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<mods:title id="0829EE975666458605C834ED3583F7A9">Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCBA239781B843D73184329C163ACF5A">Casagrande, Mirna Martins</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BDD4CD4EF0A0F95C94D23955A6B4997B">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="994A929D4514F93031569A54F4AD61DB">Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14 - 0434, Lima- 14, Peru</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2CFD7DEA2FF18BCF2073A4AFDB7105B2">Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B80F4038B537D67FF18FA8634A432B7" blockId="26.[151,663,1406,1468]" box="[151,663,1406,1432]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<heading id="D0C8436F8B537D67FF18FA8634A432B7" bold="true" box="[151,663,1406,1432]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B537D67FF18FA86342D32B7" ID-CoL="9BRWC" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,542,1406,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF18FA86374C32B7" bold="true" box="[151,383,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FE08FA86342D32B7" author="Butler, A. G." box="[391,542,1406,1432]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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stat. rest.
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325A7888B537D67FF18FA5A37623293" box="[151,337,1442,1468]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B537D67FF18FA5A37623293" blockId="26.[151,663,1406,1468]" box="[151,337,1442,1468]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
(
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B537D67FF10FA5A36C53293" box="[159,246,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,705,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-251@19.[189,1398,705,1804]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Geographical distribution of Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775) and Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. Asterisk (*) and at (@) inside the sampled locality indicate that the geographical distribution data was retrieved from the bibliography and iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org), respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269014/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Figs 12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B537D67FE8DFA5A377A3293" box="[258,329,1442,1468]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStart-2="FIGURE 21" captionStart-3="FIGURE 22" captionStart-4="FIGURE 23" captionStartId-0="27.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionStartId-1="28.[151,250,1320,1344]" captionStartId-2="29.[151,250,840,864]" captionStartId-3="29.[151,250,1895,1919]" captionStartId-4="30.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox-0="[294,1299,360,1460]" captionTargetBox-1="[321,1276,189,1289]" captionTargetBox-2="[207,1386,189,808]" captionTargetBox-3="[249,1348,932,1864]" captionTargetBox-4="[190,1391,188,1252]" captionTargetId-0="figure-134@27.[281,1306,352,1468]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@28.[303,1283,181,1297]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@29.[194,1394,181,815]" captionTargetId-3="figure-56@29.[233,1354,924,1872]" captionTargetId-4="figure-23@30.[189,1398,181,1253]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="28" captionTargetPageId-2="29" captionTargetPageId-3="29" captionTargetPageId-4="30" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589299–USNM). The black arrow indicates the diagnostic character of the species." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589316–USNM)." captionText-2="FIGURE 21. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view (the uncus is damaged); aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (USNMENT01589295–USNM)." captionText-3="FIGURE 22. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of corpus bursae without signa; c. ventral view (USNMENT01589316–USNM). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species." captionText-4="FIGURE 23. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest. [Holotype] of Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269028" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269030" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269032" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269034" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269036" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13269028/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13269030/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13269032/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13269034/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13269036/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">19–23</figureCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8B80F4038B537D67FF18FA1832C93139" blockId="26.[151,1437,1503,2040]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B537D67FF18FA1837DB32D7" ID-CoL="9BRWC" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,488,1503,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF18FA18376D32D8" box="[151,350,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B57FE5E8B537D67FEE9FA2737DB32D7" box="[358,488,1503,1528]" collectorName="Coll. Druce" country="Costa Rica" location="Cartago" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Cartago" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FEE9FA2737DB32D7" author="Butler, A. G." box="[358,488,1503,1528]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE7BFA27344232D8" bold="true" box="[500,625,1503,1528]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Cist. Ent. 1</emphasis>
(4): 73; 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B537D67FD49FA18351332D8" box="[710,800,1503,1528]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
[
<typeStatus id="54844AA18B537D67FCA1FA2735BC32D8" box="[814,911,1503,1527]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
]; 
<collectorName id="26CA91D58B537D67FC2FFA27322F32D8" box="[928,1052,1503,1527]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Coll. Druce</collectorName>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FBA7FA1832A832D8" box="[1064,1179,1503,1528]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FB28FA2732CA32D8" box="[1191,1273,1503,1527]" country="Costa Rica" name="Cartago" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Cartago</collectingRegion>
.—Butler, 1873, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B537D67FF48FA0637723139" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[199,321,1534,1558]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
Exotica, p. 125, pl. 47, fig. 1 (ventral).—Kirby, 1877. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FCE3FA053294313A" bold="true" box="[876,1191,1533,1558]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl.</emphasis>
, p. 716.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B537D67FF18F9E532A530D7" blockId="26.[151,1437,1503,2040]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B537D67FF18F9E53792311C" ID-CoL="5GZVP" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,417,1564,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="darius" subSpecies="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF18F9E53792311C" box="[151,417,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Dynastor darius stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FE22F9E43407311B" author="Stichel, H." box="[429,564,1564,1588]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref35630" refString="Stichel, H. (1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Nymphalidae, Subfam. Brassolinae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fascicule XX. V. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 48, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1904">Stichel, 1904</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDB2F9E43462311C" box="[573,593,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">in</emphasis>
Wytsman. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FD4EF9E43573311B" bold="true" box="[705,832,1564,1588]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Gen. Ins. 20</emphasis>
, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 2 (male d, v).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FBF7F9E43331311B" author="Stichel, H." box="[1144,1282,1564,1588]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref35706" refString="Stichel, H. (1909) Brassolidae. Das Tierreich, 25, i - xiv + 1 - 244 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1235" type="book chapter" year="1909">Stichel, 1909</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FA85F9E436D3317D" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Das Tierreich 25</emphasis>
: 24.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FEA8F9C237EC317D" author="Fruhstorfer, H." box="[295,479,1594,1618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" refId="ref32787" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Brassolidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 285 - 332." type="book" year="1912">Fruhstorfer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE63F9C33433317D" box="[492,512,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">in</emphasis>
Seitz. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDC4F9C2357F317D" bold="true" box="[587,844,1594,1618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Gross-Schmett. Erde 5,</emphasis>
p. 288.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FC39F9C23270317D" author="Stichel, H." box="[950,1091,1594,1618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref35743" refString="Stichel, H. (1932) n. k. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus Pars 51. Brassolidae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1932">Stichel, 1932</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FBC0F9C232EB317D" bold="true" box="[1103,1240,1594,1618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Lep. Cat. 51</emphasis>
, p. 20.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FAB2F9C2374C315F" author="Young, A. M. &amp; Muyshondt, A." pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="19 - 55" refId="ref36142" refString="Young, A. M. &amp; Muyshondt, A. (1975) Studies on the Natural History of Central American Butterflies in the Family Cluster Satyridae-Brassolidae-Morphidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphaloidea). III. Opsiphanes tamarindi and Opsiphanes cassina in Costa Rica and El Salvador. Studies on Neotropical Fauna, 10 (1), 19 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527509360481" type="journal article" year="1975">Young &amp; Muyshondt, 1975</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE05F9A034AA315F" bold="true" box="[394,665,1624,1648]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Stud. Neotrop. Fauna 10</emphasis>
