109 lines
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109 lines
11 KiB
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<document id="961CA99C5C4F744EACA25E6D0D92E272" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32853FFC3F7F0F9BFFEA9B15B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Charaxes candiope" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6ABF7EF103B6EA6A2678238C02FB27A5">
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<mods:title id="3186CD7BD3FB8FE343ECFEB0C7492436">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="366AB92A7DD8F7BE2875A973C2D2AA36" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9E8A857D948970B2B398B23828A1D1A3">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C891FBB2C28F82653144E3FC75D764C8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="63DCE897CF28BA4D32748071FB3EDF5B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0ACFD21025FFC48ABF3B2CD9D4ED2CBC">
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<mods:date id="8C3A154CF051DD5D11C4884205D12B5F">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BDEF9C0B59E8C869D0C2AF6FC604B1BF">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CAF6855886C9751DEF19DF316CF37746">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AC03C0B356E7606685B2FBD8DE765FA7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="831C61CDE22C45736EE25D33DC821E68" type="CLB-Dataset">32975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4081C080B9BF845979C5B9A04DE2866B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4A12A549A34C939FC77083214D0D6C92" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AF233608E27BA3DA296DF4A48E4A7770" type="Zenodo-Dep">583183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="13A2331A86E950C2A4BBAE15EFB5D481" type="ZooBank">2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32853FFC3F7F0F9BFFEA9B15B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046924" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046924" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32853FFC3F7F0F9BFFEA9B15B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32853FFC3F7F0F9BFFEA9B15B" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2853FFC4F7F0F9BFFE67B6A9" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7F0F9BFFD1AB66C" blockId="19.[151,697,1592,1618]" box="[151,697,1592,1618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D0F481A92853FFC4F7F0F9BFFD1AB66C" bold="true" box="[151,697,1592,1618]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72853FFC4F7F0F9BFFD1AB66C" bold="true" box="[151,697,1592,1618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72853FFC4F7F0F9BFFEAFB66C" bold="true" box="[151,268,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462853FFC4F7F0F9BFFEA4B66C" ID-CoL="TN4N" box="[151,263,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="candiope">candiope</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462853FFC4F674F9BFFD1AB66C" authority="Godart, 1824" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1824" box="[275,697,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="candiope">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72853FFC4F674F9BFFE58B66C" bold="true" box="[275,507,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Charaxes candiope</emphasis>
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(Godart, 1824)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7F0F9F9FE67B6A9" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" box="[151,452,1662,1687]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462853FFC4F7F0F9F9FE90B6A9" box="[151,307,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462853FFC4F65AF9F9FE63B6A9" box="[317,448,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charaxinae">Charaxinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2853FFC3F7A0F925FEA9B15B" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7A0F925FBB8B685" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" box="[199,1051,1698,1723]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982853FFC4F7A0F925FBB8B685" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739230" box="[199,1051,1698,1723]" country="Tanzania" location="East Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1">
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Pleistocene copal from
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<location id="8EDC601E2853FFC4F6A9F924FDEEB685" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32853FFC3F7F0F9BFFEA9B15B:8EDC601E2853FFC4F6A9F924FDEEB685" box="[462,589,1698,1723]" country="Tanzania" name="East Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">East Africa</location>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552853FFC4F53BF925FD66B685" box="[604,709,1698,1723]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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), but see the comments below.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7A0F941FB22B6E1" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" box="[199,1153,1734,1759]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Copal is half-fossilized resin, an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7A0F96DFE61B73D" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" box="[199,450,1770,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Depository: unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7A0F889FD27B775" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Published figures: A picture of the fossil has not been published. Good pictures of the extant species can be found in many books on African butterflies.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC4F7A0F8D1FBA1B789" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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This specimen was listed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342853FFC4F57BF8D1FD60B751" author="Skalski" box="[540,707,1878,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1976) Les lepidopteres fossiles de l'ambre. Etat actuel de nos connaissances (2 e partie). Linneana belgica, 6, 195 - 208." type="journal article" year="1976">Skalski (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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without further information. It is a widespread extant species, occurring over most of sub-Saharan Africa. It is highly remarkable that dripping resin could trap a member of this genus of strong and fast-flying species, unless it was already dead or crippled.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52853FFC3F7A0F845FBCAB0C6" blockId="19.[151,1436,1662,2011]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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The fossil is listed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342853FFC4F6BCF845FD15B7E5" box="[475,694,1986,2011]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Sohn, J. - C., Labandeira, C., Davis, D. & Mitter, C. (2012) An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world. Zootaxa, 3286, 1 - 132." type="journal article">
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Sohn
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72853FFC4F546F843FDF4B7E5" box="[545,599,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
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. (2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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as originating from "Tanzania: Zanzibar Island".
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982853FFC3F26CF844FBC6B0C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739232" country="Tanzania" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" location="Lindi" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lindi">
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However, as explained by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F654FF1FFE6AB08E" author="Evers" box="[307,457,152,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Evers, J. (1907) Copal-Schmetterlinge. Entomologisches Jahrbuch, 1907, 129 - 132." type="journal article" year="1907">Evers (1907)</bibRefCitation>
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, the so-called Zanzibar-Copal does not originate from the island, but from the costal area of
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552854FFC3F78CFF3BFEF3B0EB" box="[235,336,188,213]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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between Bagamoyo to
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272854FFC3F53EFF3BFD3AB0EB" box="[601,665,188,213]" country="Tanzania" name="Lindi" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lindi</collectingRegion>
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. The name "Zanzibar-Copal" may refer to the time when there was a sultanate of
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272854FFC3F647FF58FE27B0C6" box="[288,388,223,248]" country="Tanzania" name="Kaskazini Unguja" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Zanzibar</collectingRegion>
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that covered the island as well as a large part of present
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552854FFC3F49BFF58FBC6B0C6" box="[1020,1125,223,248]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7A0FE83FEA9B15B" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F607FE82FE51B122" author="Evers" box="[352,498,260,284]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Evers, J. (1907) Copal-Schmetterlinge. Entomologisches Jahrbuch, 1907, 129 - 132." type="journal article" year="1907">Evers (1907)</bibRefCitation>
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, the Zanzibar-Copal is only two- to three thousand years old. It is too young to be of interest for calibration purposes, and since there is no way to check Skalski's record, it seems better to dismiss its relevance.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |