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<document id="395FB53F1D4136CF870F09BFBE4A81AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="300064" ID-DOI="10.1007/s13127-010-0034-y" ID-GBIF-Dataset="437f1b0f-209d-4b9e-ae7e-050d4faa2260" ID-ISSN="1618-1077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12763952" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1721244987882" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hebert, Torbjørn Ekrem Elisabeth Stur Paul D. N." docDate="2010" docId="6F0387E7C318230BFF71FA2BFD4D76D4" docLanguage="en" docName="OrgDivEvol.10.397-408.pdf" docOrigin="Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution 10 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0034-y" docStyle="DocumentStyle:92260E183F2ECC5FAA0643175D3F67A1.1:OrgDivEvol.2010-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="92260E183F2ECC5FAA0643175D3F67A1" docStyleName="OrgDivEvol.2010-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Orthocladiinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="406" masterDocId="933AFF9FC31C2302FFF9FFA6FFC87357" masterDocTitle="Females do count: Documenting Chironomidae (Diptera) species diversity using DNA barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="408" masterPageNumber="397" pageNumber="401" updateTime="1721663263913" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A83ED0B4AC323D2E7C5692A570693240">Females do count: Documenting Chironomidae (Diptera) species diversity using DNA barcoding</mods:title>
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<treatment id="6F0387E7C318230BFF71FA2BFD4D76D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12795693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12795693" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6F0387E7C318230BFF71FA2BFD4D76D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F0387E7C318230BFF71FA2BFD4D76D4" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
<subSubSection id="AFB0657AC3182306FF71FA2BFEE176F3" box="[136,297,1421,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FF71FA2BFEE176F3" blockId="4.[136,297,1421,1444]" box="[136,297,1421,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
<heading id="BC5D819DC3182306FF71FA2BFEE176F3" box="[136,297,1421,1444]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" reason="7">
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FF71FA2BFEE176F3" box="[136,297,1421,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Orthocladiinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FF71FA2BFEE176F3" box="[136,297,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Orthocladiinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="AFB0657AC318230BFF71FA76FD4D76D4" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" type="description">
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FF71FA76FE4F7464" blockId="4.[136,772,1488,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
Both
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FF35FA76FE5276B0" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1934" box="[204,410,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Bryophaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FF35FA76FE5276B0" box="[204,410,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Bryophaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FE18FA76FDE376B0" box="[481,555,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FE18FA76FDE376B0" box="[481,555,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Smittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are taxonomically diverse genera, in which most species probably have terrestrial or semi-terrestrial immature stages (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FD7DF9B4FF16751D" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). At least some arctic species of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FDB8F995FD44751D" box="[577,652,1587,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FDB8F995FD44751D" box="[577,652,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Smittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to be parthenogenetic, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FE53F9F2FCCA753C" authority="(Boheman, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[426,770,1620,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FE53F9F2FD88753C" box="[426,576,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">S. brevipennis</emphasis>
(Boheman, 1856)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FF39F9D0FDD075DA" authority="(Lundbeck, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Lundbeck" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[192,536,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velutina">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FF39F9D0FEF475DA" box="[192,316,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">S. velutina</emphasis>
(Lundbeck, 1898)
</taxonomicName>
. Only one of three
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FF71F931FEFC75F9" box="[136,308,1687,1710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FF71F931FF1C75F9" box="[136,212,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Smittia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FEB1F931FD1575F9" authority="(Goetghebuer, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[328,733,1687,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FEB1F931FE2A75F9" box="[328,482,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">S. nudipennis</emphasis>
(Goetghebuer, 1913)
</taxonomicName>
, is represented by males in our dataset, but the number of sampled specimens is too low to determine whether the other two species are parthenogenetic or otherwise strongly female-biased.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FF5FF89BFC68724D" blockId="4.[136,772,1488,1909]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
Three species of an unrecognisable genus of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FD67F89BFF027422" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Orthocladiinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthocladiinae</taxonomicName>
(Genus A) were represented by females only. Morphologically, the specimens are similar to described females in the genera
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FBE4FF66FBBE7380" box="[1053,1142,192,215]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tavastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FBE4FF66FBBE7380" box="[1053,1142,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Tavastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FB7CFF66FAC97380" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" box="[1157,1281,192,215]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parasmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FB7CFF66FAC97380" box="[1157,1281,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Parasmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FACEFF66FC6D73AE" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FACEFF66FC6D73AE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Gymnometriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but they do not fit any of the present generic diagnoses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FCB6FE82FA9C71D0" blockId="4.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FCB6FE82FC20726C" ID-CoL="3LKN" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[847,1000,292,315]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FCB6FE82FC20726C" box="[847,1000,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Chaetocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a relatively species-rich genus with about 25 recognised species in Europe. It has never been revised, and new findings have often been grouped with the most similar species descriptions. In our collections we have seven different species, of which two are represented by females only. Our
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FBDFFE6CFAC872B6" box="[1062,1280,458,481]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-2">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FBDFFE6CFB7772B6" box="[1062,1215,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Chaetocladius</emphasis>
