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<document id="3AE67DA4957CF229F923E945D2B15DD0" ID-CLB-Dataset="267806" ID-DOI="10.1163/18759866-BJA10035" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c846d9c5-4d9d-441f-919a-aa40017d9b93" ID-ISSN="1875-9866" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8349612" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1694702104147" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sawada, Naoto &amp; Fuke, Yusuke" docDate="2023" docId="BE0D87E1FFFFAD5938DFF66FECD8C85C" docLanguage="en" docName="ContribZool.92.1.1-37.pdf" docOrigin="Contributions to Zoology 92 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E1C3C5FD6CDDA08D62BFE928526826AF.2:ContribZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="E1C3C5FD6CDDA08D62BFE928526826AF" docStyleName="ContribZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Semisulcospira niponica" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="4234FF99FFECAD413A5AF21BED5ACA0D" masterDocTitle="Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae)" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1699674597255" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6E555FD1AC69A473B691E4F593966DA7">Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="525B8147AF0C702ED3BBAEE21C0935DE">Sawada, Naoto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE50B650E8F1B482C47F947319294EE8">Fuke, Yusuke</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFFAD5238DFF66FE969CE83" blockId="19.[645,1075,1140,1167]" box="[645,1075,1140,1167]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFFAD5238DFF66FE969CE83" ID-CoL="4WHDH" ID-ENA="481881" authority="(Smith, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[645,1075,1140,1167]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFFAD5238DFF66FEEF1CE82" bold="true" box="[645,939,1140,1167]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Semisulcospira niponica (</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFFAD5239F1F66EE970CE82" author="Smith, E. A." box="[939,1066,1141,1167]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="118 - 127" refId="ref23407" refString="Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of some new species of land and freshwater shells, and remarks on other species found in Japan. Quarterly Journal of Conchology, 1, 118 - 127." type="journal article" year="1876">Smith, 1876</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFFAD523E73F66FE969CE83" bold="true" box="[1065,1075,1140,1166]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">)</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFFAD5238DFF682EE7CCEDA" blockId="19.[645,1157,1177,1239]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFFAD5238D7F682EFBACEBE" box="[653,736,1177,1203]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[129,189,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,243,1709]" captionText="TABLE 2 Morphometric characters of five Semisulcospira species examined in the present study.Measurements and counts: minimum–maximum value (mean ± SD)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5">table 2</tableCitation>
, supplementary 
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFFAD5239F8F682EEA6CEBE" box="[930,1020,1177,1203]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[98,158,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[98,1129,243,1732]" captionText="TABLE 1 Specimen list of Semisulcospira species with voucher numbers, collection localities, and accession numbers of DDBJ Sequence Read Archive (DRA) for specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4">table S1</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFFAD523E50F682EFC2CEDA" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">figs. 8A–K, Q</figureCitation>
–AN, 12A–G)
</paragraph>
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FIGURE 9 Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFFAD523B77F43DEF4CCC36" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[301,534,1574,1595]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="watanabei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFFAD523B77F43DEF4CCC36" box="[301,534,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Semisulcospira watanabei</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFFFAD523841F43DEF05CC36" box="[539,607,1574,1595]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–G, Holotype, KUZ Z4109. H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4110. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4114. M–N. Specimen from Oura, KUZ Z4117. O–Q, Specimen from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4118. R–T, Specimen from Horikiri Port, KUZ Z4120. A–C, H, K, M, O, R, Adult shell. A–C, H, O, R, Female. K, Male. M, Juvenile. D, I, L, N, P, S, Operculum. E–G, J, Q, T, Embryonic shell. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, O–P, R–S), 1 mm (E–G, J, Q, T). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite
</paragraph>
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FIGURE 10 Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553B16F3EBEF45C808" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[332,543,496,517]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nakanoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553B16F3EBEF45C808" box="[332,543,496,517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira nakanoi</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF8AD55387EF3EAEF32C80B" box="[548,616,497,518]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–G, Holotype, KUZ Z4122. H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4125. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4126. M–Q, Specimens from Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129, Z4130. A–C, H, K, M, P, Adult
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553AA3F030E927C84C" blockId="20.[130,1152,496,636]" box="[249,1149,555,577]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">shell. A–C, H, M, Female. K, P, Male. D, I, L, N, Q, Operculum. E–G, J, O, Embryonic shell. Scale bars:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553AA3F052EC34C871" blockId="20.[130,1152,496,636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, P–Q), 1 mm (E–G, J, O). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="7EBE657CFFF8AD553ADBF0DDEE23CE4A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF0DDEF75C8ED" author="Smith, E. A." box="[129,559,710,736]" page="124" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1876">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF0DDEF75C8ED" authority="Smith, 1876: 123 - 124" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="123 - 124" authorityYear="1876" box="[129,559,710,736]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF0DDEC19C8ED" box="[129,323,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melania niponica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B16F0DDEF75C8ED" author="Smith, E. A." box="[332,559,710,736]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="118 - 127" refId="ref23407" refString="Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of some new species of land and freshwater shells, and remarks on other species found in Japan. Quarterly Journal of Conchology, 1, 118 - 127." type="journal article" year="1876">Smith, 1876: 123–124</bibRefCitation>
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(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF0F1EC10C909" author="Martens, E. von" box="[129,330,746,772]" page="116" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1877">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553ADBF0F1EC10C909" author="Martens, E. von" box="[129,330,746,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="97 - 127" refId="ref21949" refString="Martens, E. von. (1877) Uebersicht uber die von den Herren Dr. Fr. Hilgendorf und Dr. W. Donitz in JapangesammeltenBinnenmollusken. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, for 1877, 97 - 127." type="journal article" year="1877">Martens, 1877: 116</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(exact taxonomic account uncertain; TAU); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B13F115EF73C925" author="Brot, A." box="[329,553,782,808]" page="338" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1877">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B13F115EF73C925" author="Brot, A." box="[329,553,782,808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="193 - 352" refId="ref20500" refString="Brot, A. (1877) Die Melaniaceen (Melanidae) in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibunge. In: Kuster, H. C. &amp; Kobelt, W. (Eds) Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz, Ersten (1) Bandes, Vierundzwanzigste (24) Abtheilung, pp. 193 - 352. Verlag von Bauer &amp; Raspe, Nurnberg." type="book chapter" year="1877">Brot, 1877: 338–339</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 34, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553ADBF129ED9FC941" box="[129,197,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[130,197,497,518]" captionTargetBox="[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetId="figure-388@20.[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10 Shells of Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov. A–G,Holotype, KUZ Z4122.H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4125. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4126.M–Q, Specimens from Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129, Z4130.A–C, H, K, M, P, Adult shell. A–C, H, M, Female.K, P,Male.D, I, L, N, Q, Operculum.E–G, J, O, Embryonic shell.Scale bars: 10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, P–Q), 1 mm (E–G, J, O). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349640/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">figs 10</figureCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B47F129EC8BC941" author="Kobelt, W." box="[285,465,818,844]" page="131" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B47F129EC8BC941" author="Kobelt, W." box="[285,465,818,844]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21748" refString="Kobelt, W. (1879) Fauna molluscorum extramarinorum Japoniae. Nach den von Professor Rein Gemachten Sammlungen. Christian Winter, Frankfurt." type="book" year="1879">Kobelt, 1879: 131</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 19, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD55387EF129EF21C940" box="[548,635,818,845]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="9.[98,165,923,944]" captionStartId-1="12.[129,196,1445,1466]" captionStartId-2="15.[98,165,942,963]" captionTargetBox-0="[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetBox-1="[226,1090,728,1426]" captionTargetBox-2="[195,1059,164,923]" captionTargetId-0="figure-304@9.[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetId-1="figure-76@12.[226,1090,728,1426]" captionTargetId-2="figure-96@15.[195,1059,164,923]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 5 Phylogenetic relationships of five Semisulcospira species estimated by the Neighbor-Net reconstructed based on uncorrected p-distances of 738 SNPs" captionText-1="FIGURE 6 Map of Lake Biwa indicating geographical variation in the frequency of sculpture types in the adult females of five Semisulcospira species.Colours of locality names correspond to the colour coding in fig.1" captionText-2="FIGURE 7 Results of Random Forest analyses conducted for five Semisulcospira species. Euclidean distances generated from proximities among individuals are plotted. A, Female.B, Male" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349626" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349630" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349632" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8349626/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8349630/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8349632/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">figs 5–7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553ADBF14DEDC2C97D" box="[129,152,854,880]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[130,197,497,518]" captionTargetBox="[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetId="figure-388@20.[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10 Shells of Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov. A–G,Holotype, KUZ Z4122.H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4125. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4126.M–Q, Specimens from Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129, Z4130.A–C, H, K, M, P, Adult shell. A–C, H, M, Female.K, P,Male.D, I, L, N, Q, Operculum.E–G, J, O, Embryonic shell.Scale bars: 10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, P–Q), 1 mm (E–G, J, O). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349640/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">10</figureCitation>
