treatments-xml/data/03/CF/87/03CF87F2FFD3FFCB2DDE509E73264F82.xml
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<mods:title id="ACED6351E4932C973C189C1F955D868B">&lt;strong&gt; An annotated checklist of parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from the Galápagos Islands &lt;/ strong&gt;</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2DDE509E76D44BF5" bold="true" box="[151,391,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CDF509E757F4BF5" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[406,556,151,176]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E50B476DC4B91" box="[215,399,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nirmus birostris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CDF50B575314B91" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[406,610,188,212]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874: 174</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E50E975AF4BB2" ID-CoL="47HRM" authority="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 467" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityPageNumber="467" authorityYear="1902" box="[215,764,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Nirmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gloriosus">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E50E976CB4BBD" box="[215,408,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nirmus gloriosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CD650D675AF4BB2" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." box="[415,764,223,247]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 467</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 29, fig. 1.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611CAFFD3FFCB2D9E510C74E34A59" box="[215,944,260,284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E510C75974A59" ID-CoL="47HRM" authority="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityYear="1902" box="[215,708,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Nirmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gloriosus">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E510C76CB4A59" box="[215,408,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nirmus gloriosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CD6510D75974A59" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." box="[415,708,260,284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2F99510D74FF4A59" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[720,940,260,284]" page="317" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F99510D74FF4A59" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[720,940,260,284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="315 - 324" refId="ref53398" refString="Kellogg, V. L. (1906) A second collection of Mallophaga from the birds of the Galapagos and Revillagigedo Islands and neighboring waters. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32, 315 - 324." type="journal article" year="1906">Kellogg, 1906: 317</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2DAA512175DB4A7A" ID-CoL="72J26" authority="&quot; Kellogg, 1906: 319" authorityName="&quot; Kellogg" authorityPageNumber="319" authorityYear="1906" box="[227,648,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Lipeurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2DAA512176CB4A05" box="[227,408,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lipeurus helleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CE4512E75DB4A7A" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[429,648,295,319]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="315 - 324" refId="ref53398" refString="Kellogg, V. L. (1906) A second collection of Mallophaga from the birds of the Galapagos and Revillagigedo Islands and neighboring waters. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32, 315 - 324." type="journal article" year="1906">Kellogg, 1906: 319</bibRefCitation>
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(not
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2F8C512173F84A7A" ID-CoL="72J26" authority="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityYear="1902" box="[709,1195,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Lipeurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2F8C512174294A05" box="[709,890,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lipeurus helleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2ECA512E73F84A7A" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." box="[899,1195,295,319]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902</bibRefCitation>
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). In part
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB285A512176354A21" ID-CoL="4QYRH" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB285A512176354A21" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
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; in part
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<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2C8D514475F64A21" box="[452,677,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Pectinopygus minor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2FFD5145741B4A21" author="Ewing, H. E." box="[692,840,332,356]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref50798" refString="Ewing, H. E. (1924) Bird-infesting Mallophaga collected by the Williams Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica: Scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 5 (7), 81 - 84." type="journal article" year="1924">Ewing, 1924</bibRefCitation>
)
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; in part
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2EE5514576184AC2" ID-CoL="78Q8V" authority="(Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="separatus">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2EE5514573FA4A21" box="[940,1193,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps separatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB29F1514576104AC2" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
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<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2D9E519D74094AE9" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[215,858,404,428]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611CAFFD3FFCB2D9E519D74094AE9" box="[215,858,404,428]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E519D753D4AE9" authority="(Giebel, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[215,622,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Degeeriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E519D76924AE9" box="[215,449,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Degeeriella birostris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C86519D75354AE9" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[463,614,404,428]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2F33519D74054AE9" author="Harrison, L." box="[634,854,404,428]" page="109" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F33519D74054AE9" author="Harrison, L." box="[634,854,404,428]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref51880" refString="Harrison, L. (1916) The genera and species of Mallophaga. Parasitology, 