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<mods:title id="DE7A0EFF1F2677EB4EA3EA28438FFB27">Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6B31C813B26F3C6338E1B16A3AE5482B">Karunarathne, Krishan D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="724E20DAE1E7FF41867A70F20A62F14C">Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, 60170, Sri Lanka. &amp; krishankarunarathne @ gmail. com; krishan. dk @ wyb. ac. lk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1780 - 9749</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B07585CA118244D9A25FDA4E96A63388">Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, 60170, Sri Lanka. &amp; dileepa _ dc @ yahoo. com; dileepad @ wyb. ac. lk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4449 - 6573</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CAD85FDF7F938" authority="Van Soest, 1973" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,532,1703,1730]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CAD85FEAAF93B" bold="true" box="[151,329,1703,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Thalia sibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFEABAD85FDF7F938" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[336,532,1703,1729]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="193 - 212" refId="ref24137" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1973) The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia, 20 (271), 193 - 212." type="journal article" year="1973">Van Soest, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFF6CADCEFDE0F8FD" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[151,515,1772,1796]" page="204" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1973">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CADCEFDE0F8FD" authority="Van Soest 1973: 204" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityPageNumber="204" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,515,1772,1796]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CADCEFECDF8FD" box="[151,302,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Thalia sibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFEC9ADCEFDE0F8FD" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[306,515,1772,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="193 - 212" refId="ref24137" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1973) The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia, 20 (271), 193 - 212." type="journal article" year="1973">Van Soest 1973: 204</bibRefCitation>
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, 205, Fig. 8; 1998: 235, Table 14.1. 
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Kim 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFC67ADCEFC2BF8FD" box="[924,968,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 147
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, Fig. 5. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFB72ADCEFA7AF8FD" author="Purushothaman, J. &amp; Hansda, S. &amp; Dey, J. &amp; Mohan, S. &amp; Basi, A. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[1161,1433,1772,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref23290" refString="Purushothaman, J., Hansda, S., Dey, J., Mohan, S., Basi, A. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2017) An annotated checklist of Thaliaceans (Chordata: Tunicates). Marine Biodiversity, 2017, 1 - 28. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0698 - z" type="journal article" year="2017">
Purushothaman 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFAD7ADCEFABBF8FD" box="[1324,1368,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFF3CAC28FE46F8DB" author="Ishak, N. H. B. A. &amp; Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z." box="[199,421,1802,1826]" page="454" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFF3CAC28FE46F8DB" author="Ishak, N. H. B. A. &amp; Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z." box="[199,421,1802,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="451 - 477" refId="ref21329" refString="Ishak, N. H. B. A., Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798; Weelia Yount, 1954; Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 (Salpida: Salpidae) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 451 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
Ishak 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFEFFAC29FED2F8DB" box="[260,305,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 454
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, 459–465, 
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFDEEAC28FD63F8DB" box="[533,640,1802,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1581,1605]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,186,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-23@17.[178,1409,181,1556]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schematic diagrams of Sri Lankan pelagic tunicates, showing the general morphology of their families (A–H): the lateral view of mature individuals of Fritillariidae (A) and Oikopleuridae (B); gonozooid (C) and degenerated oozooid / nurse (D) of Doliolidae; dorsal view of a solitary zooid (E) and aggregate zooid (F) of Salpidae; a blastozooid (G) and sagittal section of a colony (H) of Pyrosomatidae. Adapted from Claus (1883), Esnal (1981), Barnes et al. (1993) and Sri Lankan specimens. Note: The tails of appendicularian diagrams have been rotated through 90º for clarity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681915/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Figs. 4a–e</figureCitation>
, 5.
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CAC72FE62F893" bold="true" box="[151,385,1872,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3C90057FFFEAFE7CAC73FB38F892" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400752304" box="[391,1243,1872,1899]" collectingDate="2018-01" collectionCode="MDAFWU" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" specimenCode="MDAFWU 2018" specimenCount="1">
One solitary zooid (
<specimenCode id="DBC39EB6057FFFEAFD9EAC73FCCBF892" box="[613,808,1872,1899]" collectionCode="MDAFWU" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">MDAFWU 2018</specimenCode>
/85), 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFC9BAC73FC95F892" box="[864,886,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">St</emphasis>
.133, 
<date id="FFDB100D057FFFEAFC4EAC73FBA8F892" box="[949,1099,1873,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2018-01">
<collectingDate id="EF9FE9E5057FFFEAFC4EAC73FBA8F892" box="[949,1099,1873,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2018-01">January 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFBA1AC72FB30F892" box="[1114,1235,1872,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
)
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.