: 27; biol.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FC98F9A03583315F" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[791,944,1624,1648]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="290 - 333" refId="ref32570" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1986) Hostplant Records and Natural History notes on Costa Rican Butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae &amp; Nymphalidae. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24 (4), 290 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266791" type="journal article" year="1986">DeVries, 1986</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC34F9A032B1315F" bold="true" box="[955,1154,1624,1648]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Jour. Res. Lep. 24</emphasis>
: 326; hostplant.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FACCF9A036CE31A1" author="DeVries, P. J." pageId="26" pageNumber="477" refId="ref32625" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 327 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries, 1987</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE89F98E378B31A1" bold="true" box="[262,440,1654,1678]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Butt. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FECCF98E378B31A1" box="[323,440,1654,1678]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, p. 247, 250, figs 31c (pupa), d (larva), 32 e3, pl. 41, fig. 5 (male d); biol., ecol.—D’Abrera, 1987. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F96C379D3183" bold="true" box="[199,430,1684,1708]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3</emphasis>
, p. 394 (fig. male d, v).—R. F. de la Maza R., 1987. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC43F96C32A23183" bold="true" box="[972,1169,1684,1708]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Marip. 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FB91F96C32A23183" box="[1054,1169,1684,1708]" country="Costa Rica" name="Mexicanas" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Mexicanas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, p. 96, pl. 23, fig. 7 (male d).—R. G. de la Maza E. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE5BF94B343131E5" box="[468,514,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 1989. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDD7F94B356031E5" bold="true" box="[600,851,1714,1739]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 12</emphasis>
(2): 61.—R. G. de la Maza E. &amp; J. de la Maza E., 1993. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F928374031C7" bold="true" box="[199,371,1744,1768]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F928372131C7" box="[199,274,1744,1768]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" reason="1">Marip.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FE95F928374031C7" box="[282,371,1744,1768]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, p. 183.—Moreno 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDB8F929345631C6" box="[567,613,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 1998. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FD36F928355B31C6" bold="true" box="[697,872,1744,1769]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Marip. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FC84F929355B31C6" box="[779,872,1745,1769]" name="Ecuador" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, p. 155.—Maes, 1999. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FBD5F92836E73028" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FAA3F92833AE31C7" box="[1324,1437,1744,1768]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
3
</emphasis>
, p. 1386.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FEDEF91734393028" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; Aiello, A. &amp; Srygley, R." box="[337,522,1775,1799]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="142 - 152" refId="ref34690" refString="Penz, C. M., Aiello, A. &amp; Srygley, R. (1999) Early stages of Caligo illioneus and C. idomeneus (Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) from Panama, with remarks on larval food plants for the subfamily. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 53 (4), 142 - 152." type="journal article" year="1999">
Penz 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE01F917378D3028" box="[398,446,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FD98F91734D23028" bold="true" box="[535,737,1774,1799]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Jour. Lep. Soc. 53</emphasis>
(4): 148; hostplant.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FC4CF917324C3028" author="Casagrande, M. M." box="[963,1151,1775,1799]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref32298" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Tribe Brassolini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotroprical Lepidoptera 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 201 - 205." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande, 2004</bibRefCitation>
. Brassolini, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FA8DF91733253029" box="[1282,1302,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">in</emphasis>
Lamas (ed.) 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F8F534F4300A" bold="true" box="[199,711,1805,1829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Checklist: Part 4A, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FE12F8F534F4300A" box="[413,711,1805,1829]" country="Nicaragua" name="Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FD5BF8F634DB300A" box="[724,744,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">in</emphasis>
Heppner (ed.). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC08F8F532B3300A" bold="true" box="[903,1152,1805,1829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A</emphasis>
, p. 203.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FB67F8F5370D306C" author="Salinas-Gutierrez, J. L. &amp; Luis-Martinez, A. &amp; Llorente-Bousquets, J." pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref35237" refString="Salinas-Gutierrez, J. L., Luis-Martinez, A. &amp; Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2004) Papilionoidea of the evergreen tropical forests of Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 58 (3), 125 - 142." type="journal article" year="2004">
Salinas-Gutiérrez 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F8D436C6306C" box="[199,245,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FEC6F8D33438306C" bold="true" box="[329,523,1835,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Jour. Lep. Soc. 58</emphasis>
(3): 136. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDECF8D43449306C" box="[611,634,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">—</emphasis>
Santin, 2004. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC87F8D2333B306C" bold="true" box="[776,1288,1834,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde</emphasis>
(2 
<superScript id="7C4A594B8B537D67FAAAF8D333073016" attach="left" box="[1317,1332,1835,1849]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">nd</superScript>
ed.), 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FAE0F8D3334F306C" bold="true" box="[1391,1404,1835,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">2</emphasis>
, p. 858; hostplant.—J. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FE1DF8B13467304E" author="Miller, J. C. &amp; Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[402,596,1865,1889]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" refId="ref33932" refString="Miller, J. C., Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2006) 100 caterpillars: portraits from the tropical forests of Costa Rica. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FE55F8B2343A304E" box="[474,521,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FDEFF8B13521304E" bold="true" box="[608,786,1865,1889]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
100 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FD00F8B13521304E" box="[655,786,1865,1889]" country="Nicaragua" name="Caterpillars" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Caterpillars</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, p. 183, fig. 54 (pupa, female d); biol., hostplant.—Chacón &amp; Montero, 2007. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FEE6F89F341D3050" bold="true" box="[361,558,1895,1919]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Marip. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FE35F89F341D3050" box="[442,558,1895,1919]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, pl. 169 (figs female d, male v), pl. 172 (fig. larva head); biol.—Glassberg, 2007. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FAEBF89F347430B2" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Swift Guide Butt. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FEC4F87D37A930B2" box="[331,410,1925,1949]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and C. America
</emphasis>
(1 
<superScript id="7C4A594B8B537D67FDEDF87D345F30BC" attach="left" box="[610,620,1925,1939]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">st</superScript>
ed.), p. 132 (figs male d, v).—Vargas-Fernández 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FBD3F87E32BB30B2" box="[1116,1160,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 2008. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FB56F87E33A530B2" bold="true" box="[1241,1430,1925,1950]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Nymph. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B537D67FABAF87D33B730B2" box="[1333,1412,1925,1949]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Mexico</collectingCountry>
2
</emphasis>
, p. 61, 180, pl. 17, figs 6, 7 (male d, v).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B537D67FDE9F85B35AC3093" author="Garzon-Orduna, I. J. &amp; Penz, C. M." box="[614,927,1955,1980]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref32828" refString="Garzon-Orduna, I. J. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2009) Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack. Zootaxa, 2134 (1), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2134.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC26F85C32083094" bold="true" box="[937,1083,1955,1980]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Zootaxa 2134</emphasis>