–14 (part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B4CF14DEC8AC97D" author="Pilsbry, H. A." box="[278,464,854,880]" page="119" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B4CF14DEC8AC97D" author="Pilsbry, H. A." box="[278,464,854,880]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="115 - 121" refId="ref22730" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1902) Revision of Japanese Viviparidae, with Notes on Melania and Bithynia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 115 - 121." type="journal article" year="1902">Pilsbry, 1902: 119</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B87F14DEDC0C999" author="Iwakawa, T." page="82" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1919">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B87F14DEDC0C999" author="Iwakawa, T." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21426" refString="Iwakawa, T. (1919) Catalogue of Japanese Mollusca in the Natural History Department, Tokyo Imperial Museum. Tokyo Imperial Museum, Tokyo." type="book" year="1919">Iwakawa, 1919: 82</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part; TAU); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B19F162EF6AC999" author="Annandale, N." box="[323,560,889,916]" page="45" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B19F162EF6AC999" author="Annandale, N." box="[323,560,889,916]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 74" refId="ref20403" refString="Annandale, N. (1916) Zoological results of a tour in the far east. The Mollusca of Lake Biwa, Japan. Records of the Indian Museum, 6, 41 - 74." type="journal article" year="1916">Annandale, 1916: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553ADBF186ED9FC9B5" box="[129,197,925,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[98,165,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[211,1036,1246,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-399@7.[211,1043,1246,1673]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Results of principal components analysis based on 738 SNPs conducted for five Semisulcospira species. A, Principal component (PC) 1 vs PC2.B, PC2 vs PC3. C, PC3 vs PC4. D, PC4 vs PC5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 3A</figureCitation>
(part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF1DAEC24C9F2" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF1DAEC24C9F2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF1DAEF73C9D6" author="Kobelt, W." box="[129,553,961,987]" page="133" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1879">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF1DAEF73C9D6" authority="Kobelt, 1879: 132 - 133" authorityName="Kobelt" authorityPageNumber="132 - 133" authorityYear="1879" box="[129,553,961,987]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biwae">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF1DAEC7DC9D6" box="[129,295,961,987]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melania biwae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B6FF1DAEF73C9D6" author="Kobelt, W." box="[309,553,961,987]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21748" refString="Kobelt, W. (1879) Fauna molluscorum extramarinorum Japoniae. Nach den von Professor Rein Gemachten Sammlungen. Christian Winter, Frankfurt." type="book" year="1879">Kobelt, 1879: 132–133</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 19, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553ADBF1FEEDECC9F2" box="[129,182,997,1023]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[98,165,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,1284,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-403@19.[307,947,1284,1556]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 Shells of Semisulcospira watanabei sp. nov.A–G, Holotype, KUZ Z4109. H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4110.K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4114.M–N.Specimen from Oura, KUZ Z4117.O–Q, Specimen from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4118.R–T, Specimen from Horikiri Port, KUZ Z4120.A–C, H, K, M, O, R, Adult shell.A–C, H, O, R, Female.K, Male. M, Juvenile.D, I, L, N, P, S, Operculum. E–G, J, Q,T, Embryonic shell. Scale bars: 10mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, O–P, R–S), 1 mm (E–G, J, Q, T). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349638" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349638/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 9</figureCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553A9BF1FEEC20C9F2" author="Pilsbry, H. A." box="[193,378,997,1023]" page="120" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553A9BF1FEEC20C9F2" author="Pilsbry, H. A." box="[193,378,997,1023]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="115 - 121" refId="ref22730" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1902) Revision of Japanese Viviparidae, with Notes on Melania and Bithynia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 115 - 121." type="journal article" year="1902">Pilsbry, 1902: 120</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF612EDACCE45" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF612EDACCE45" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF612EC86CE2E" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1876" box="[129,476,1033,1060]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica" subGenus="Melanoides">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF612ED86CE2E" box="[129,220,1033,1059]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melania</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553AB7F612EC31CE2E" box="[237,363,1033,1059]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melanoides</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553B27F611EC86CE2E" box="[381,476,1034,1059]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553BA0F612EDF3CE4A" author="Nevill, G." page="264" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553BA0F612EDF3CE4A" author="Nevill, G." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref22420" refString="Nevill, G. (1884) Hand list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part II. Gastropoda. Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia (cont'd). Indian Museum, Calcutta." type="book" year="1884">Nevill, 1884: 264</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(TAU).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF64AED8ACE82" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF64AED8ACE82" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF64AEF5ACE66" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1876" box="[129,512,1105,1132]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica" subGenus="Semisulcospira">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF64AED86CE66" box="[129,220,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melania</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553AB6F64AECCACE66" box="[236,400,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553BFBF649EF5ACE66" box="[417,512,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553847F649ED96CE82" author="Boettger, O." page="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1886">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553847F649ED96CE82" author="Boettger, O." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref20440" refString="Boettger, O. (1886) Zur Kenntniss der Melanien Chinas und Japans. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 13, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1886">Boettger, 1886: 8</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF682EF67CEB9" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" box="[129,573,1177,1204]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF682EF67CEB9" box="[129,573,1177,1204]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF682EC14CEBE" authority="Smith, 1876" box="[129,334,1177,1203]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nipponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF682EC14CEBE" box="[129,334,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melania nipponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B33F682EF62CEB9" author="De Elera, C." box="[361,568,1177,1204]" page="335" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B33F682EF62CEB9" author="De Elera, C." box="[361,568,1177,1204]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref20836" refString="De Elera, C. (1896) Catalogo Sistematico de toda la Fauna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente, y a la vez el de la coleccion zoologica del Museo de PP. Dominicos del Colegio-Universidad de Sto. Tomas de Manila, escrito con motive de la exposicion regional Filipina, Volumen III, Moluscos y Radiados. Imprenta del colegio de Santo Tomas, Manila." type="book" year="1896">De Elera, 1896: 335</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF6A6EC22CFFB" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF6A6EC22CFFB" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF6A6ECD4CEDB" ID-CoL="4WHDH" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[129,398,1213,1239]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF6A6ECD4CEDB" box="[129,398,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553BE8F6A6EF26CEDA" author="Kuroda, T." box="[434,636,1213,1239]" page="186" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553BE8F6A6EF26CEDA" author="Kuroda, T." box="[434,636,1213,1239]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="179 - 193" refId="ref21864" refString="Kuroda, T. (1929) On Japanese Melanians. Venus, 1, 179 - 193." type="journal article" year="1929">Kuroda, 1929: 186</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 189, pl. 5, figs 32–33 (part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B8CF6FAEDF8CF12" author="Fukuoka, G." page="114" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B8CF6FAEDF8CF12" author="Fukuoka, G." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="114 - 118" refId="ref21005" refString="Fukuoka, G. (1933) Ecological distribution of the freshwater snail Semisulcospira in the environs of Kyoto. Venus, 4, 114 - 118." type="journal article" year="1933">
<collectingRegion id="F460F815FFF8AD553B8CF6FAEF60CEF6" box="[470,570,1249,1275]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fukuoka</collectingRegion>
, 1933: 114