9 (1), 1 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000005989" type="journal article" year="1916">Harrison 1916: 109</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2D9E51B174B94A8A" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[215,1002,439,464]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E51B176EC4A95" box="[215,447,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Degeeriella gloriosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C8751BE75A64A8A" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." box="[462,757,439,463]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2E4051BE74B54A8A" author="Harrison, L." box="[777,998,439,463]" page="114" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2E4051BE74B54A8A" author="Harrison, L." box="[777,998,439,463]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref51880" refString="Harrison, L. (1916) The genera and species of Mallophaga. Parasitology, 9 (1), 1 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000005989" type="journal article" year="1916">Harrison 1916: 114</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2D9E51D574E64AB1" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[215,949,476,500]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611CAFFD3FFCB2D9E51D574E64AB1" box="[215,949,476,500]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E51D575214AB1" ID-CoL="4QYRH" authority="(Giebel, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[215,626,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E51D576964AB1" box="[215,453,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C9D51D575394AB1" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[468,618,476,500]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2F3751D574E24AB1" author="Hopkins, G. H. E. &amp; Clay, T." box="[638,945,476,500]" page="309" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F3751D574E24AB1" author="Hopkins, G. H. E. &amp; Clay, T." box="[638,945,476,500]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref52339" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. &amp; Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera &amp; species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London. 362 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins &amp; Clay 1952: 309</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2D9E520973754952" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[215,1062,511,536]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611CAFFD3FFCB2D9E520973754952" box="[215,1062,511,536]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E520975204952" ID-CoL="4QYRH" authority="(Giebel, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[215,627,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E52097696495D" box="[215,453,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C9D51F675394952" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[468,618,511,535]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; Clay
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2FF2520975824952" box="[699,721,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">in</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2F9E51F673704952" author="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L." box="[727,1059,511,535]" page="131" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F9E51F673704952" author="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L." box="[727,1059,511,535]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="113 - 196" refId="ref54013" refString="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. (4 th Series), 33 (7), 113 - 196." type="journal article" year="1966">Linsley &amp; Usinger 1966: 131</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2D9E522D74174979" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[215,836,548,572]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611CAFFD3FFCB2D9E522D74174979" box="[215,836,548,572]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E522D75204979" ID-CoL="4QYRH" authority="(Giebel, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[215,627,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E522D76964979" box="[215,453,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C9D522D75394979" author="Giebel, C. G. A." box="[468,618,548,572]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51482" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. O. Wiegand, Leipzig. xvi + 308 pp., pls 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1874">Giebel, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC710F5FFD3FFCB2F36522D74134979" author="Palma, R. L." box="[639,832,548,572]" page="220" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F36522D74134979" author="Palma, R. L." box="[639,832,548,572]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref54909" refString="Palma, R. L. (1995) A new synonymy and new records of Quadraceps (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from the Galapagos Islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22 (2), 217 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9518037" type="journal article" year="1995">Palma 1995: 220</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE52417507491A" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[151,596,583,608]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="54DD8846FFD3FFCB2DDE524177884925" box="[151,219,584,608]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Types</typeStatus>
probably lost (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CCD524E7514491A" author="Palma, R. L." box="[388,583,583,607]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref54965" refString="Palma, R. L. (1996) Laemobothriidae; Menoponidae; Ricinidae; Philopteridae. Pp 106 - 230. I n: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. Volume 26, xiv + 414 pp." type="book" year="1996">Palma 1996: 210</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C656FFFD3FFCB2DDE526573264F82" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE5265752249C1" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[151,625,620,644]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="54DD8846FFD3FFCB2DDE5265778349C1" box="[151,208,620,644]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
host:
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2C5C5265753F49C1" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[277,620,620,644]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscata">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2C5C526576E549C1" box="[277,438,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuscata</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1766
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE5286747F49E2" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[151,812,655,680]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<collectingRegion id="49A2F806FFD3FFCB2DDE5286765E49E2" box="[151,269,655,679]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
host:
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2C185299747B49E2" authority="(Lawrence, 1872)" authorityName="Sooty" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[337,808,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="fuscata" subSpecies="crissalis">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2C185299750549ED" box="[337,598,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuscata crissalis</emphasis>
