="Xue" box="[732,992,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="24" refString="Xue, W. &amp; Chao, C., eds. (1998) Flies of China. Vol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, 1365 pp." type="book" year="1998">Xue and Chao (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A314B4C241EE17C95FFFF55FAD2F77E" author="Shinonaga" box="[1006,1349,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" refString="Shinonaga, S. &amp; Thinh, T. H. (1999) Muscidae of Vietnam. 1. Muscinae. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5, 273 - 289." type="journal article" year="1999">Shinonaga and Thinh (1999)</bibRefCitation>
; Palaearctic:
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>