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 117, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553AB9F71FEC45CF12" box="[227,287,1284,1311]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[98,165,923,944]" captionTargetBox="[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetId="figure-304@9.[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5 Phylogenetic relationships of five Semisulcospira species estimated by the Neighbor-Net reconstructed based on uncorrected p-distances of 738 SNPs" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349626/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 5</figureCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B6BF71FEF26CF13" author="Kajiyama, H. &amp; Habe, T." box="[305,636,1284,1311]" page="167" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B6BF71FEF26CF13" author="Kajiyama, H. &amp; Habe, T." box="[305,636,1284,1311]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="167 - 176" refId="ref21453" refString="Kajiyama, H. &amp; Habe, T. (1961) Two new forms of the Japanese melanians, Semisulcospira. Venus, 21, 167 - 176." type="journal article" year="1961">Kajiyama &amp; Habe, 1961: 167</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF733EC62CF4F" author="Kuroda, T." box="[129,312,1320,1346]" page="86" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553ADBF733EC62CF4F" author="Kuroda, T." box="[129,312,1320,1346]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="86 - 91" refId="ref21883" refString="Kuroda, T. (1962) Mollusca in Lake Biwa. Venus, 22, 86 - 91." type="journal article" year="1962">Kuroda, 1962: 86</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part; TAU); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B93F733ED80CF6A" author="Kuroda, T. &amp; Habe, T." page="57" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B93F733ED80CF6A" author="Kuroda, T. &amp; Habe, T." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="57" refId="ref21903" refString="Kuroda, T. &amp; Habe, T. (1965) Semisulcospira niponica. In: Okada, K. (Ed) New illuscrated encyclopedia of the fauna of Japan, p. 57. Hukuryu-kan Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo." type="book chapter" year="1965">Kuroda &amp; Habe, 1965: 57</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B6FF757EF0CCF6B" author="Habe, T. &amp; Kosuge, S." box="[309,598,1356,1383]" page="28" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B6FF757EF0CCF6B" author="Habe, T. &amp; Kosuge, S." box="[309,598,1356,1383]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21186" refString="Habe, T. &amp; Kosuge, S. (1967) Common Shells of Japan in Color. 21 th Edition. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Ltd., Osaka." type="book" year="1967">Habe &amp; Kosuge, 1967: 28</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 11, fig. 22 (part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B1CF76BEF6CCF87" author="Davis, G. M." box="[326,566,1392,1418]" page="243" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B1CF76BEF6CCF87" author="Davis, G. M." box="[326,566,1392,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="211 - 294" refId="ref20802" refString="Davis, G. M. (1969). A taxonomic study of some species of Semisulcospira in Japan (Mesogastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Malacologia, 7, 211 - 294." type="journal article" year="1969">Davis, 1969: 243–246</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 4, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553ADBF78FED89CFA3" box="[129,211,1428,1454]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionStartId-1="6.[129,196,1691,1712]" captionStartId-2="7.[98,165,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetBox-1="[338,978,1292,1672]" captionTargetBox-2="[211,1036,1246,1673]" captionTargetId-0="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId-1="figure-404@6.[338,978,1292,1672]" captionTargetId-2="figure-399@7.[211,1043,1246,1673]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." captionText-1="FIGURE 2 Schematic drawings representing shell measurements of Semisulcospira species in this study. A, Spire angle (SA) and aperture swell length (ASL) of adult shell. B–D, Criteria for types of sculptures" captionText-2="FIGURE 3 Results of principal components analysis based on 738 SNPs conducted for five Semisulcospira species. A, Principal component (PC) 1 vs PC2.B, PC2 vs PC3. C, PC3 vs PC4. D, PC4 vs PC5" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349618" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349620" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8349618/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8349620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">figs 1–3</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553A85F78FECCBCFA3" author="Watanabe, N. C." box="[223,401,1428,1454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="194 - 203" refId="ref23837" refString="Watanabe, N. C. (1984) Studies on taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater snails, genus Semisulcospira in the three islands inside Lake Biwa. Venus, 45, 194 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.3739 / rikusui. 45.194." type="journal article" year="1984">Watanabe, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553BC6F78FEF6ACFA3" box="[412,560,1428,1454]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[98,165,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[211,1036,1246,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-399@7.[211,1043,1246,1673]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Results of principal components analysis based on 738 SNPs conducted for five Semisulcospira species. A, Principal component (PC) 1 vs PC2.B, PC2 vs PC3. C, PC3 vs PC4. D, PC4 vs PC5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 3b–d, f–h</figureCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF7A3EC28CFDF" author="Watanabe, N. C." box="[129,370,1464,1490]" page="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553ADBF7A3EC28CFDF" author="Watanabe, N. C." box="[129,370,1464,1490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref23887" refString="Watanabe, N. C. (1989) Report on research commissioned by the Lake Biwa Research Institute. Studies on the taxonomic reconsideration of the major benthic fauna. Otsu, Lake Biwa Research Institute." type="book" year="1989">Watanabe, 1989: 11–13</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 47, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553BF9F7A3ECB2CFDF" box="[419,488,1464,1490]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[130,197,497,518]" captionTargetBox="[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetId="figure-388@20.[322,994,164,478]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10 Shells of Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov. A–G,Holotype, KUZ Z4122.H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4125. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4126.M–Q, Specimens from Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129, Z4130.A–C, H, K, M, P, Adult shell. A–C, H, M, Female.K, P,Male.D, I, L, N, Q, Operculum.E–G, J, O, Embryonic shell.Scale bars: 10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N, P–Q), 1 mm (E–G, J, O). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349640/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">figs 10</figureCitation>
, 27, 28 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553ADBF7C7EC50CFFB" author="Kohler, F." box="[129,266,1500,1526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="268 - 281" refId="ref21773" refString="Kohler, F. (2016) Rampant taxonomic incongruence in a mitochondrial phylogeny of Semisulcospira freshwater snails from Japan (Cerithioidea: Semisulcospiridae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 82, 268 - 281." type="journal article" year="2016">Köhler, 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553B49F7C7EC2ECFFB" box="[275,372,1500,1526]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[259,1057,1136,1671]" captionTargetId="figure-385@8.[258,1058,1135,1672]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 Results of ADMIXTURE analysis based on 738 SNPs conducted for five Semisulcospira species.Bar colours of the species in K = 5 correspond to the colour coding in fig.3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349624/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 4O, P</figureCitation>
.
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<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF41BEF70CC17" box="[129,554,1536,1562]" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melanoides" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponicus" subGenus="Semisulcospira">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF41BEDA5CC17" box="[129,255,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melanoides</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553B57F41BECEBCC17" box="[269,433,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553B9AF41AEF70CC17" box="[448,554,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">niponicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553819F41BEC41CC33" author="Mori, S." page="229" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553819F41BEC41CC33" author="Mori, S." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="221 - 231" refId="ref22289" refString="Mori, S. (1936) Some ecological notes on the fresh water snails, Melanoides (Semisulcospira) libertinus (GOULD), M. (S.) libertinus japonicus (REEVE), and M. (S.) niponicus (SMITH). Venus, 6, 221 - 231." type="journal article" year="1936">Mori, 1936: 229–230</bibRefCitation>
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B7EF43FECBECC33" author="Mori, S." box="[292,484,1572,1598]" page="37" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B7EF43FECBECC33" author="Mori, S." box="[292,484,1572,1598]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="37 - 50" refId="ref22346" refString="Mori, S. (1937) Studies on the annual vertical migration and the life history of a Japanese fresh-water snail, Melanoides (Semisulcospira) niponicus (Smith). Zoological Magazine, 49, 37 - 50." type="journal article" year="1937">Mori, 1937: 37–38</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553BB4F43FEF45CC33" box="[494,543,1572,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF453EF03CC6F" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" box="[129,601,1607,1634]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF453EF03CC6F" box="[129,601,1607,1634]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF453EC69CC6C" box="[129,307,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF453EC45CC6C" ID-CoL="7P5GN" authorityName="S. -F. Chen" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[129,287,1608,1634]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Hua" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hua? niponica</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553B63F453EC89CC6F" author="Kira, T." box="[313,467,1607,1634]" page="127" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553B63F453EC89CC6F" author="Kira, T." box="[313,467,1607,1634]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21678" refString="Kira, T. (1954) Colored illustrations of the shells of Japan. Second edition. Osaka, Hoikusha." type="book" year="1954">Kira, 1954: 127</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 63, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD553879F453EF0FCC6F" box="[547,597,1608,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF470EF78CCA7" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF470EF78CCA7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF470ECD9CC88" ID-CoL="64fb42af-fa93-4311-abf7-4c0dc18f793b" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[129,387,1643,1669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Biwamelania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF470ECD9CC88" box="[129,387,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biwamelania niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553BE7F470EF26CC8B" author="Habe, T." box="[445,636,1643,1670]" page="94" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553BE7F470EF26CC8B" author="Habe, T." box="[445,636,1643,1670]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="91 - 96" refId="ref21098" refString="Habe, T. (1978) Fresh water molluscs in Korea and Japan as the intermediate hosts of trematodes. Yonsei Reports on Tropical Medicine, 9, 91 - 96." type="journal article" year="1978">Habe, 1978: 94</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553ADBF494ECF3CCA7" author="Nishino, M. &amp; Tanida, K." box="[129,425,1679,1706]" page="56" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553ADBF494ECF3CCA7" author="Nishino, M. &amp; Tanida, K." box="[129,425,1679,1706]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref22534" refString="Nishino, M. &amp; Tanida, K. (2018) Illustration of benthic fauna in Lake Biwa. Second edition. Incorporated Administrative Agency Japan Water Agency Lake Biwa Development Integrated Operation &amp; Maintenance Office, Otsu." type="book" year="2018">Nishino &amp; Tanida, 2018: 56</bibRefCitation>