(Lawrence, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE52BD75514989" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[151,514,692,716]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Galápagos locality:
<collectingCountry id="F3717674FFD3FFCB2C3E52BD76CC4989" box="[375,415,692,716]" name="Iceland" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isla</collectingCountry>
Darwin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE52DE75F44851" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<collectingRegion id="49A2F806FFD3FFCB2DDE52DE765E49AA" box="[151,269,727,751]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
references:
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CD452DE758B49AA" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." box="[413,728,727,751]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana (1902)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2FAE52DE74CA49AA" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[743,921,727,751]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="315 - 324" refId="ref53398" refString="Kellogg, V. L. (1906) A second collection of Mallophaga from the birds of the Galapagos and Revillagigedo Islands and neighboring waters. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32, 315 - 324." type="journal article" year="1906">Kellogg (1906)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2EE052DE73D949AA" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[937,1162,727,751]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref53438" refString="Kellogg, V. L. (1908) Mallophaga. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Brussels. 66, 1 - 87, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Kellogg (1908: 25)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB29D052DE72C449AA" author="Thompson, G. B." box="[1177,1431,727,751]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref58149" refString="Thompson, G. B. (1939) The Mallophaga (biting-lice) recorded from the Pacific Islands. Entomologist's monthly magazine, 75, 13 - 18, 71 - 76, 120 - 123, 209 - 218." type="journal article" year="1939">Thompson (1939: 75)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2D9E52F576AF4851" author="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L." box="[215,508,764,788]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="113 - 196" refId="ref54013" refString="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. (4 th Series), 33 (7), 113 - 196." type="journal article" year="1966">Linsley &amp; Usinger (1966)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2F4152F575F04851" author="Palma, R. L." box="[520,675,764,788]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref54909" refString="Palma, R. L. (1995) A new synonymy and new records of Quadraceps (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from the Galapagos Islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22 (2), 217 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9518037" type="journal article" year="1995">Palma (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE531675934819" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Other significant references:
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CAD531674564872" author="Timmermann, G." box="[484,773,799,823]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="71 - 87" refId="ref58665" refString="Timmermann, G. (1952 b) Revision der bei Seeschwalben schmarotzenden Kletterfederlinge der Gattung Quadraceps (Clay u. Meinertzhagen). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 148, 71 - 87." type="journal article" year="1952">Timmermann (1952b: 76</bibRefCitation>
, figs 45; 1957: 71, pl. 9, figs ab);
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB29F8531672C44872" author="Palma, R. L." box="[1201,1431,799,823]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref54850" refString="Palma, R. L. (1994 b) The identity of Nirmus obtusus and other Quadraceps species (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Clipperton Island and the Galapagos Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 24, 267 - 276. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1994.9517471" type="journal article" year="1994">Palma (1994b: 268)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2D9E534D76F94819" author="Palma, R. L." box="[215,426,836,860]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref54965" refString="Palma, R. L. (1996) Laemobothriidae; Menoponidae; Ricinidae; Philopteridae. Pp 106 - 230. I n: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. Volume 26, xiv + 414 pp." type="book" year="1996">Palma (1996: 210)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2CFF534D75EF4819" author="Price, R. D. &amp; Hellenthal, R. A. &amp; Palma, R. L. &amp; Johnson, K. P. &amp; Clayton, D. H." box="[438,700,836,860]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref56986" refString="Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. &amp; Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. x + 501 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Price
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2CBF534C757C4819" box="[502,559,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
(2003: 223)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE536E7361483A" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" box="[151,1074,871,895]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<materialsCitation id="3B0E3CB9FFD3FFCB2DDE536E737D483A" box="[151,1070,871,895]" collectionCode="EMEC" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" specimenCount="20" specimenCount-female="11" specimenCount-male="9">
Material examined:
<specimenCount id="9D60FD6DFFD3FFCB2C31536E769C483A" box="[376,463,871,895]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D60FD6DFFD3FFCB2F4C536E752C483A" box="[517,639,871,895]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
(8 samples,
<collectionCode id="ED77AE21FFD3FFCB2E45536E740D483A" box="[780,862,871,895]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="University or college">EMEC</collectionCode>
), but see Remarks
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD936E4FFD3FFCB2DDE538573264F82" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,1223]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Remarks: From the Kellogg Collection, we examined
<specimenCount id="9D60FD6DFFD3FFCB2FBD5385742648E1" box="[756,885,908,932]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">eight males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D60FD6DFFD3FFCB2EE25385737648E1" box="[939,1061,908,932]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
labelled and reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB280B538575444882" author="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="457 - 499" refId="ref53576" refString="Kellogg, V. L. &amp; Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences, 4, 457 - 499, pls 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1902">Kellogg &amp; Kuwana (1902: 467468)</bibRefCitation>
as “