: 4. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FBD4F85C32413094" box="[1115,1138,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">—</emphasis>
J. Miller 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FB40F85C32CF3094" box="[1231,1276,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 2012. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FAC0F85C370E30F6" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Insecta Mundi 205</emphasis>
: 57.—J. de la Maza E. &amp; R. G. de la Maza E., 2015, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FCD0F83A354030F6" box="[863,883,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">in</emphasis>
Carabias, J. de la Maza E. &amp; Cadena (eds.). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FAB2F839343F30D7" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Conserv. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FF48F818372630D7" box="[199,277,2016,2040]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" reason="1">Desarr.</emphasis>
sust. 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B537D67FEDCF818343F30D7" box="[339,524,2016,2040]" country="Mexico" name="Selva Lacandona" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Selva Lacandona</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, p. 639.—Morales-Morales 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FCA2F819356A30D7" box="[813,857,2016,2040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
., 2018. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B537D67FC24F818326F30D7" bold="true" box="[939,1116,2016,2040]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Ent. Mexicana 5</emphasis>
: 565.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B527D66FF18FF6F35EF3667" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,328]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FF18FF6F370E3780" ID-CoL="386BL" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[151,317,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF18FF6F370E3780" box="[151,317,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[misidentification]; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B527D66FD83FF6F352E3780" author="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E." box="[524,797,151,175]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="331 - 345" refId="ref31524" refString="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E. (1978) Life History of Dynastor darius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in Panama. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 85 (4), 331 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1978 / 70262" type="journal article" year="1978">Aiello &amp; Silberglied, 1978</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FCA9FF6F35A33781" bold="true" box="[806,912,150,175]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Psyche 85</emphasis>
(4): 331, figs 1 (male d, v), 2 (eggs), 3–6 (larvae), 9 (larvae, head capsule), 11 (pupae); biol., hostplant.— Ricardo-Molina 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FC18FF4E35F637E2" box="[919,965,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
., 2019. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FB97FF4D333E37E2" bold="true" box="[1048,1293,181,205]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Shilap Revta. lepid. 47</emphasis>
(185): 12, fig. 26 (larva); biol.—Henao-B. &amp; Gantiva-Q., 2020. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FD4AFF2C32AA37C3" bold="true" box="[709,1177,212,236]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 24</emphasis>
(1): 187.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B527D66FA88FF2C37053624" author="Matos-Maravi, P. &amp; Wahlberg, N. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; DeVries, P. &amp; Antonelli, A. &amp; Penz, C. M." pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="704 - 724" refId="ref33761" refString="Matos-Maravi, P., Wahlberg, N., Freitas, A. V. L., DeVries, P., Antonelli, A. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2021) Mesoamerica is a cradle and the Atlantic Forest is a museum of Neotropical butterfly diversity: insights from the evolution and biogeography of Brassolini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (3), 704 - 724. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biolinnean / blab 034" type="journal article" year="2021">
Matos-Maraví 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF48FF0B36C73624" box="[199,244,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FEB0FF0A347D3625" bold="true" box="[319,590,242,267]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133</emphasis>
(3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—R. G. de la Maza E. &amp; Soberón, 1998. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF48FEE937B43606" bold="true" box="[199,391,273,297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF48FEE937213606" box="[199,274,273,297]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" reason="1">Biodiv.</emphasis>
Conserv 7
</emphasis>
(7): 943; ecol. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FD9AFEEA341F3606" box="[533,556,274,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">—</emphasis>
Aiello, 2015, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FD37FEEA34FF3606" box="[696,716,274,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">in</emphasis>
Dyer &amp; Forister (eds). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FC35FEE932EB3606" bold="true" box="[954,1240,273,297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">The lives of Lepdopterists,</emphasis>
p. 98.—Glassberg, 2018. 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FE88FEC834FA3667" bold="true" box="[263,713,304,328]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Swift Guide Butt. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B527D66FE45FEC8342A3667" box="[458,537,304,328]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and C. America
</emphasis>
(2 
<superScript id="7C4A594B8B527D66FD6BFEC834C03611" attach="left" box="[740,755,304,318]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">nd</superScript>
ed.), p. 152 (figs d, v).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40A48B8B527D66FF18FA2B324C3120" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13269028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269028/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" startId="27.[151,250,1491,1515]" targetBox="[294,1299,360,1460]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B527D66FF18FA2B324C3120" blockId="27.[151,1436,1491,1551]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF18FA2B371432C4" bold="true" box="[151,295,1491,1515]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FEBBFA2C34A032C3" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[308,659,1491,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FEBBFA2C343332C4" box="[308,512,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B527D66FD82FA2B34A032C3" author="Butler, A. G." box="[525,659,1491,1516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FD2FFA2C353A32C3" bold="true" box="[672,777,1492,1516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">stat. rest.</emphasis>
: Male, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FCE9FA2C354A32C3" bold="true" box="[870,889,1492,1516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">a.</emphasis>
dorsal, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FC57FA2C35DE32C3" bold="true" box="[984,1005,1492,1516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">b.</emphasis>
ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589299–USNM). The black arrow indicates the diagnostic character of the species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B527D66FF18F9AC323931BD" blockId="27.[151,1437,1620,2043]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF18F9AC374F3141" bold="true" box="[151,380,1620,1646]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FE0CF9AD346E3141" ID-CoL="9BRWC" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[387,605,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FE0CF9AD346E3141" box="[387,605,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was treated as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FC30F9AD32443141" ID-CoL="386BL" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[959,1143,1620,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FC30F9AD32443141" box="[959,1143,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B527D66FB2DF9AC33713141" author="Stichel, H." box="[1186,1346,1620,1646]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref35630" refString="Stichel, H. (1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Nymphalidae, Subfam. Brassolinae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fascicule XX. V. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 48, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1904">Stichel (1904)</bibRefCitation>
and the subsequent authors in reviews, catalogs, checklists, and natural history studies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325A7888B527D66FF48F96432DB300D" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B527D66FF48F96432DB300D" blockId="27.[151,1437,1620,2043]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF48F96437463199" bold="true" box="[199,373,1692,1718]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Type material.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FEF4F96534D63199" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[379,741,1692,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FEF4F96534673199" box="[379,596,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B527D66FDD4F96434D63199" author="Butler, A. G." box="[603,741,1692,1718]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described based on 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B527D66FC76F96532473199" box="[1017,1140,1692,1719]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
[
<typeStatus id="54844AA18B527D66FB0DF96432D93199" box="[1154,1258,1692,1718]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
] in Coll. Druce. The female 
<typeStatus id="54844AA18B527D66FEABF93837B531F5" box="[292,390,1728,1754]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FBBBF939336031F5" authority="Butl." authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[1076,1363,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FBBBF939332231F5" box="[1076,1297,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
Butl.