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, 251 (part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD553ADBF4A8EF03CCC3" blockId="20.[129,641,710,1742]" box="[129,601,1715,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD553ADBF4A8EF03CCC3" box="[129,601,1715,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD553ADBF4A8ECD7CCC0" box="[129,397,1715,1741]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Biwakomelania" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553ADBF4A8ECD7CCC0" box="[129,397,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biwakomelania niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553BF2F4A8EF0FCCC3" author="Habe, T." box="[424,597,1715,1742]" page="305" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553BF2F4A8EF0FCCC3" author="Habe, T." box="[424,597,1715,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="305 - 313" refId="ref21131" refString="Habe, T. (1984) Type Specimens of the Japanese land and freshwater molluscs collected during the Vega Expedition and housed in the Swedish Natural History Museum in Stockholm. Venus, 43, 305 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.18941 / venusjjm. 43.4 _ 305." type="journal article" year="1984">Habe, 1984: 305</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD5538FEF0DDEE53C99E" blockId="20.[676,1188,710,1096]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD5538FEF0DDEE53C99E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD5538FEF0DDE9F8C8ED" ID-CoL="4WHDH" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[676,1186,710,736]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica" subGenus="Biwamelania">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD5538FEF0DDEE12C8ED" box="[676,840,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553924F0DDE957C8ED" box="[894,1037,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biwamelania</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553E19F0DCE9F8C8ED" box="[1091,1186,711,736]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD55389AF0F1EEF7C909" author="Matsuoka, K." box="[704,941,746,773]" page="190" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD55389AF0F1EEF7C909" author="Matsuoka, K." box="[704,941,746,773]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="180 - 195" refId="ref21993" refString="Matsuoka, K. (1985) Pliocene freshwater gastropods from the Iga formation of the Kobiwako group, Mie Prefecture, central Japan. Transactions and proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan, 139, 180 - 195." type="journal article" year="1985">Matsuoka, 1985: 190</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD5539E5F0F1E9C5C909" author="Nishino, M." box="[959,1183,746,772]" page="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD5539E5F0F1E9C5C909" author="Nishino, M." box="[959,1183,746,772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref22453" refString="Nishino, M. (1991) Benthos in Lake Biwa. Life in watersides. Lake Biwa Research Institute, Otsu." type="book" year="1991">Nishino, 1991: 9–10</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figures (part); 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD5539BDF115E9C4C925" author="Urabe, M." box="[999,1182,782,808]" page="80" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD5539BDF115E9C4C925" author="Urabe, M." box="[999,1182,782,808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="80 - 87" refId="ref23675" refString="Urabe, M. (2007) Note on Melania niponica var. minor (Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Chiribotan, 38, 80 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Urabe, 2007: 80</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD5538FEF129EFBCC941" box="[676,742,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 1A</figureCitation>
; Kihira, et al., 2009: 24–25, unnumbered figure (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD55396FF14EEEAAC97D" author="Miura, O. &amp; Urabe, M. &amp; Nishimura, T. &amp; Nakai, K. &amp; Chiba, S." box="[821,1008,853,880]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="43 - 54" refId="ref22186" refString="Miura, O., Urabe, M., Nishimura, T., Nakai, K. &amp; Chiba, S. (2019) Recent lake expansion triggered the adaptive radiation of freshwater snails in the ancient Lake Biwa. Evolution Letters, 3, 43 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / evl 3.92." type="journal article" year="2019">Miura et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD5539A2F14EE967C962" box="[1016,1085,853,879]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. S1f</figureCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553E1CF14EEE5EC99E" author="Nishino, M." page="621" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553E1CF14EEE5EC99E" author="Nishino, M." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="621" refId="ref22476" refString="Nishino, M. (2021) Semisulcospira (Biwamelania) fuscata, Semisulcospira (Biwamelania) niponica. In: Scientific Committee for Research into the Wildlife in Shiga Prefecture (Ed) Red data book of Shiga Prefecture 2020, pp. 606, 621. Sunrise Publishing Co., Ltd., Otsu." type="journal article" year="2021">Nishino, 2021: 621</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD5538FEF186EE85C9D6" blockId="20.[676,1188,710,1096]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD5538FEF186EE85C9D6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD5538FEF186EEE0C9BA" baseAuthorityName="E.A.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[676,954,925,951]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nipponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD5538FEF186EEE0C9BA" box="[676,954,925,951]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira nipponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD55398CF186EF9AC9D6" author="Higo, S. &amp; Goto, Y." page="97" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD55398CF186EF9AC9D6" author="Higo, S. &amp; Goto, Y." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21282" refString="Higo, S. &amp; Goto, Y. (1993) A systematic list of molluscan shells from the Japanese Is. and the adjacent area. Elle Scientific Publications, Yao." type="book" year="1993">Higo &amp; Goto, 1993: 97</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553890F1DAEE81C9D6" author="Goto, Y. &amp; Poppe, G." box="[714,987,961,988]" page="204" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553890F1DAEE81C9D6" author="Goto, Y. &amp; Poppe, G." box="[714,987,961,988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref21069" refString="Goto, Y. &amp; Poppe, G. (1996) A listing of living mollusca. Part II. Volume I. L'Informatore Piceno, Ancona." type="book" year="1996">Goto &amp; Poppe, 1996: 204</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD5538FEF1FEEE23CE4A" blockId="20.[676,1188,710,1096]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16B411D9FFF8AD5538FEF1FEEE23CE4A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF8AD5538FEF1FEE9F8C9F2" ID-CoL="4WHDH" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[676,1186,997,1024]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica" subGenus="Biwamelania">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD5538FEF1FEEE12C9F2" box="[676,840,997,1023]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Semisulcospira</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553924F1FEE957C9F2" box="[894,1037,997,1023]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biwamelania</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD553E19F1FDE9F8C9F2" box="[1091,1186,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(nodose 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFF8AD553950F611EE67CE29" box="[778,829,1034,1060]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
) – 
<treatmentCitation id="B70510E6FFF8AD553933F612EF85CE4A" author="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M." page="17" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFF8AD553933F612EF85CE4A" author="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref23925" refString="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M. (1995) A study on taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater snail, genus Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa, with descriptions of eight new species. Lake Biwa Study Monographs, 6, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1995">Watanabe &amp; Nishino, 1995: 17–18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF8AD5538B3F636EE71CE45" box="[745,811,1069,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[98,165,923,944]" captionTargetBox="[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetId="figure-304@9.[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5 Phylogenetic relationships of five Semisulcospira species estimated by the Neighbor-Net reconstructed based on uncorrected p-distances of 738 SNPs" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349626/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fig. 5b</figureCitation>
(part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EBE657CFFF8AD5938FEF66EECD8C85C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD5538FEF66EEEA7CC17" blockId="20.[676,1188,1141,1742]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF8AD5538FEF66EEED3CE82" box="[676,905,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Material examined</emphasis>
: 
<materialsCitation id="86CC3CAAFFF8AD5539F6F66EEEBDCF13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4411658313" collectingDate="2020-06-23" country="Japan" county="Otsu Port" location="Voucher" municipality="Lake Biwa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="32" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-female="15" specimenCount-male="14" typeStatus="lectotype">
<location id="337B602CFFF8AD5539F6F66EE953CE82" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE0D87E1FFFFAD5938DFF66FECD8C85C:337B602CFFF8AD5539F6F66EE953CE82" box="[940,1033,1141,1167]" country="Japan" county="Otsu Port" municipality="Lake Biwa" name="Voucher" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Voucher</location>
specimens: 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFF8AD5538FEF682EE4CCEBE" box="[676,790,1177,1203]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
: NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, adult shell, sex undetermined, collected from 
<location id="337B602CFFF8AD553E74F6A6E9F9CEDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE0D87E1FFFFAD5938DFF66FECD8C85C:337B602CFFF8AD553E74F6A6E9F9CEDA" box="[1070,1187,1213,1239]" country="Japan" county="Otsu Port" municipality="Lake Biwa" name="Lake Biwa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lake Biwa</location>
in 
<location id="337B602CFFF8AD55389DF6FBEE94CEF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE0D87E1FFFFAD5938DFF66FECD8C85C:337B602CFFF8AD55389DF6FBEE94CEF7" box="[711,974,1248,1274]" country="Japan" county="Otsu Port" municipality="Lake Biwa" name="central Honshu Island" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">central Honshu Island</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="4EB37667FFF8AD553984F6FAE944CEF6" box="[990,1054,1249,1275]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Japan</collectingCountry>
in 1875 by Charles Wycliffe Goodwin.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="86CC3CAAFFF8AD5539A3F71FEEA2CC17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4411658312" collectingDate="2020-06-23" country="Japan" county="Otsu Port" location="Voucher" municipality="Lake Biwa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="32" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-female="15" specimenCount-male="14" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFF8AD5539A3F71FE9C5CF13" box="[1017,1183,1284,1310]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