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<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEBFF3CAC56FB2EFF00" blockId="6.[151,1437,1872,2043]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,250]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF3CAC56FEBAF877" bold="true" box="[199,345,1908,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Description.</emphasis>
Solitary zooid: Transparent body bulky rounded with a very thick, smooth test, with two long (about one third of body length), tapering processes on the posterior end (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFC24ACBAFBBAF84A" box="[991,1113,1944,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
); length without processes 
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFA75ACBBFF25F82E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
. Atrial palps fairly small and bifurcate (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFD7FAC9EFD3AF82E" box="[644,729,1980,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
); lateral projections very small, simple and not bifurcated (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFA94AC9EFF38F802" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2D, F</figureCitation>
); medioventral projections are small and of unequal length, the anterior ones are the smallest (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFAF1ACC2FA80F802" box="[1290,1379,2016,2043]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Six body muscles broad; M I narrowly interrupted dorsally, M II–IV converged mid-dorsally, M V and M VI near but do not touch dorsally; M II–V in complete rings, M VI interrupted ventrally (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057EFFEBFC03AB99FBB1FF2C" box="[1016,1106,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Totally (M I–VI) 60 muscle fibers. The nucleus (stomach + intestine) is close to the middle posterior projection (
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057EFFEBFBB3ABFDFB23FF00" box="[1096,1216,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A &amp; B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1A6645057EFFEBFF6CADD8FE4DF813" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="359" startId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" targetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057EFFEBFF6CADD8FE4DF813" blockId="7.[151,1436,1786,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFF6CADD8FEF7F8EB" bold="true" box="[151,276,1786,1810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “ 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFCE5ADD8FC94F8EB" box="[798,887,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">Waya-jel</emphasis>
-Survey” (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFC19ADD8FBF3F8EB" bold="true" box="[994,1040,1786,1810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">A–F</emphasis>
): a live colony of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057EFFEBFB34ADD9FF23F8CF" authorityName=": Van Soest" authorityYear="1974" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFB34ADD9FF23F8CF" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">Pyrostremma spinosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near to the sea surface (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFE42AC3CFE29F8CF" bold="true" box="[441,458,1822,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">A</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFE10AC3CFE1FF8CF" bold="true" box="[491,508,1822,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">B</emphasis>
), and an illustration of its blastozooid (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFC75AC3CFC43F8CF" bold="true" box="[910,928,1822,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">C</emphasis>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057EFFEBFC4CAC3CFBACF8CF" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1973" box="[951,1103,1822,1846]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="7" pageNumber="359" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFC4CAC3CFBACF8CF" box="[951,1103,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">Thalia sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
solitary zooid in preserved form (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFF5BAC60FF51F8A3" bold="true" box="[160,178,1858,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">D</emphasis>
), ventral view of medioventral projections (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFD8FAC60FD66F8A3" bold="true" box="[628,645,1858,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">E</emphasis>
), and an illustration of its posterior part (
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFBD1AC60FBDAF8A3" bold="true" box="[1066,1081,1858,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">F</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFBB4AC61FBBFF8A3" box="[1103,1116,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">a</emphasis>
—anus; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFB4AAC61FB29F8A3" box="[1201,1226,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">ap</emphasis>
—atrial palp; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFAACAC60FA60F8A3" box="[1367,1411,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">dmp</emphasis>
— dorsal medioventral projection; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFE1BAC45FE08F887" box="[480,491,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">e</emphasis>
—endostyle; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFD8FAC45FD6AF887" box="[628,649,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">es</emphasis>
—excurrent/buccal siphon; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFC5EAC45FC51F887" box="[933,946,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">g</emphasis>
—ganglion; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFBC8AC45FBA7F887" box="[1075,1092,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">is</emphasis>
—incurrent/atrial siphon; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFAB6AC44FA82F887" box="[1357,1377,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">lp</emphasis>
—lateral projection; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFEC0ACA9FEABF85B" box="[315,328,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">n</emphasis>
—nucleus; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFE46ACA9FE29F85B" box="[445,458,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">o</emphasis>
—ovary; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFDD7ACA8FDA6F85B" box="[556,581,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">pb</emphasis>
—pharyngeal basket; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFCDDACA9FCDCF85B" box="[806,831,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">pp</emphasis>