</taxonomicName>
type./ 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FF18F91D375C31D1" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,367,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF18F91D375C31D1" box="[151,367,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Type. Butl./ 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B527D66FD8CF91C34B331D1" box="[515,640,1764,1790]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. Van Patten. Druce Coll./ B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6098 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FB31F91D33A631D1" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[1214,1429,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FB31F91D33A631D1" box="[1214,1429,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B527D66FF18F8F1369F300C" box="[151,172,1801,1827]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
Butl./ Type H. T./ 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B527D66FEF1F8F037BC300D" box="[382,399,1800,1826]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
/ B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FDE2F8F13297300D" authority=", Fabr. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919" box="[621,1188,1800,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FDE2F8F13516300D" box="[621,805,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
, Fabr. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919
</taxonomicName>
.—6./.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325A7888B527D66FF48F8D4325A30D5" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B527D66FF48F8D4325A30D5" blockId="27.[151,1437,1620,2043]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FF48F8D437713069" bold="true" box="[199,322,1836,1862]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FEC6F8D534103069" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[329,547,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FEC6F8D534103069" box="[329,547,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FDA5F8D434AB3069" bold="true" box="[554,664,1836,1862]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">stat. rest.</emphasis>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FCA2F8D535D63069" box="[813,997,1836,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FCA2F8D535D63069" box="[813,997,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a morphologically similar and closely related species (
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FEC2F8A837A33045" box="[333,400,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,189,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[164,1424,181,1467]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) inferred with IQ–TREE based on five molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) (mitochondrial), elongation factor 1–alpha (EF–1α), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5), wingless (wg), Glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (nuclear), rooted in Bia actorion (Linnaeus, 1763). Numbers indicate SH-aLRT/UFBoot.The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Data of the specimens used are described in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13268992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13268992/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), in having the VFW apical patch generally extending to the outer margin, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FABBF8A936EC30A1" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FABBF8A936EC30A1" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has this patch extending only to the apex (
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FC91F88C35B730A1" box="[798,900,1908,1934]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1320,1344]" captionTargetBox-0="[301,1291,790,1898]" captionTargetBox-1="[306,1286,187,1289]" captionTargetId-0="figure-358@15.[288,1299,782,1898]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@16.[293,1293,181,1297]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775): Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Brazil, Paraná (DZ 52.565–DZUP). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775): Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Brazil, Paraná (DZ 52.566–DZUP)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269006" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269008" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13269006/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13269008/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FC1EF88C35E830A1" box="[913,987,1908,1934]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStartId-0="27.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionStartId-1="28.[151,250,1320,1344]" captionTargetBox-0="[294,1299,360,1460]" captionTargetBox-1="[321,1276,189,1289]" captionTargetId-0="figure-134@27.[281,1306,352,1468]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@28.[303,1283,181,1297]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="28" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589299–USNM). The black arrow indicates the diagnostic character of the species." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589316–USNM)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269028" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269030" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13269028/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13269030/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">19–20</figureCitation>
). The male genitalia of both species are very similar (
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FEA3F86037B0309D" box="[300,387,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,840,864]" captionTargetBox="[202,1390,189,808]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[190,1398,181,815]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775): Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view; aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (DZ 54.314–DZUP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269010/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FE00F860379E309D" box="[399,429,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="29.[151,250,840,864]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,189,808]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[194,1394,181,815]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view (the uncus is damaged); aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (USNMENT01589295–USNM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269032/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">21</figureCitation>
), but the female genitalia are not. While the female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FB9FF86132DA309D" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[1040,1257,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FB9FF86132DA309D" box="[1040,1257,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FB7FF860336E309D" bold="true" box="[1264,1373,1944,1970]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">stat. rest.</emphasis>
has a smaller corpus bursae without signa and a smaller lamella antevaginalis, the female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B527D66FBD0F845332530F9" box="[1119,1302,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B527D66FBD0F845332530F9" box="[1119,1302,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a larger corpus bursae with two parallel signa and a broader lamella antevaginalis (
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FC54F818320230D5" box="[987,1073,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1460,1484]" captionTargetBox="[216,1379,494,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-183@18.[201,1386,489,1437]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 11. Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775): Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of the signa; c. ventral view (DZ 54.266–DZUP). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269012/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs 11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B527D66FBB2F818326E30D5" box="[1085,1117,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1895,1919]" captionTargetBox="[249,1348,932,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-56@29.[233,1354,924,1872]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 22. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.: Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of corpus bursae without signa; c. ventral view (USNMENT01589316–USNM). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269034/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF40A48B8B557D61FF18FAD037D6324B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269030" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13269030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269030/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" startId="28.[151,250,1320,1344]" targetBox="[321,1276,189,1289]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B557D61FF18FAD037D6324B" blockId="28.[151,1436,1320,1380]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FF18FAD03715326F" bold="true" box="[151,294,1320,1344]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FEBDFAD134BF326E" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[306,652,1320,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FEBDFAD137CF326F" box="[306,508,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B557D61FD87FAD034BF326E" author="Butler, A. G." box="[520,652,1320,1345]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FD18FAD134CC326E" bold="true" box="[663,767,1321,1345]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
: Female, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FCFFFAD135B0326E" bold="true" box="[880,899,1321,1345]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">a.</emphasis>
dorsal, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FC6FFAD135C7326E" bold="true" box="[992,1012,1321,1345]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">b.</emphasis>
ventral views; Costa Rica, Guanacaste (USNMENT01589316–USNM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C325A7888B557D61FF48FA4E34013112" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B557D61FF48FA4E34013112" blockId="28.[151,1437,1462,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FF48FA4E370C32FF" bold="true" box="[199,319,1462,1488]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Variation.</emphasis>
FW, length: male 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B557D61FD93FA4F34AB32FE" box="[540,664,1463,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="44.0">44–53 mm</quantity>
(n=5), female 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B557D61FCC6FA4F35F532FE" box="[841,966,1463,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="56.0">56–65 mm</quantity>
(n=5); width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to M 
<subScript id="17BBF6468B557D61FDB7FA15347332D4" attach="left" box="[568,576,1517,1531]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">3</subScript>
; size and shape of the spots between M 
<subScript id="17BBF6468B557D61FB84FA15322032D4" attach="left" box="[1035,1043,1517,1531]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">3</subScript>
and 2A. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. DHW, width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 
<subScript id="17BBF6468B557D61FACFF9E9337B3130" attach="left" box="[1344,1352,1553,1567]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">1</subScript>
. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325A7888B557D63FF48F9BE34FB3055" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="481" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B557D61FF48F9BE375C3072" blockId="28.[151,1437,1462,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FF48F9BE377C314F" bold="true" box="[199,335,1606,1632]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Comments.</emphasis>
Almost since its description, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FD26F9B035B6314E" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[681,901,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FD26F9B035B6314E" box="[681,901,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FC01F9BF35CD314E" bold="true" box="[910,1022,1607,1633]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
has been treated as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FF18F994377C31AA" box="[151,335,1643,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darius">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FF18F994377C31AA" box="[151,335,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor darius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the wing color pattern, the morphology of the female genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this status. Besides all variations in the wing color patterns, a character that is usually present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FF18F94C374231E2" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,369,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FF18F94C374231E2" box="[151,369,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FEF7F94B37D531E2" bold="true" box="[376,486,1715,1741]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
is the VFW costal patch generally extending to the outer margin. Another important character is the corpus bursae of the female genitalia without signa. DNA barcode divergence (4.0–5.0%) between trans-Andean (
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B557D61FECFF903378D303A" box="[320,446,1787,1813]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B557D61FE74F9033465303A" box="[507,598,1787,1813]" name="Panama" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Panama</collectingCountry>
) and cis-Andean (
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B557D61FCA5F9033543303A" box="[810,880,1787,1813]" name="Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B557D61FC22F90335D1303A" box="[941,994,1787,1813]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Peru</collectingCountry>