: NHM 1875.11.24.11/2, 1875.11.24.11/3, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD553E1DF733E9F8CF4F" box="[1095,1186,1320,1346]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
shells, sex undetermined, collected with lectotype. SMF 29151, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD553920F76BEE9CCF87" box="[890,966,1392,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
shell, sex undetermined, collected from 
<collectingMunicipality id="D67FAC8DFFF8AD5539F4F78FE97ECFA3" box="[942,1060,1428,1454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lake Biwa</collectingMunicipality>
in 1874 by Johannes Justus Rein. KUZ Z3959 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD553E4AF7A3E937CFDF" box="[1040,1133,1464,1490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">14 males</specimenCount>
, KUZ Z3766, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD5538A9F7C7EE3CCFFB" box="[755,870,1500,1527]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
, collected from 
<collectingCounty id="DF7A4E7BFFF8AD553E4CF7C7E9DACFFB" box="[1046,1152,1500,1526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Otsu Port</collectingCounty>
on 
<date id="421A1037FFF8AD5538FEF41BEE6BCC17" box="[676,817,1536,1562]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2020-06-23">
<collectingDate id="525EE9DFFFF8AD5538FEF41BEE6BCC17" box="[676,817,1536,1562]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2020-06-23">23 June 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
by Naoto Sawada
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF8AD543898F43FEE9FCC17" blockId="20.[676,1188,1141,1742]" lastBlockId="21.[645,1157,1500,1742]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Additional materials:KUZ Z4091, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD553E74F438E9C5CC33" box="[1070,1183,1571,1598]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
, KUZ Z4092, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD55397DF453EE37CC6C" box="[807,877,1607,1634]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, collected from Oura Port on 
<date id="421A1037FFF8AD5538FEF477EE35CC8B" box="[676,879,1643,1670]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2021-11-28">28 November 2021</date>
; KUZ Z4093,15 females, KUZ Z4094, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD5538A9F494EE0ACCA4" box="[755,848,1679,1706]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">15 males</specimenCount>
, collected from Nagahama Port on 
<date id="421A1037FFF8AD553892F4A8EECDCCC0" box="[712,919,1715,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2021-11-28">28 November 2021</date>
; KUZ Z4095, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF8AD553E71F4A8E9C5CCC0" box="[1067,1183,1715,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
, KUZ Z4096, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543AB4F7C7EC1FCFFB" box="[238,325,1500,1527]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
, collected from Iso on 
<date id="421A1037FFF9AD54381DF7C7EDABCC17" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2021-01-24">24 January 2021</date>
; KUZ Z4097, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543BDCF41BECABCC17" box="[390,497,1536,1562]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
, collected from Kitakomatsu Port on 
<date id="421A1037FFF9AD543BD5F43FEF04CC33" box="[399,606,1572,1598]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2021-11-28">28 November 2021</date>
; KUZ Z4098, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543ABCF453EC71CC6F" box="[230,299,1608,1634]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1male</specimenCount>
, collected from Kitakomatsu Beach on 
<date id="421A1037FFF9AD543ABEF477ECC6CC8B" box="[228,412,1644,1670]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2022-01-09">9 January 2022</date>
; KUZ Z4099, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543816F470EDE3CCA4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
, KUZ Z4100, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543B0AF48BECE8CCA4" box="[336,434,1679,1706]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
, collected from Katata Port on 
<date id="421A1037FFF9AD543B54F4AFEC87CCC3" box="[270,477,1715,1742]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2021-11-28">28 November 2021</date>
; KUZ Z4101, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD5438DFF7C7EFACCFFB" box="[645,758,1500,1527]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
, KUZ Z4102, 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFF9AD543925F7C7EE87CFFB" box="[895,989,1500,1526]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
, collected from Nango on 
<date id="421A1037FFF9AD5438ACF41BEE9ACC17" box="[758,960,1536,1562]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2021-11-28">28 November 2021</date>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="62DB667FFFF9AD543A38F03EE97AC89E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349642" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8349642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349642/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[98,165,549,570]" targetBox="[291,963,164,529]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF9AD543A38F03EE97AC89E" blockId="21.[98,1145,549,659]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
FIGURE 11 Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543B77F03EEF57C837" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[301,525,549,570]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="salebrosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543B77F03EEF57C837" box="[301,525,549,570]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira salebrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF9AD543848F03EEF0CC837" box="[530,598,549,570]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–G, Holotype, KUZ Z4131. H–J, Paratype, KUZ Z4133. K–L, Paratype, KUZ Z4135. M–O, Specimen from Take-shima Island, KUZ Z4138. A–C, H, K, M, Adult shell. A–C, H, M, Female. K, Male. D, I, L, N, Operculum. E–G, J, O, Embryonic shell. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–D, H–I, K–L, M–N), 1 mm (E–G, J, O). All specimens were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="62DB667FFFF9AD543A38F6F2EEBACFA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8349644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349644/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[98,165,1257,1278]" targetBox="[291,963,724,1238]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF9AD543A38F6F2E965CF11" blockId="21.[98,1143,1257,1455]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
FIGURE 12 Radulae of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543B19F6F2EF73CEF3" box="[323,553,1257,1279]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543B19F6F2EC93CEF3" box="[323,457,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira</emphasis>
species. A
</taxonomicName>
–G, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543816F6F2EE7FCEF3" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[588,805,1257,1278]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543816F6F2EE7FCEF3" box="[588,805,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A, Oura Port, KUZ Z4091; B, Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093; C, Iso, KUZ Z4095; D, Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097; E, Katata Port,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF9AD543A81F73FEEBACFA3" blockId="21.[98,1143,1257,1455]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
KUZ Z4099; F, Otsu Port, KUZ Z4101; G, Nango, KUZ Z4103. H–J, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543940F738EEBCCF35" box="[794,998,1315,1336]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuscata">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543940F738EEBCCF35" box="[794,998,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira fuscata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: H, Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103; I, Oura, KUZ Z4105; J, Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107. K–L, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543945F75AE95DCF5B" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[799,1031,1345,1366]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="watanabei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543945F75AE95DCF5B" box="[799,1031,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira watanabei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF9AD543E56F75AE908CF5B" box="[1036,1106,1345,1366]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: K, Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4115; L, Horikiri Port, KUZ Z4120. M–N, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD54397AF745EEAECF7E" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[800,1012,1374,1395]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nakanoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD54397AF745EEAECF7E" box="[800,1012,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira nakanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF9AD5439A3F744E964CF79" box="[1017,1086,1375,1396]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: M, Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129; N, Chikubu-shima Island, KUZ Z4127. O–P, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF9AD543969F760E948CF9D" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[819,1042,1403,1424]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="salebrosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD543969F760E948CF9D" box="[819,1042,1403,1424]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Semisulcospira salebrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF9AD543E4DF767E907CF9C" box="[1047,1117,1404,1425]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: O, Take-shima Island, KUZ Z4138; P, Shiraishi-jima Island, KUZ Z4136. Scale bars: 100 Μm
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFF9AD5738FEF43FED90C821" blockId="21.[645,1157,1500,1742]" lastBlockId="22.[129,641,171,1777]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF9AD5438FEF43FEE23CC33" box="[676,889,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amended diagnosis</emphasis>
: Viviparous semisulcospirid. Adult shell medium sized [SH 27.7 ± 2.9 (mean ± SD) (female), 23.8 ± 2.1 (male) mm; BWL 17.3 ± 1.6, 14.8 ± 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFF9AD543935F48BEE9CCCA7" box="[879,966,1679,1706]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
], nearly triangular (SA 23.2 ± 2.7, 22.7 ± 2.6 degrees); color in black or brackish brown background; outer lip of aperture hardly swell (ASL 0.06 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573A93F2E8EC74CB03" box="[201,302,243,270]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
); 3.3 ± 1.0, 3.2 ± 0.9 BCN; 13.1 ± 2.1, 11.8 ± 1.9 distinct, longitudinal ribs slightly to moderately nodulated on penultimate whorl; 4.2 ± 0.8, 3.9 ± 0.8 SCN; 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.7 ± 0.1 ASR; 2.9 ± 0.3, 3.0 ± 0.3 WER. Embryonic shell medium sized, with distinct nodes on surface; color in black background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573AC5F02CECC0C9B5" blockId="22.[129,641,171,1777]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFAAD573AC5F02CECC8C85D" box="[159,402,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD573AC5F02CEC5DC85D" box="[159,263,567,592]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
designation
</emphasis>
: One 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD573B84F02CEF6DC85C" box="[478,567,567,593]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, NHM 1875.11.24.11/1 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD573B7BF041ECC8C879" box="[289,402,602,628]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8A–C</figureCitation>