—posterior projection; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFBCAACA8FBA1F85B" box="[1073,1090,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">sl</emphasis>
—stolon; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFB53ACA9FB27F85B" box="[1192,1220,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">sm</emphasis>
—stomach; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFABAACA9FAABF85B" box="[1345,1352,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">t</emphasis>
—testis; 
<emphasis id="B911EADF057EFFEBFF6CAC8DFF22F83F" box="[151,193,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="359">vmp</emphasis>
—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A &amp; B = 0.4 m. Images A &amp; B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD0571FFE4FF3CABB5FDCDFF48" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,609]" box="[199,558,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Aggregate zooid: Not collected.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD0571FFE4FF3CAB98FC55FEE4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FF3CAB98FE54FF2D" bold="true" box="[199,439,186,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Global distribution.</emphasis>
The Central Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FD15AB99FC4BFF2C" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[750,936,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="193 - 212" refId="ref24137" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1973) The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia, 20 (271), 193 - 212." type="journal article" year="1973">Van Soest 1973</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FC4DAB99FC12FF2C" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[950,1009,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="231 - 249" refId="ref24490" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) The cladistic biogeography of salps and pyrosomas. In: Bone, Q. (Ed.), The Biology of pelagic tunicates. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 231 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FBFBAB99FB02FF2C" author="Van der Land, J." box="[1024,1249,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" refId="ref24100" refString="Van der Land, J. (2008) UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO). Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / urmo (accessed 28 October 2020)" type="url" year="2008">van der Land 2008</bibRefCitation>
); Korean waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FF64ABFDFEB0FF00" author="Kim, S. &amp; Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B." box="[159,339,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="142 - 150" refId="ref21836" refString="Kim, S., Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B. (2011) Taxonomic study of the genus Thalia (Thaliacea: Salpida: Salpidae) from Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 27 (2), 142 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / KJSZ. 2011.27.2.142" type="journal article" year="2011">
Kim 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FF22ABFDFEE8FF00" box="[217,267,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
); the east coast of Peninsular 
<collectingCountry id="F372765D0571FFE4FD5BABFDFCE4FF00" box="[672,775,223,249]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FCEEABFDFC34FF00" author="Ishak, N. H. B. A. &amp; Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z." box="[789,983,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="451 - 477" refId="ref21329" refString="Ishak, N. H. B. A., Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798; Weelia Yount, 1954; Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 (Salpida: Salpidae) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 451 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
Ishak 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FCA1ABFDFC6FFF00" box="[858,908,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<typeStatus id="54DE886F0571FFE4FC12ABFDFBC2FF00" box="[1001,1057,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Pulu Sanguisapio, Tawi-Tawi Island, Sulu archipelago (
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FE0EAA21FDA0FEE4" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1901" box="[501,579,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FE0EAA21FDA0FEE4" box="[501,579,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Siboga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-Expedition 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FD35AA21FD07FEE4" box="[718,740,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">St</emphasis>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE51500A0571FFE4FD13AA21FCB0FEE4" box="[744,851,258,285]" degrees="93, 05" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" precision="555" value="93.05">93, 05°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE51500A0571FFE4FCA4AA21FC4AFEE4" box="[863,937,259,285]" degrees="120" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" precision="55555" value="120.0">120°E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65460571FFE4FF3CAA05FA72FD98" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD0571FFE4FF3CAA05FCBCFE0C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FF3CAA05FED8FEB8" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Remarks.</emphasis>
Although 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FE4BAA05FD8CFEB8" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[432,623,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="193 - 212" refId="ref24137" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1973) The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia, 20 (271), 193 - 212." type="journal article" year="1973">Van Soest (1973)</bibRefCitation>
did not observe lateral projections on the 
<typeStatus id="54DE886F0571FFE4FBC6AA05FB8EFEB8" box="[1085,1133,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FB09AA05FA87FEB8" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1973" box="[1266,1380,295,321]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FB09AA05FA87FEB8" box="[1266,1380,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">T. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tiny lateral projections may exist with solitary zooids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FD28AA69FCA7FE9C" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1973" box="[723,836,331,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FD28AA69FCA7FE9C" box="[723,836,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">T. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FC21AA69FB7BFE9C" author="Kim, S. &amp; Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B." box="[986,1176,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="142 - 150" refId="ref21836" refString="Kim, S., Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B. (2011) Taxonomic study of the genus Thalia (Thaliacea: Salpida: Salpidae) from Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 27 (2), 142 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / KJSZ. 2011.27.2.142" type="journal article" year="2011">