) specimens agree with the differences found in the morphology. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FE30F8D834AA3016" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[447,665,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FE30F8D834AA3016" box="[447,665,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FD2EF8E735233016" bold="true" box="[673,784,1823,1849]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FC6CF8D832B63016" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[995,1157,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strix">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FC6CF8D832B63016" box="[995,1157,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor strix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FB02F8E732C83016" bold="true" box="[1165,1275,1823,1849]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B557D61FABBF8D836C83072" authorityName=", Oberthur" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hannibal">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FABBF8D836C83072" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Dynastor hannibal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B557D61FE8DF8BB375C3072" bold="true" box="[258,367,1859,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">stat. rest.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40A48B8B547D60FF18FCB032DB34AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13269032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269032/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" startId="29.[151,250,840,864]" targetBox="[207,1386,189,808]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B547D60FF18FCB032DB34AB" blockId="29.[151,1436,840,900]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FF18FCB03712344F" bold="true" box="[151,289,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B547D60FEA6FCB13444344F" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[297,631,840,864]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FEA6FCB137DC344F" box="[297,495,841,864]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B547D60FE78FCB03444344F" author="Butler, A. G." box="[503,631,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FDF1FCB034D1344F" bold="true" box="[638,738,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">stat. rest.</emphasis>
: Male genitalia: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FC1BFCB03594344F" bold="true" box="[916,935,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">a.</emphasis>
dorsal view, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FBBDFCB03274344F" bold="true" box="[1074,1095,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">b.</emphasis>
ventral view, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FB54FCB032DF344F" bold="true" box="[1243,1260,840,864]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">c.</emphasis>
lateral view (the uncus is damaged); aedeagus: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FE44FC9437D334AB" bold="true" box="[459,480,876,900]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">d.</emphasis>
dorsal view, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FDE8FC94344B34AB" bold="true" box="[615,632,876,900]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">e.</emphasis>
ventral view, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FC88FC94352434AB" bold="true" box="[775,791,876,900]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">f.</emphasis>
lateral view (USNMENT01589295–USNM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40A48B8B547D60FF18F89F335B308B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13269034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269034/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" startId="29.[151,250,1895,1919]" targetBox="[249,1348,932,1864]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B547D60FF18F89F335B308B" blockId="29.[151,1436,1895,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FF18F89F371230AF" bold="true" box="[151,289,1895,1920]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B547D60FEA7F890344030AF" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[296,627,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FEA7F89037DE3050" box="[296,493,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B547D60FE7BF890344030AF" author="Butler, A. G." box="[500,627,1896,1920]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FDF5F89034EE30AF" bold="true" box="[634,733,1896,1920]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">stat. rest.</emphasis>
: Female genitalia: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FC2CF890358530AF" bold="true" box="[931,950,1896,1920]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">a.</emphasis>
lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FBCCF890326B30AF" bold="true" box="[1091,1112,1896,1920]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">b.</emphasis>
detail of corpus bursae without signa; 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B547D60FF55F87436D8308B" bold="true" box="[218,235,1932,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">c.</emphasis>
ventral view (USNMENT01589316–USNM). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40A48B8B577D63FF18FB0537413216" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13269036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269036/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" startId="30.[151,250,1277,1301]" targetBox="[190,1391,188,1252]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF18FB0537413216" blockId="30.[151,1436,1277,1337]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF18FB053712323A" bold="true" box="[151,289,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FEA6FB063445323A" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[297,630,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FEA6FB0637DC323A" box="[297,495,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FE79FB053445323A" author="Butler, A. G." box="[502,630,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FDF2FB0534D2323A" bold="true" box="[637,737,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">stat. rest.</emphasis>
[Holotype] of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FCF2FB0632FA323A" authority="Butler, 1872" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[893,1225,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FCF2FB063270323A" box="[893,1091,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FBC5FB0532FA323A" author="Butler, A. G." box="[1098,1225,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref32009" refString="Butler, A. G. (1872) Descriptions of new butterflies from Costa Rica. Cistula entomologica, 1 (4), 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1872">Butler, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FB5EFB053307323A" bold="true" box="[1233,1332,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">stat. rest.</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FACBFB053364323A" bold="true" box="[1348,1367,1277,1301]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">a.</emphasis>
dorsal view, 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF5CFAD936DB3216" bold="true" box="[211,232,1313,1337]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">b.</emphasis>
ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF48FA733746311A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF48FA7337B5328A" bold="true" box="[199,390,1419,1445]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Natural history.</emphasis>
Detailed information on the immature stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FC3FFA7432B8328A" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[944,1163,1420,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FC3FFA7432B8328A" box="[944,1163,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FB1CFA733332328A" bold="true" box="[1171,1281,1419,1445]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">stat. rest.</emphasis>
can be found in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FF3CFA5737DE32E6" author="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E." box="[179,493,1455,1481]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="331 - 345" refId="ref31524" refString="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E. (1978) Life History of Dynastor darius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in Panama. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 85 (4), 331 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1978 / 70262" type="journal article" year="1978">Aiello &amp; Silberglied (1978)</bibRefCitation>
. This species flies at dusk and dawn, and inhabits forests, second-growth, and urban areas where a suitable hostplant occurs; the larvae are seen at most times of the year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FBFCFA2B332632C2" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[1139,1301,1491,1517]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref32625" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 327 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
), remaining in the middle of the leaf when not feeding (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FD06FA0F3518313E" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[649,811,1527,1553]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="290 - 333" refId="ref32570" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1986) Hostplant Records and Natural History notes on Costa Rican Butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae &amp; Nymphalidae. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24 (4), 290 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266791" type="journal article" year="1986">DeVries 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae are parasitized by 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FBE8FA0F3334313D" box="[1127,1287,1527,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FBE8FA0F32EC313E" box="[1127,1247,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Winthemia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FA98FA0F33A6313E" box="[1303,1429,1527,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FF10F9E3375A311A" author="Miller, J. C. &amp; Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[159,361,1563,1589]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref33932" refString="Miller, J. C., Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2006) 100 caterpillars: portraits from the tropical forests of Costa Rica. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF62F9E43715311A" box="[237,294,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF48F9C73297318E" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
Hostplants: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FEC3F9C737D93176" box="[332,490,1599,1625]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FE7CF9C734853176" box="[499,694,1599,1625]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinguin">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FE7CF9C734853176" box="[499,694,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Bromelia pinguin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FD50F9C735E73176" box="[735,980,1599,1625]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magdalenae">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FD50F9C735E73176" box="[735,980,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Aechmea magdalenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Andre)Andre ex Baker (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FB7EF9C733A33176" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[1265,1424,1599,1625]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="290 - 333" refId="ref32570" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1986) Hostplant Records and Natural History notes on Costa Rican Butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae &amp; Nymphalidae. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24 (4), 290 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266791" type="journal article" year="1986">DeVries 1986</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FF18F99B35643152" authority="(Sw.) Griseb. (Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009)" authorityName="Griseb. (Janzen &amp; Hallwachs" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,855,1635,1661]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteata">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF18F99B37423152" box="[151,369,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Aechmea bracteata</emphasis>
(Sw.) Griseb. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FDAFF99B357C3152" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[544,847,1635,1661]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref33356" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu (accessed 15 January 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FCEBF99C32133152" box="[868,1056,1636,1662]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comosus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FCEBF99C32133152" box="[868,1056,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Ananas comosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Merril (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FB3BF99B36E1318E" author="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E." pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="331 - 345" refId="ref31524" refString="Aiello, A. &amp; Silberglied, R. E. (1978) Life History of Dynastor darius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in Panama. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 85 (4), 331 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1978 / 70262" type="journal article" year="1978">Aiello &amp; Silberglied 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FF51F9703434318E" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[222,519,1671,1698]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref33356" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu (accessed 15 January 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FD95F97F34EE318E" box="[538,733,1671,1697]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karatas">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FD95F97F34EE318E" box="[538,733,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Bromelia karatas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FC85F97F35F0318E" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; Aiello, A. &amp; Srygley, R." box="[778,963,1671,1697]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="142 - 152" refId="ref34690" refString="Penz, C. M., Aiello, A. &amp; Srygley, R. (1999) Early stages of Caligo illioneus and C. idomeneus (Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) from Panama, with remarks on larval food plants for the subfamily. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 53 (4), 142 - 152." type="journal article" year="1999">
Penz 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FCC6F97035B1318E" box="[841,898,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FC40F97F32AB318E" author="Miller, J. C. &amp; Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[975,1176,1671,1697]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref33932" refString="Miller, J. C., Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2006) 100 caterpillars: portraits from the tropical forests of Costa Rica. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FB93F9703266318E" box="[1052,1109,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF48F95334DA307A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF48F953346131EA" bold="true" box="[199,594,1707,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
Geographic distribution. 