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2F0253B9745E488D" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityYear="1902" box="[587,781,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Nirmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gloriosus">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2F0253B9745E488D" box="[587,781,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nirmus gloriosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” from a number of hosts, and we have identified them as
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E53DD769448A9" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[215,455,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E53DD769448A9" box="[215,455,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Twelve of those lice, including the
<typeStatus id="54DD8846FFD3FFCB2E2453DD748748A9" box="[877,980,980,1004]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2EB453DC739348A9" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityYear="1902" box="[1021,1216,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Nirmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gloriosus">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2EB453DC739348A9" box="[1021,1216,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nirmus gloriosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are recorded from “
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2DAA53F176F74F55" box="[227,420,1016,1040]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2DAA53F176F74F55" box="[227,420,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (=
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2C9153F175294F55" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[472,634,1016,1040]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscata">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2C9153F175294F55" box="[472,634,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuscata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but their locality is
<collectingCountry id="F3717674FFD3FFCB2E2453FE73674F4A" box="[877,1076,1015,1039]" name="Clipperton Island" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Clipperton Island</collectingCountry>
, not the Galápagos Islands. The remainder are recorded from incorrect hosts, from Galápagos localities. In addition, we examined
<specimenCount id="9D60FD6DFFD3FFCB287C541572C84F71" box="[1333,1435,1052,1076]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
labelled as “
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2C25544975764F1D" authorityName="Kellogg &amp; Kuwana" authorityYear="1902" box="[364,549,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Lipeurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2C25544975764F1D" box="[364,549,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lipeurus helleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” from “
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2FC5544974694F1D" box="[652,826,1088,1112]" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Sula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2FC5544974694F1D" box="[652,826,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sula fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” but reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB295C543672574F12" author="Kellogg, V. L." box="[1045,1284,1087,1111]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="315 - 324" refId="ref53398" refString="Kellogg, V. L. (1906) A second collection of Mallophaga from the birds of the Galapagos and Revillagigedo Islands and neighboring waters. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32, 315 - 324." type="journal article" year="1906">Kellogg (1906: 319)</bibRefCitation>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB281A544976144F3A" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB281A544976144F3A" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected at Lat. 1
<superScript id="7C139BACFFD3FFCB2F6C546D757E4F37" attach="right" box="[549,557,1124,1138]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">o</superScript>
N, Long. 93
<superScript id="7C139BACFFD3FFCB2FF1546D75934F37" attach="right" box="[696,704,1124,1138]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">o</superScript>
W, near
<collectingCountry id="F3717674FFD3FFCB2E6A546E741F4F3A" box="[803,844,1127,1151]" name="Iceland" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isla</collectingCountry>
Darwin, where
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB294F546E73FA4F3A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1030,1193,1127,1151]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscata">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB294F546E73FA4F3A" box="[1030,1193,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuscata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
breeds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2842546E76574FE7" author="Harris, M." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref51843" refString="Harris, M. (1989) The Collins field guide to the birds of Galapagos (Revised edition). The Stephens Greene Press, Lexington, Massachusetts. 160 pp., 12 pls." type="book" year="1989">Harris 1989: 118</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2C58548375064FE7" author="Castro, I. &amp; Phillips, A." box="[273,597,1162,1186]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref47915" refString="Castro, I. &amp; Phillips, A. (1996) A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 144 pp." type="book" year="1996">Castro &amp; Phillips 1996: 110</bibRefCitation>
). We have identified that male louse as
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2969548272434FE6" baseAuthorityName="Giebel" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1056,1296,1163,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Philopteridae" genus="Quadraceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birostris">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2969548272434FE6" box="[1056,1296,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quadraceps birostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At present,
<taxonomicName id="4C664D67FFD3FFCB2D9E54A676244F82" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[215,375,1199,1223]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscata">
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2D9E54A676244F82" box="[215,375,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sterna fuscata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only known host of this louse species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B15FFD3FFCB2E3B54A6733A4F82" author="Price, R. D. &amp; Hellenthal, R. A. &amp; Palma, R. L. &amp; Johnson, K. P. &amp; Clayton, D. H." box="[882,1129,1199,1223]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref56986" refString="Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. &amp; Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. x + 501 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Price
<emphasis id="B912EAF6FFD3FFCB2EFC54B974BE4F82" box="[949,1005,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
2003: 223
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>