), was chosen as the 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD573ADBF065EDB3C895" box="[129,233,638,664]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFAAD573B4FF064ECD7C895" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[277,397,639,665]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFAAD573B4FF064ECD7C895" box="[277,397,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this study because the specimen possesses 15 longitudinal ribs and 3 spiral cords on the body whorl, which correspond to the values in the original description. The other 
<specimenCount id="20A2FD7EFFFAAD573BC2F115EF6EC925" box="[408,564,782,808]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
, NHM 1875.11.24.11/2 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD573B7BF129EC36C941" box="[289,364,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8D</figureCitation>
) and NHM 1875.11.24.11/3 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD573AD2F14DED88C97D" box="[136,210,854,880]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8E</figureCitation>
) have 6 or 7 spiral cords on the body whorls and were described as a variation of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFAAD573B53F186ECD5C9B5" author="Smith, E. A." box="[265,399,925,952]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="118 - 127" refId="ref23407" refString="Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of some new species of land and freshwater shells, and remarks on other species found in Japan. Quarterly Journal of Conchology, 1, 118 - 127." type="journal article" year="1876">Smith, 1876</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573AC5F1D9ECBFCFA3" blockId="22.[129,641,171,1777]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFAAD573AC5F1D9EC46C9D6" box="[159,284,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD573B77F1D9ECC4C9D1" box="[301,414,962,988]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
, NHM 1875.11.24.11/1 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD573AD2F1FEEDA2C9F2" box="[136,248,997,1023]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8A–C</figureCitation>
): AH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573B6DF1FEECDDCE0D" box="[311,391,997,1024]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
, AL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573BE1F1FEEF55CE0D" box="[443,527,997,1024]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
, ASR 1.62, AW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573AF0F612EDA7CE29" box="[170,253,1033,1060]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
, BCN 2, BWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573BD7F612ECB3CE29" box="[397,489,1033,1060]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="15.4">15.4 mm</quantity>
, NL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573842F612EF21CE29" box="[536,635,1033,1060]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
; PWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573AE0F636EC57CE45" box="[186,269,1069,1096]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
, RN 15, SA 22.1 degrees, SCN 3, SH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573ADBF64AED86CE66" box="[129,220,1105,1131]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="22.1">22.1 mm</quantity>
, SW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573B42F64AEC37CE66" box="[280,365,1105,1131]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
, TWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573BE3F64AEF54CE66" box="[441,526,1105,1131]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
, 
<collectionCode id="50B5AE32FFFAAD573846F64AEF18CE66" box="[540,578,1105,1131]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">WN</collectionCode>
3.25. Shell nearly triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture hardly swell; longitudinal ribs distinct, almost straight, oblique, prominently nodulated in penultimate to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored brown in body to penultimate whorl, blackish brown in remaining whorls, without color band; without operculum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573AC5F7A3EEDEC909" blockId="22.[129,641,171,1777]" lastBlockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation id="86CC3CAAFFFAAD573AC5F7A3EE25C909" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4411658305" collectionCode="WN" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="WN 3.25" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD573AC5F7A3EC1FCFDF" box="[159,325,1464,1490]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
: NHM 1875.11.24.11/2 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD573806F7A3EDFECFFB" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8D</figureCitation>
): AH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573AABF7C7EC1FCFFB" box="[241,325,1500,1527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
, AL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573BDCF7C7EC83CFFB" box="[390,473,1500,1527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
, BCN 3, BWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573ADBF41BED84CC17" box="[129,222,1536,1562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
, FWL 3.0 mm, NL 0 mm, PWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573876F41BEF21CC17" box="[556,635,1536,1562]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
, SA 11.3 degrees, SCN 7, SH 17.0 mm, SW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573871F43FEF21CC33" box="[555,635,1572,1598]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
, TWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573AE1F45CEC55CC6F" box="[187,271,1607,1634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
, WER 1.97; 
<specimenCode id="66029E8CFFFAAD573BD4F453ECB6CC6F" box="[398,492,1607,1634]" collectionCode="WN" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">WN 3.25</specimenCode>
; shell greatly elongated; suture moderately undulating; whorl sides moderately convex; swell of outer lip of aperture absent; longitudinal ribs indistinct, moderately curved, oblique, crossed by prominent spiral cords in penultimate to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored blackish brown background; aperture chipped; without operculum. NHM 1875.11.24.11/3 (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD57391EF320EED4CB58" box="[836,910,315,341]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8E</figureCitation>
): AH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573990F320E945CB58" box="[970,1055,315,341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
, AL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573E14F320E9C5CB58" box="[1102,1183,315,341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
, ASR 1.62, AW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD57391FF344EEC2CB74" box="[837,920,351,377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
, BCN 3, BWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573E1AF344E9C5CB74" box="[1088,1183,351,377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
, FWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5738BEF398EE6DCB90" box="[740,823,387,414]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
; PWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5739D1F398EE85CB90" box="[907,991,387,413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
, SA 17.7 degrees, SCN 6, SH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573947F3BCEE23CBCC" box="[797,889,423,449]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="17.2">17.2 mm</quantity>
, SW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5739EAF3BCE95FCBCC" box="[944,1029,423,449]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
, TWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573E16F3BCE9C5CBCC" box="[1100,1183,423,449]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, WER 2.49; 
<specimenCode id="66029E8CFFFAAD57397CF3D0EED2CBE8" box="[806,904,458,485]" collectionCode="WN" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">WN 3.25</specimenCode>
; shell elongated; suture moderately undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; swell of outer lip of aperture absent; sculpture distinct, slightly curved, vertical, ribbed longitudinally in penultimate whorl, ribs partly nodulated in body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored beige background; aperture slightly chipped; without operculum
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573898F115E9F9CE82" blockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFAAD573898F115EE72C92A" box="[706,808,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Variation</emphasis>
: 
<materialsCitation id="86CC3CAAFFFAAD573963F115E9F9CE82" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4411658307" collectionCode="WN" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="WN 3.25" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
Adult shells (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFAAD57398FF115E9C5C925" box="[981,1183,782,808]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">fig. 8G–I, Q, T, X</figureCitation>
, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL): 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFAAD5739DDF129EEB5C941" box="[903,1007,818,844]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFAAD573E4BF129E9F9C941" authority=", SMF" authorityName="SMF" box="[1041,1187,818,844]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biwae">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFAAD573E4BF129E93DC941" box="[1041,1127,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. biwae</emphasis>
, SMF
</taxonomicName>
291511: AH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD57397BF14EEE2DC97D" box="[801,887,853,880]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.6">9.6 mm</quantity>
, AL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5739F4F14DE959C97D" box="[942,1027,854,880]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
, ASR 1.53, AW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5738FEF162EFA3C999" box="[676,761,889,916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
, BCN 3, BWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5739F8F162EEA7C999" box="[930,1021,889,916]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5699999999999998" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="15.7">15.7 mm</quantity>
, PWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573E16F162E9C5C999" box="[1100,1183,889,916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
, RN 11, SA 25.6 degrees, SCN 3, SH 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573E43F186E92CC9B5" box="[1049,1142,925,952]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="21.6">21.6 mm</quantity>
, SW 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD5738FEF1DAEE58C9D1" box="[676,770,961,988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
, TWL 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFAAD573915F1DAEEC5C9D1" box="[847,927,961,988]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
, 
<specimenCode id="66029E8CFFFAAD5739F4F1D9E955C9D1" box="[942,1039,961,988]" collectionCode="WN" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">WN 3.25</specimenCode>
; shell nearly triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides moderately convex; outer lip of aperture slightly swell; longitudinal ribs distinct, almost straight to slightly curved, prominently nodulated in penultimate to body whorl; apex
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD5738FEF682EE7FCF13" blockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">of shell largely eroded; shell colored beige in lower half of body whorl, brown in remaining whorls, without color band; without operculum.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573898F733E9F9CCFC" blockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Newly collected specimens: Measurements and counts shown in 