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FE74F953346131EA" box="[507,594,1707,1733]" name="Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FDECF953348C31EA" box="[611,703,1707,1733]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
(Maza R. 1987; Maza E. &amp; Maza E. 1993), 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FB43F953331031EA" box="[1228,1315,1707,1733]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FABFF95333AB31EA" box="[1328,1432,1707,1733]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FF18F937370831C6" box="[151,315,1743,1769]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FEDEF93737E631C6" bold="true" box="[337,469,1743,1769]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FEDEF93737E631C6" box="[337,469,1743,1769]" name="Guatemala" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FE68F937347F31C6" box="[487,588,1743,1769]" country="Guatemala" name="Peten" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">El Petén</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FDD5F937349031C6" box="[602,675,1743,1769]" country="Guatemala" name="Izabal" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Izabal</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FD36F937357A31C6" bold="true" box="[697,841,1743,1769]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FD36F937357A31C6" box="[697,841,1743,1769]" name="El Salvador" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FCD4F93735CA31C6" box="[859,1017,1743,1769]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FB81F93732B931C6" bold="true" box="[1038,1162,1743,1769]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FB81F93732B931C6" box="[1038,1162,1743,1769]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FB13F937333231C6" box="[1180,1281,1743,1769]" country="Nicaragua" name="Granada" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Granada</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FA97F93733AF31C6" bold="true" box="[1304,1436,1743,1769]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FA97F93733AF31C6" box="[1304,1436,1743,1769]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FF10F90B37303022" box="[159,259,1779,1805]" country="Costa Rica" name="Alajuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Alajuela</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FE81F90C37BF3021" box="[270,396,1780,1806]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FE18F90B342E3022" box="[407,541,1779,1805]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FDBEF90B34A03022" bold="true" box="[561,659,1779,1805]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FDBEF90B34A03022" box="[561,659,1779,1805]" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Panama</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FD2DF90B34D83022" box="[674,747,1779,1805]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Colón</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FD79F90B35653022" box="[758,854,1779,1805]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Chiriquí</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FCEDF90B35F33022" box="[866,960,1779,1805]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Panamá</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FC5CF90B327B3022" bold="true" box="[979,1096,1779,1805]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FC5CF90B327B3022" box="[979,1096,1779,1805]" name="Colombia" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Colombia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FBD8F90B32FF3022" box="[1111,1228,1779,1805]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FB58F90B331D3022" box="[1239,1326,1779,1805]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FAB6F90B36D1301E" country="Colombia" name="Valle del Cauca" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Valle del Cauca</collectingRegion>
); 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF78F8EF376D301E" bold="true" box="[247,350,1815,1841]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FF78F8EF376D301E" box="[247,350,1815,1841]" name="Ecuador" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FEE2F8EF37EC301E" box="[365,479,1815,1841]" country="Ecuador" name="Pichincha" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Pichincha</collectingRegion>
) (
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B577D63FE78F8EF347F301E" box="[503,588,1815,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,705,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-251@19.[189,1398,705,1804]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Geographical distribution of Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775) and Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. Asterisk (*) and at (@) inside the sampled locality indicate that the geographical distribution data was retrieved from the bibliography and iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org), respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269014/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FDEDF8E0350F301E" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[610,828,1816,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FDEDF8E0350F301E" box="[610,828,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FCCAF8EF3580301E" bold="true" box="[837,947,1815,1841]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">stat. rest.</emphasis>
occurs at elevations between sea level and 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B577D63FF18F8C336C03079" box="[151,243,1851,1878]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" unit="m" value="1.1">1,100 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FE8CF8C434013079" author="Young, A. M. &amp; Muyshondt, A." box="[259,562,1851,1878]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="19 - 55" refId="ref36142" refString="Young, A. M. &amp; Muyshondt, A. (1975) Studies on the Natural History of Central American Butterflies in the Family Cluster Satyridae-Brassolidae-Morphidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphaloidea). III. Opsiphanes tamarindi and Opsiphanes cassina in Costa Rica and El Salvador. Studies on Neotropical Fauna, 10 (1), 19 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527509360481" type="journal article" year="1975">Young &amp; Muyshondt 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE89F28B577D63FDB1F8C334EF307A" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[574,732,1851,1877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" refId="ref32625" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 327 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF48F8A734FB3055" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" box="[199,712,1887,1914]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF48F8A737E43056" bold="true" box="[199,471,1887,1913]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Temporal distribution.</emphasis>
Throughout the year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325A7888B577D62FF48F87B377732CA" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="482" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D63FF48F87B330430B2" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" box="[199,1335,1923,1950]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF48F87B377D30B2" bold="true" box="[199,334,1923,1949]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Etymology.</emphasis>
Probably means a dweller of Styx, one of the rivers of the Greek mythology underworld.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B577D62FF48F85F3759327A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1419,2022]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,150,1509]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="482" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF48F85F37FB30EE" bold="true" box="[199,456,1959,1985]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B57FE5E8B577D63FE5FF85F33AF30C9" collectingDate="1951-08" collectingDateMax="1963-09" collectingDateMin="1951-08" country="Mexico" location="Santa Maria Chimalapa" municipality="Photos" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE46E798B577D63FE5FF85F342F30EE" box="[464,540,1959,1985]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Photos</collectingMunicipality>
of the 
<typeStatus id="54844AA18B577D63FDE0F85F34E230EE" box="[623,721,1959,1985]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B577D63FD76F85035E730EE" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1872" box="[761,980,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dynastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygianus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FD76F85035E730EE" box="[761,980,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Dynastor stygianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1304E8868B577D63FC6BF85F320A30EE" box="[996,1081,1959,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[190,1391,188,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[189,1398,181,1253]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 23. Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest. [Holotype] of Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13269036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13269036/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), and the following specimens: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FF18F833373E30CA" bold="true" box="[151,269,1995,2021]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B577D63FF18F833373E30CA" box="[151,269,1995,2021]" name="Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B577D63FE94F833374630CA" bold="true" box="[283,373,1995,2021]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B577D63FE94F833374630CA" box="[283,373,1995,2021]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
— 
<location id="8EE0A2D88B577D63FE1DF83334A830CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA:8EE0A2D88B577D63FE1DF83334A830CA" box="[402,667,1995,2021]" country="Mexico" municipality="Photos" name="Santa Maria Chimalapa" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Santa María Chimalapa</location>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B577D63FD2AF833352A30C9" box="[677,793,1995,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1951-08">
<collectingDate id="EFC52B2B8B577D63FD2AF833352A30C9" box="[677,793,1995,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1951-08">VIII-1951</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B577D63FCABF833354F30CA" box="[804,892,1995,2021]" count="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B577D63FC09F83335DB30CA" box="[902,1000,1995,2021]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1963-09">
<collectingDate id="EFC52B2B8B577D63FC09F83335DB30CA" box="[902,1000,1995,2021]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1963-09">IX-1963</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B577D63FC7DF833320C30CA" box="[1010,1087,1995,2021]" count="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B577D63FBC6F833328730C9" box="[1097,1204,1995,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1956-07">
<collectingDate id="EFC52B2B8B577D63FBC6F833328730C9" box="[1097,1204,1995,2022]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" value="1956-07">VII-1956</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B577D63FB30F833333F30CA" box="[1215,1292,1995,2021]" count="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, UFFLMNH
</materialsCitation>
MGCL 1107757–1107760 T. Escalante leg., (MGCL). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FC83FF6E354F379F" bold="true" box="[780,892,150,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Guerrero</emphasis>
—Acahuizotla, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FBBFFF6E32A3379E" box="[1072,1168,150,177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1958-03">III-1958</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FB11FF6F3337379E" box="[1182,1284,151,177]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107807 (MGCL). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FD13FF42357B37FA" bold="true" box="[668,840,186,213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Quintana Roo</emphasis>
—Nuevo Durango, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FBA3FF43329937FA" box="[1068,1194,187,213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1978-10-27">27-X-1978</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FB37FF43333A37FA" box="[1208,1289,187,213]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, OM 41.895 (DZUP-OM); Nuevo X-Can, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE65FF27344237D6" box="[490,625,223,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1979-11-18">18-XI-1979</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDF0FF2734D537D6" box="[639,742,223,249]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD7CFF27355437D6" box="[755,871,223,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1983-08">VIII-1983</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FCFAFF2735EA37D6" box="[885,985,223,249]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