Kim 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FBEAAA69FBA2FE9C" box="[1041,1089,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FB37AA69FA7BFE9C" author="Ishak, N. H. B. A. &amp; Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z." box="[1228,1432,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="451 - 477" refId="ref21329" refString="Ishak, N. H. B. A., Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798; Weelia Yount, 1954; Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 (Salpida: Salpidae) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 451 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
Ishak 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FAF5AA69FADDFE9C" box="[1294,1342,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore, the 
<collectingRegion id="49A1F82F0571FFE4FEC7AA4DFEBEFE70" box="[316,349,367,393]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Sri</collectingRegion>
Lankan specimen resembles the specimens of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FC93AA4DFBCAFE70" author="Kim, S. &amp; Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B." box="[872,1065,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="142 - 150" refId="ref21836" refString="Kim, S., Won, J. H. &amp; Kim, C. B. (2011) Taxonomic study of the genus Thalia (Thaliacea: Salpida: Salpidae) from Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 27 (2), 142 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / KJSZ. 2011.27.2.142" type="journal article" year="2011">
Kim 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FC5BAA4DFC32FE70" box="[928,977,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FBA5AA4DFACDFE70" author="Ishak, N. H. B. A. &amp; Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z." box="[1118,1326,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="451 - 477" refId="ref21329" refString="Ishak, N. H. B. A., Adam, N. A. B. &amp; Kassim, Z. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798; Weelia Yount, 1954; Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 (Salpida: Salpidae) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 451 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
Ishak 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FB59AA4DFB30FE70" box="[1186,1235,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
. The total number of muscle fibres (M I–VI) in solitary zooids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FD00AAB1FB6BFE54" authority="(Forskal, 1775)" authorityName="Apstein" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Forskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[763,1160,402,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="democratica">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FD00AAB1FC34FE54" box="[763,983,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Thalia democratica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FC1FAAB0FB63FE54" author="Forskal, P." box="[996,1152,402,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" refId="ref20482" refString="Forskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quae in itinere orientali observavit. ex officina Molleri, Hauniae, 224 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2154" type="book" year="1775">Forskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
shows a clinal variation, decreasing from higher to lower latitudes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C0571FFE4FD82AA95FCDEFE28" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[633,829,438,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" pagination="181 - 215" refId="ref24362" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1975 b) Zoogeography and speciation in the Salpidae (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia, 23 (307), 181 - 215." type="journal article" year="1975">Van Soest 1975b</bibRefCitation>
); and there is a possibility to be such a variation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FA73AA95FF0DFE0C" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1973" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FA73AA95FF0DFE0C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">T. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but data is not enough in the literature for comparison.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD0571FFE4FF3CAADDFB91FDC4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">
Local name: 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FEA3AADDFE08FDE0" box="[344,491,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Indi Gaduwa</emphasis>
(in Sinhalese) [note: usually fishers use this term for tiny salps, while the 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FAD8AADDFA8AFDE1" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[1315,1385,511,536]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Pegea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FAD8AADDFA8AFDE1" box="[1315,1385,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Pegea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like larger salps are called ‘ 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FE61A901FDAAFDC4" box="[410,585,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Rata-indi Gadu</emphasis>
’ in Sinhalese and ‘ 
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FCE4A901FC15FDC5" box="[799,1014,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Pereechcham Katti</emphasis>
’ in Tamil].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD0571FFE4FF3CA965FA72FD98" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,609]" box="[199,1425,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">
Local importance: None [but, 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E0571FFE4FDE2A965FDBCFD99" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[537,607,583,608]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Pegea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="8" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EADF0571FFE4FDE2A965FDBCFD99" box="[537,607,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="360">Pegea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like larger salps regularly clog into fishing nets (authors’ observations)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>