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFAAD5739EEF757E952CF6B" box="[948,1032,1356,1382]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[129,189,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,243,1709]" captionText="TABLE 2 Morphometric characters of five Semisulcospira species examined in the present study.Measurements and counts: minimum–maximum value (mean ± SD)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5">table 2</tableCitation>
and supplementary 
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFAAD573956F76BEE3FCF87" box="[780,869,1392,1418]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[98,158,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[98,1129,243,1732]" captionText="TABLE 1 Specimen list of Semisulcospira species with voucher numbers, collection localities, and accession numbers of DDBJ Sequence Read Archive (DRA) for specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4">table S1</tableCitation>
. Shell near thick to slightly elongated triangular; suture hardly to slightly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture hardly to slightly swell; longitudinal ribs on penultimate whorl distinct, almost straight to slightly curved, oblique, slightly to prominently nodulated by spiral cords, rarely spiral cords alone on penultimate whorl; sculptures often ribbed on upper whorls, granulated in lower whorls; shell colored black or brackish brown in
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD573953F4F6E998CCF1" blockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" box="[777,1218,1773,1788]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Downloaded from Brill.com 
<date id="421A1037FFFAAD5739B4F4F6E903CCF1" box="[1006,1113,1773,1788]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2023-08-29">08/29/2023</date>
02:12:56AM
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFAAD563E68F518EF76CAE4" blockId="22.[676,1219,171,1810]" lastBlockId="23.[98,610,171,1742]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">via free access background, sometimes several indistinct brown band on lower part of each whorl.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD563ADBF2E8ECA7CB74" blockId="23.[98,610,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Operculum (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD563B48F2E8ECC5CB03" box="[274,415,243,270]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 8R, U, Y</figureCitation>
, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM): 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFBAD563AC7F30CEC46CB3F" box="[157,284,279,306]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="5.5">5.5–8.5 mm</quantity>
in long diameter; nearly egg-shaped subcircular, paucispiral, comprising around 3 whorls; nucleus subcentral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD563ADBF398EC93C8ED" blockId="23.[98,610,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Embryonic shells (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD563B06F398ECA9CB90" box="[348,499,387,413]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 8S, W, Z</figureCitation>
, AC, AH, AK, AN): Measurements and counts shown in 
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFBAD563AD9F3D0ED88CBE8" box="[131,210,459,485]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[129,189,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,243,1709]" captionText="TABLE 2 Morphometric characters of five Semisulcospira species examined in the present study.Measurements and counts: minimum–maximum value (mean ± SD)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" tableUuid="62DB667FFFE6AD4B3ADBF2BDEF87CAD5">table 2</tableCitation>
and supplementary 
<tableCitation id="7B26034CFFFBAD563B99F3D0EF47CBE8" box="[451,541,459,485]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[98,158,166,187]" captionTargetBox="[98,1129,243,1732]" captionText="TABLE 1 Specimen list of Semisulcospira species with voucher numbers, collection localities, and accession numbers of DDBJ Sequence Read Archive (DRA) for specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" tableUuid="62DB667FFFEFAD423A38F2BDE90DCAD4">table S1</tableCitation>
. Shell globose; suture prominently depressed by discrepancy in adjacent whorls; nodes remarkable, on central part of whorls; keels weak, on lower part of whorls; shell colored black background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and lower part of each whorl and on basal part of shell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD563ADBF0F1ED95CF4F" blockId="23.[98,610,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Radulae (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD563AAEF0F1EC2FC909" box="[244,373,746,772]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[98,165,1257,1278]" captionTargetBox="[291,963,724,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-189@21.[291,963,724,1238]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12 Radulae of Semisulcospira species.A–G, Semisulcospira niponica: A, Oura Port, KUZ Z4091; B, Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093; C, Iso, KUZ Z4095; D, Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097; E, Katata Port, KUZ Z4099; F, Otsu Port, KUZ Z4101; G, Nango, KUZ Z4103.H–J, Semisulcospira fuscata: H, Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103; I, Oura, KUZ Z4105; J, Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.K–L, Semisulcospira watanabei sp. nov.:K, Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4115;L, Horikiri Port, KUZ Z4120.M–N, Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov.: M, Onoe Port, KUZ Z4129;N, Chikubu-shima Island, KUZ Z4127.O–P, Semisulcospira salebrosa sp. nov.:O, Take-shima Island, KUZ Z4138;P, Shiraishi-jima Island, KUZ Z4136.Scale bars:100 Μm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349644/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 12A–G</figureCitation>
): Taenioglossa consisting of rachidian in single, lateral teeth, interior and exterior marginal teeth in double row. Rachidian roughly triangular, with large central denticle and 2–3 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side. Lateral teeth with large central denticle, 2–3 inner and outer pointed cusps. Central denticle tip of rachidian and lateral teeth mostly flat, rarely pointed; central denticle of rachidian approximately regular triangular, about 2.5 to 6.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth irregular triangular, about 1.5 to 4.0 times longer than other triangular cusps. Interior and exterior marginal teeth spoon-shaped, with 4–6 rounded denticles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD563ADBF757ECFACCC0" blockId="23.[98,610,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Reproductive organs: Female: Long narrow oviduct, entering near seminal receptacle with long protrusions. Ventral edge of spermatophore bursa with curved sperm gutter, extending toward mantle cavity. Brood pouch on dorsal side of spermatophore bursa, inflated dorsally, separated into many cells, including eggs and embryos; eggs and embryos radially developing from base of brood pouch near seminal receptacle and embryos in anterior or dorsal cells more developed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD5638FEF2B0EE7BCB74" blockId="23.[645,1157,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Male: Gonad consisting of testes, vas deferens, and prostate without penis. Posterior ventral part of inflated prostate with deep groove, forming U-shape in transverse section. Anterior prostate narrowly opening to mantle cavity.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD5638FEF398E94EC9D1" blockId="23.[645,1157,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5638FEF398EE9DCB90" box="[676,967,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5639BAF398EFBECBCD" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5639BAF398EFBECBCD" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most widespread species in Lake Biwa (
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD56390FF3D1E9DBCBE8" author="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M." box="[853,1153,458,485]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref23925" refString="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M. (1995) A study on taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater snail, genus Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa, with descriptions of eight new species. Lake Biwa Study Monographs, 6, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1995">Watanabe &amp; Nishino, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD5638DFF3F5EFB0C804" box="[645,746,494,521]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[98,165,923,944]" captionTargetBox="[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetId="figure-304@9.[211,1043,164,904]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5 Phylogenetic relationships of five Semisulcospira species estimated by the Neighbor-Net reconstructed based on uncorrected p-distances of 738 SNPs" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349626/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
fig. 5b, 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563881F3F4EFB0C804" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[731,746,495,521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica" subGenus="Biwamelania">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563881F3F4EFB0C804" box="[731,746,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</figureCitation>
. (
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563958F3F4EE4DC805" box="[770,791,495,520]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563970F3F4EED3C805" box="[810,905,495,520]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">niponica</emphasis>
nodose). The species was discovered in eight localities in this study and is most widely distributed in the 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E7FF02CEFFFC879" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563E7FF02CEFFFC879" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD563951F041EE17C879" box="[779,845,602,628]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 1</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563934F041E9DEC879" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[878,1156,602,628]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563934F041E9DEC879" box="[878,1156,602,628]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly inhabits coastal shallow rocky areas and on concrete blocks around harbours at 
<quantity id="F15C9B12FFFBAD5638DFF0DDEF91C8ED" box="[645,715,710,736]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="0.5" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.0">0–1 m</quantity>
, while it is rarely found on small rocks in shallow sandy areas (e.g., Kitakomatsu Beach and Iso). This species was found with 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E28F115EFA2C941" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="watanabei">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563E28F115EFA2C941" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. watanabei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Kitakomatsu Port and occurred with other Lake Biwa species: 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD56398CF14DE970C962" authorityName="G. M. Davis" authorityYear="1969" box="[982,1066,853,880]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="habei">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD56398CF14DE970C962" box="[982,1066,853,880]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. habei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Oura Port, Nagahama Port, Kitakomatsu Beach, Otsu Port; 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563952F185EFEFC9D1" authority="Watanabe &amp; Nishino, 1995" authorityName="Watanabe &amp; Nishino" authorityYear="1995" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dilatata">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563952F185EE27C9BA" box="[776,893,925,952]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. dilatata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD5639D3F186EFEFC9D1" author="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref23925" refString="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M. (1995) A study on taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater snail, genus Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa, with descriptions of eight new species. Lake Biwa Study Monographs, 6, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1995">Watanabe &amp; Nishino, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