Welling, leg., OM 41.481, OM 91.438 (DZUP-OM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FEB0FEFA37C53633" bold="true" box="[319,502,258,284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FEB0FEFA37C53633" box="[319,502,258,284]" name="Guatemala" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FD82FEFB344A3632" bold="true" box="[525,633,258,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FD82FEFB344A3632" box="[525,633,258,285]" country="Guatemala" name="Peten" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">El Petén</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Sayaxché, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FC99FEFB35AE3632" box="[790,925,259,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1963-09-20">20-IX-1963</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC3FFEFB32363632" box="[944,1029,259,285]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352865 (AMNH), 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE08FEDF3413366E" box="[391,544,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1963-08-18">18-VIII-1963</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDA2FEDF34A1366E" box="[557,658,295,321]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, OM 41.911 (DZUP-OM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FC46FEDF3227366E" bold="true" box="[969,1044,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FC46FEDF3227366E" box="[969,1044,295,321]" country="Guatemala" name="Izabal" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Izabal</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Cayuga, VIII, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FB5CFEDF3311366E" box="[1235,1314,295,321]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, Schaus &amp; Barnes leg., USNMENT01589291 (USNM); Quiriguá, VI, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FCBCFEB335AB364A" box="[819,920,331,357]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, Schaus &amp; Barnes leg., USNMENT01589292 (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE86FE96378536A7" bold="true" box="[265,438,366,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FE86FE96378536A7" box="[265,438,366,392]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE4AFE97347E36A6" bold="true" box="[453,589,367,393]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FE4AFE97347E36A6" box="[453,589,367,393]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—La Guardia de Barranca, 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FC09FE9735FC36A6" box="[902,975,367,393]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FC54FE97325136A6" box="[987,1122,367,393]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1982-11-20">20-XI-1982</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FBE1FE97328E36A6" box="[1134,1213,367,393]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, R. Hesterberg leg., ex-coll. R. Hesterberg, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107762 (MGCL). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FCE3FE6A35CB3683" bold="true" box="[876,1016,402,428]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FCE3FE6A35CB3683" box="[876,1016,402,428]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Área de Conservación Guanacaste (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF2EFE4F374E36FE" box="[161,381,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sendero Bejuquilla</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE15FE4F37DB36FE" box="[410,488,439,465]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE75FE4F34B236FE" box="[506,641,439,465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2008-09-10">10-IX-2008</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD1DFE4F34DA36FE" box="[658,745,439,465]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
*, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC8AFE4F355D36FE" box="[773,878,439,465]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589293, 01589315 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE99FE23378A36DB" box="[278,441,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sendero Mora</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE5BFE23341236DA" box="[468,545,475,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="480.0">480 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FDBFFE23348436DA" box="[560,695,475,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2006-11-21">21-XI-2006</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD49FE23351536DA" box="[710,806,475,501]" count="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
*, J. A. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01589294, 01589295 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE9CFE0737973534" box="[275,420,511,539]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Tajo Ángeles</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE33FE0634353536" box="[444,518,510,537]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="540.0">540 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD9DFE0734B63536" box="[530,645,511,537]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2006-01-14">14-I-2006</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD1EFE0734D33536" box="[657,736,511,537]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD63FE0735623536" box="[748,849,511,537]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589297, 01589302 (USNM), 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE84FDDB374D3512" box="[267,382,547,573]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2006-01-29">29-I-2006</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FE04FDDB37C73512" box="[395,500,547,573]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
*, E. Araya leg., USNMENT01589314 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FBBEFDDB32B93512" box="[1073,1162,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Tangelo</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FB2CFDDB32DC3512" box="[1187,1263,547,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="410.0">410 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FB73FDDB33B23512" box="[1276,1409,547,573]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2009-04-22">22-IV-2009</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FA01FDDB36E8354E" count="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01589313, 01589304 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FC10FDBF320F354F" box="[927,1084,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sendero Tigre</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FBDAFDBF32AC354E" box="[1109,1183,583,609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FB22FDBF3315354E" box="[1197,1318,583,609]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2000-11-09">9-XI-2000</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FABCFDBF33AB354E" box="[1331,1432,583,609]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FF18FD93372735AA" box="[151,276,619,645]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2001-10-17">17-X-2001</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FEA9FD93374A35AA" box="[294,377,619,645]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE05FD93342235AA" box="[394,529,619,645]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2000-11-20">20-XI-2000</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDADFD93344635AA" box="[546,629,619,645]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589305, 01589298, 01589307 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF2EFD6837B13586" box="[161,386,655,683]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Área Administrativa</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE15FD7637D03586" box="[410,483,654,681]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="295.0">295 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE60FD7734413586" box="[495,626,655,681]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1999-12-06">6-XII-1999</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDF2FD7734DC3586" box="[637,751,655,681]" count="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
*, G. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589316, 01589310 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF2EFD4B37AB35E3" box="[161,408,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Quebrada Costa Rica</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE3EFD4A37CF35E2" box="[433,508,690,717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="275.0">275 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD86FD4B34A335E2" box="[521,656,691,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1999-11-29">29-XI-1999</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD12FD4B353035E2" box="[669,771,691,717]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC9FFD4B355335E2" box="[784,864,691,717]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589311, 01589300 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE9BFD2F375535DE" box="[276,358,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Cafetal</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FEF0FD2F37FA35DE" box="[383,457,727,753]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE58FD2E347C35DE" box="[471,591,726,753]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2004-11-05">5-XI-2004</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDD3FD2F349F35DE" box="[604,684,727,753]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, R. Franco leg., USNMENT01589301 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FB69FD2F33BF35DE" box="[1254,1420,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Quebrada Oro</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FF18FD0336D0343A" box="[151,227,763,789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="290.0">290 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FF7DFD033752343A" box="[242,353,763,789]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2003-10-02">2-X-2003</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FEFFFD0337F3343A" box="[368,448,763,789]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589299 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FC68FD03329F343B" box="[999,1196,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Estación Maritza</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FB49FD023321343A" box="[1222,1298,762,789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="570.0">570 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FAAEFD0233AB343A" box="[1313,1432,762,789]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1995-03-04">4-III-1995</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FF18FCE736CD3416" box="[151,254,799,825]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01589306 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FCC9FCE732323416" box="[838,1025,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sendero Natural</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FB94FCE732553416" box="[1051,1126,799,825]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="290.0">290 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FBFBFCE732C93416" box="[1140,1274,799,825]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1999-11-29">29-XI-1999</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FA86FCE7335C3416" box="[1289,1391,799,825]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589308 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FD29FCBB355C3472" box="[678,879,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Quebrada García</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FC07FCBA35E03472" box="[904,979,834,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="495.0">495 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FC6EFCBB326B3472" box="[993,1112,835,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2007-04-03">3-IV-2007</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FBEAFCBB32F83472" box="[1125,1227,835,861]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589312 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FD9DFC9F34D734AE" box="[530,740,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Bosque Transición</emphasis>