at Iso; 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD56395EF1D9EED8C9D6" baseAuthorityName="Westerlund" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[772,898,961,988]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD56395EF1D9EED8C9D6" box="[772,898,961,988]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Otsu Port.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD5638FEF1FEEEC6CC6C" blockId="23.[645,1157,171,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5638FEF1FEEE59C9F2" box="[676,771,997,1023]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks</emphasis>
: One of 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFBAD5639D7F1FEE96BC9F2" box="[909,1073,997,1023]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E28F1FEEFBECE2E" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563E28F1FEEFBECE2E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM 1875.11.24.11/2) was identified as 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563882F636EE03CE4A" baseAuthorityName="Westerlund" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[728,857,1069,1095]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563882F636EE03CE4A" box="[728,857,1069,1095]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the small SA and shell surface with longitudinal ribs and spiral cords following 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD563919F66EEE8BCE9D" author="Davis, G. M." box="[835,977,1141,1168]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="211 - 294" refId="ref20802" refString="Davis, G. M. (1969). A taxonomic study of some species of Semisulcospira in Japan (Mesogastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Malacologia, 7, 211 - 294." type="journal article" year="1969">Davis (1969)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD563E49F66EEE38CEBE" author="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref23925" refString="Watanabe, N. C. &amp; Nishino, M. (1995) A study on taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater snail, genus Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa, with descriptions of eight new species. Lake Biwa Study Monographs, 6, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1995">Watanabe and Nishino (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. The other 
<typeStatus id="E91F8855FFFBAD5639B1F682E9DFCEBE" box="[1003,1157,1177,1203]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
(NHM 1875.11.24.11/3) was similar to 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E49F6A6E93DCEDB" authorityName="G. M. Davis" authorityYear="1969" box="[1043,1127,1212,1239]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="habei">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563E49F6A6E93DCEDB" box="[1043,1127,1212,1239]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. habei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the middle SA and had a moderately convex shell with shell surface sculptures. A note “+ 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5638DFF732EFBECF4F" baseAuthorityName="Brot" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[645,740,1320,1347]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="niponica" variety="minor">v. minor</taxonomicName>
” was added to the label of the type lot (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFFBAD5638EDF757EE5ECF6B" box="[695,772,1356,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[98,165,770,791]" captionTargetBox="[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetId="figure-208@17.[307,947,164,751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Shells of Semisulcospira niponica and S. fuscata. A–F,Lectotype (A–C), NHM 1875.11.24.11/1, paralectotypes (D, E), NHM 1875.11.24.11/2,1875.11.24.11/3 and the label of S.niponica (F). G–K.Holotype of S.biwae, SMF 291511.L–P, Holotype of S.fuscata, LBM 13-1. Q–S, S.niponica from Oura Port, KUZ Z4091.T–W, S.niponica from Nagahama Port, KUZ Z4093.X–Z, S.niponica from Iso, KUZ Z4095. AA–AC, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Port, KUZ Z4097. AD–AE, S.niponica from Kitakomatsu Beach, KUZ Z4098.AF–AH, S. niponica from Katata Port, KUZ Z4099.AI–AK, S. niponica from Otsu Port, KUZ Z3766.AL–AN, S.niponica from Nango, KUZ Z4101.AO–AQ, S.fuscata from Lake Yogo, KUZ Z4103. AR–AT, S.fuscata from Oura, KUZ Z4105.AU–AX, S.fuscata from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4107.AY–BA, Putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp. nov.from Nihonmatsu, KUZ Z4140.A–E, G–I, L–N, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL, AO, AR, AU, AY, Adult shell.R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM, AP, AS, AW, AZ, Operculum.S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA, Embryonic shell. F,J, K, O, P, Label. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–E, G–I, L–N,Q, R, T,U, X,Y,AA, AB, AD–AG, AI, AJ, AL, AM, AO, AP, AR, AS, AU, AW, AY, AZ), 1 mm (S, W,Z, AC, AH, AK, AN, AQ, AT, AX, BA). Newly collected specimens (Q–BA) were treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349636/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 8F</figureCitation>
). As 
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD56391EF757EE87CF6B" author="Urabe, M." box="[836,989,1356,1382]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="80 - 87" refId="ref23675" refString="Urabe, M. (2007) Note on Melania niponica var. minor (Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Chiribotan, 38, 80 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Urabe (2007)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the name-bearing types of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5639FFF76BE97CCF87" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[933,1062,1392,1418]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5639FFF76BE97CCF87" box="[933,1062,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be a type specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5639D7F78FE95DCFA3" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[909,1031,1428,1454]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5639D7F78FE95DCFA3" box="[909,1031,1428,1454]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E4AF78EEE56CFDF" authority="(Brot, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Brot" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Melania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="niponica" variety="minor">
var. minor (
<bibRefCitation id="52354B06FFFBAD5638D7F7A3EE5FCFDF" author="Brot, A." box="[653,773,1464,1490]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="80 - 86" refId="ref20569" refString="Brot, A. (1883) Ueber einige von Herrn Mollendorff in China gesammelte Melanien. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 15, 80 - 86." type="journal article" year="1883">Brot, 1883</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The taxonomic account of the latter species was established based on specimens collected from 
<collectingCountry id="4EB37667FFFBAD563925F41BEE89CC17" box="[895,979,1536,1562]" name="Taiwan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
. The three species included in the type lot of 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5639B9F43FE901CC30" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[995,1115,1572,1598]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5639B9F43FE901CC30" box="[995,1115,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are indigenous to Lake Biwa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="361B36F7FFFBAD5938FEF470ECD8C85C" blockId="23.[645,1157,171,1742]" lastBlockId="24.[128,640,171,593]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD5638FEF470EE98CC88" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[676,962,1643,1669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD5638FEF470EE98CC88" box="[676,962,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFFBAD563E28F477EFADCCA4" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="watanabei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFFBAD563E28F477EFADCCA4" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S. watanabei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFFBAD563952F48BEE3FCCA7" box="[776,869,1680,1706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in shell outline shape and outer lip of the aperture, which hardly undulates. However, the former species tends to possess granulated longitudinal ribs on the shell surface, and this tendency is stronger where both species coexist (
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF4AD59386FF30CEF29CB3F" box="[565,627,279,306]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[98,165,942,963]" captionTargetBox="[195,1059,164,923]" captionTargetId="figure-96@15.[195,1059,164,923]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7 Results of Random Forest analyses conducted for five Semisulcospira species. Euclidean distances generated from proximities among individuals are plotted. A, Female.B, Male" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349632/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 7</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF4AD593ADBF320ECCECB58" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[129,404,315,341]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF4AD593ADBF320ECCECB58" box="[129,404,315,341]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also represents a greater value of BWL, RN, SA, and SHE than 
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF4AD593ADAF398EC54CB90" authority="Sawada &amp; Fuke, 2023" authorityName="Sawada &amp; Fuke" authorityYear="2023" box="[128,270,387,413]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="watanabei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF4AD593ADAF398EC54CB90" box="[128,270,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. watanabei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FE3579EFFF4AD593B4DF398EC37CB90" box="[279,365,387,413]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="F1A44D74FFF4AD593B2CF398EF25CB90" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[374,639,387,413]" class="Gastropoda" family="Semisulcospiridae" genus="Semisulcospira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="niponica">
<emphasis id="04D0EAE5FFF4AD593B2CF398EF25CB90" box="[374,639,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Semisulcospira niponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be discriminated from other congeners with its blackish triangular adult shell and few longitudinal ribs and spiral cords, and globose embryonic shells with several brown bands (supplementary 
<figureCitation id="AE9F2A72FFF4AD593B6DF02DEC2CC85C" box="[311,374,566,593]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[130,197,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[243,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-303@2.[242,1074,1002,1672]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 Map of Lake Biwa (A) and Oura Bay (B) showing 15 sampling localities:blue, Semisulcospira niponica; green, S.fuscata; purple, S.watanabei sp.nov.; red, S.nakanoi sp.nov.; orange, S.salebrosa sp.nov; black, putative hybrid between S.fuscata and S.watanabei sp.nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8349616/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. S1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>