), 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD73FC9F354134AE" box="[764,882,871,897]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2012-04-03">3-IV-2012</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FCF1FC9F35D034AE" box="[894,995,871,897]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, G. Sihezar leg., USNMENT01589363 (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE9EFC723745348B" bold="true" box="[273,374,906,932]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FE9EFC723745348B" box="[273,374,906,932]" country="Costa Rica" name="Alajuela" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Alajuela</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—El Coco, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD83FC733451348A" box="[524,610,907,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1998-05">V-1998</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDFAFC7334FF348A" box="[629,716,907,933]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD6FFC73357E348A" box="[736,845,907,933]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107761, 1107809 (MGCL); Área de Conservación Guanacaste (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FC95FC57358834E6" box="[794,955,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
Puente 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B567D62FCFDFC57358834E6" box="[882,955,943,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Palma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Palma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FC59FC57321034E6" box="[982,1059,943,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="460.0">460 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FBBCFC57328334E6" box="[1075,1200,943,969]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2004-10-06">06-X-2004</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FB4FFC57331434E6" box="[1216,1319,943,969]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, E. Araya leg., USNMENT01589296 (USNM), (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F8F808B567D62FDC5FC2B349D34C2" box="[586,686,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vochysiaceae" genus="Vochysia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FDC5FC2B349D34C2" box="[586,686,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Vochysia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FD4AFC2B353C34C2" box="[709,783,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FC94FC2A35A234C2" box="[795,913,978,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2004-04-05">5-IV-2004</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC12FC2B323134C2" box="[925,1026,979,1005]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01589303 (USNM), (
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE95FC0F37FF333E" box="[282,460,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sendero Pinyal</emphasis>
), 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FE64FC0F340F333E" box="[491,572,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="630.0">630 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FDC0FC0F34E2333E" box="[591,721,1015,1041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1998-07-02">2-VII-1998</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD6AFC0F3509333E" box="[741,826,1015,1041]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589309 (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF18FBE23722331B" bold="true" box="[151,273,1050,1076]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FF18FBE23722331B" box="[151,273,1050,1076]" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE90FBE23754331A" bold="true" box="[287,359,1050,1077]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FE90FBE23754331A" box="[287,359,1050,1077]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Colón</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—no locality, 
<quantity id="4CC759E68B567D62FD8BFBE23452331A" box="[516,609,1050,1077]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="457.2">457,2 m</quantity>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDE3FBE334FC331A" box="[620,719,1051,1077]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, USNMENT01589319 (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FBC8FBE2329D331A" bold="true" box="[1095,1198,1050,1077]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FBC8FBE2329D331A" box="[1095,1198,1050,1077]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Chiriquí</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—no locality, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FAC4FBE333AB331A" box="[1355,1432,1051,1077]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, USNMENT01589318 (USNM); Santa Cruz, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD1CFBC635343376" box="[659,775,1086,1113]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1975-08">VIII-1975</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC9CFBC735513376" box="[787,866,1087,1113]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01589317 (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF18FB9A36CA3352" bold="true" box="[151,249,1122,1149]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FF18FB9A36CA3352" box="[151,249,1122,1149]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Panamá</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Gamboa, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FEF0FB9B37D33352" box="[383,480,1123,1149]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, O. Seitz leg., USNMENT01589320 (USNM); Diablo, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FBB4FB9B32AE3352" box="[1083,1181,1123,1149]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, USNMENT01589321 (USNM); Las Cumbres, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FE2CFB7E3416338E" box="[419,549,1158,1185]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1958-12-08">8-XII-1958</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDA1FB7F344A338E" box="[558,633,1159,1185]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FD0EFB7F3522338E" box="[641,785,1159,1185]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1960-12-12">12-XII-1960</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FC95FB7F3548338E" box="[794,891,1159,1185]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107765, 1107810 (MGCL). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF18FB52370533EB" bold="true" box="[151,310,1194,1220]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FF18FB52370533EB" box="[151,310,1194,1220]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FECCFB52378833EB" bold="true" box="[323,443,1194,1220]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FECCFB52378833EB" box="[323,443,1194,1220]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—no locality, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDD9FB53348B33EA" box="[598,696,1195,1221]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107811 (MGCL). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FBF9FB5232FE33EA" bold="true" box="[1142,1229,1194,1221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FBF9FB5232FE33EA" box="[1142,1229,1194,1221]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Muzo, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FAB9FB5333AB33EA" box="[1334,1432,1195,1221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1924-06">VI-1924</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FF18FB3736D533C6" box="[151,230,1231,1257]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, USNMENT01589322 (USNM), 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDEAFB37348733C6" box="[613,692,1231,1257]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD4FFB37351533C6" box="[704,806,1231,1257]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352848, 00352857 (AMNH). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE84FB0B37F33223" bold="true" box="[267,448,1266,1293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FE84FB0B37F33223" box="[267,448,1266,1293]" country="Colombia" name="Valle del Cauca" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Valle del Cauca</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—no locality, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FDD5FB0B34F43222" box="[602,711,1267,1293]" count="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352855, 00352856 (AMNH). 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FF18FAEE3716321F" bold="true" box="[151,293,1302,1328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FF18FAEE3716321F" box="[151,293,1302,1328]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FEBAFAEE3798321F" bold="true" box="[309,427,1302,1328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FEBAFAEE3798321F" box="[309,427,1302,1328]" country="Ecuador" name="Pichincha" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Pichincha</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
—Toachi, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FDACFAEF34A8321E" box="[547,667,1303,1329]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="1974-09-09">9-IX-1974</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D393F8A8B567D62FD26FAEF34CA321E" box="[681,761,1303,1329]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, Vénédictoff leg., ex-coll. Vénédictoff, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107771 (MGCL).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80F4038B567D62FF48FAA7377732CA" blockId="31.[151,1437,150,1509]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<materialsCitation id="3B57FE5E8B567D62FF48FAA736E132B2" collectingDate="2017-12-17" country="El Salvador" latitude="13.7245" location="Tonacatepeque" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.10019" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador">
iNaturalist records: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FE29FAA7345A3257" bold="true" box="[422,617,1374,1401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingCountry id="F328B4938B567D62FE29FAA7345A3257" box="[422,617,1374,1401]" name="El Salvador" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">EL SALVADOR</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B28118B567D62FDF7FAA6352B3257" bold="true" box="[632,792,1374,1400]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
<collectingRegion id="49FB3AE18B567D62FDF7FAA6352B3257" box="[632,792,1374,1400]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
— 
<location id="8EE0A2D88B567D62FCBBFAA735ED3256" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA:8EE0A2D88B567D62FCBBFAA735ED3256" box="[820,990,1375,1401]" country="El Salvador" latitude="13.7245" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.10019" name="Tonacatepeque" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" stateProvince="San Salvador">Tonacatepeque</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B92C48B567D62FC65FAA732B83256" box="[1002,1163,1375,1401]" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" precision="1" seconds="28.2" value="13.7245">13°43’28.2”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B92C48B567D62FB19FAA733083256" box="[1174,1339,1375,1401]" degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" precision="1" seconds="00.7" value="-89.10019">89°06’00.7”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FAC8FAA736E132B2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2017-12-17">
<collectingDate id="EFC52B2B8B567D62FAC8FAA736E132B2" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2017-12-17">17-XII-2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="3B57FE5E8B567D62FF50FA7B331E32B2" box="[223,1325,1410,1437]" collectingDate="2003-08-22" country="Nicaragua" latitude="11.759562" location="Nandaime" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.06052" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Granada">
Ares-afc. 
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: 
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</emphasis>
— 
<location id="8EE0A2D88B567D62FD17FA7B353E32B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA:8EE0A2D88B567D62FD17FA7B353E32B2" box="[664,781,1411,1437]" country="Nicaragua" latitude="11.759562" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.06052" name="Nandaime" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" stateProvince="Granada">Nandaime</location>
, 
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, 
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, 
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<collectingDate id="EFC52B2B8B567D62FB1BFA7B331E32B2" box="[1172,1325,1411,1437]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2003-08-22">22-VIII-2003</collectingDate>
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, Eric van den Berghe (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/8848362; inaturalist.org/observations/50661799. Accessed 
<date id="FF81D2C38B567D62FF18FA33370A32CA" box="[151,313,1483,1509]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" value="2023-06-30">June 30, 2023</date>
).
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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