sp. 2
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC1FFE4DFAD67155" ID-CoL="5XNKD" authority="Brundin, 1947" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1947" box="[998,1310,491,514]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laminatus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC1FFE4DFBBA7155" box="[998,1138,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">C. laminatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FB86FE4DFAD67155" author="Brundin, L." box="[1151,1310,491,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref6901" refString="Brundin, L. (1947). Zur Kenntnis der schwedischen Chironomiden. Arkiv for Zoologi, 39 A, 1 - 95." type="book chapter" year="1947">
Brundin,
<quantity id="20529B14C3182306FB10FE4DFAF67155" box="[1257,1342,491,514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.94538" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" unit="in" value="1947.0">1947 in</quantity>
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</taxonomicName>
having a broadly triangular gonostylus, but diverges in some details such as a broader anal point, a less crenulate median margin of the gonostylus, and slightly different setation of the anal tergite and gonostylus (see
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FBA0FDD6FB2671D0" author="Brundin, L." box="[1113,1262,624,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref6901" refString="Brundin, L. (1947). Zur Kenntnis der schwedischen Chironomiden. Arkiv for Zoologi, 39 A, 1 - 95." type="book chapter" year="1947">Brundin 1947</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 50).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FCB6FD37FC0977EB" blockId="4.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
In addition to
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC14FD37FCA7719D" ID-CoL="8C8S4" authority="(Edwards, 1929)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brumalis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC14FD37FAFE71FF" box="[1005,1334,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Gymnometriocnemus brumalis</emphasis>
(Edwards, 1929)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC5EFD15FACF719D" authority="(Goetghebuer, 1940)" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[935,1287,691,714]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volitans">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC5EFD15FBD5719D" box="[935,1053,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">G. volitans</emphasis>
(Goetghebuer, 1940)
</taxonomicName>
, we found two unidentified species of the genus represented only by females. Three of the five known European species have been recorded in
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C3182306FC12FCB0FB88707A" box="[1003,1088,790,813]" name="Norway" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Norway</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FBB6FCB0FA8F707A" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Spies, M." box="[1103,1351,790,813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" refId="ref9211" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Spies, M. (2004). Fauna Europaea: Chironomidae. In: H. de Jong (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Nematocera. Fauna Europaea version 1.2. http: // www. faunaeur. org /. Accessed 1 April 2010." type="url" year="2004">Saether and Spies 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and we have a DNA barcode of the third of these species,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FA68FC91FB9B7027" ID-CoL="8C8S3" authority="(Edwards, 1929)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subnudus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FA68FC91FC5C7027" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">G. subnudus</emphasis>
(Edwards, 1929)
</taxonomicName>
, from a different locality. Since the genetic distances between our unknown females and the identified males range between 6% and 15%, we suspect that the two unidentified female species represent taxa so far unknown from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C3182306FBF1FC7BFB9770A3" box="[1032,1119,989,1012]" name="Norway" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Norway</collectingCountry>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FB14FC7BFC937741" ID-CoL="62TYQ" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FB14FC7BFC937741" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Gymnometriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterised as “probably species-poor” in the Holarctic region (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FC0BFB86FB1C7760" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[1010,1236,1056,1079]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Our data indicate higher species diversity than expected, and we suspect that future investigations of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial habitats will substantially increase the number of species in this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FCB6FB60FCBD7446" blockId="4.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
Our single specimen belonging to the genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FACFFB60FC8577A9" authorityName="Thienemann &amp; Krüger" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FACFFB60FC8577A9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Krenosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keys to
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC35FB41FA4C77A9" authority="(Goetghebuer, 1944)" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[972,1412,1255,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreoalpina">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC35FB41FBB777A9" box="[972,1151,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">K. boreoalpina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FB60FB41FAB477A9" author="Goetghebuer, M." box="[1177,1404,1255,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="35 - 44" refId="ref7543" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1944). Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d' Europe (Douzieme Note). Biologisch Jaarboek, 11, 35 - 44." type="journal article" year="1944">Goetghebuer, 1944</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FCC9FAAEFB577648" author="Tuiskunen, J. &amp; Lindeberg, B." box="[816,1183,1288,1311]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="361 - 393" refId="ref9537" refString="Tuiskunen, J., &amp; Lindeberg, B. (1986). Chironomidae (Diptera) from Fennoscandia north of 68 ° N, with a description of ten new species and two new genera. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 23, 361 - 393." type="journal article" year="1986">Tuiskunen and Lindeberg (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and is morphologically very similar to
<specimenCount id="F1ACFD78C3182306FC0DFA8CFBA57616" box="[1012,1133,1322,1345]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
collected from springs in
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C3182306FCC9FAEDFC637635" box="[816,939,1355,1378]" name="Luxembourg" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Luxemburg</collectingCountry>
and the German Alps. However, the former differs from the latter two by COI K2P genetic distances of 8.4% and 7.8%, respectively, while the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C3182306FCC9FA08FC637692" box="[816,939,1454,1477]" name="Luxembourg" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Luxemburg</collectingCountry>
differs from the German one by 10%. Thus, these specimens that are currently all assigned to
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FA6AFA76FC79755F" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreoalpina">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FA6AFA76FC79755F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">K. boreoalpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely represent more than a single species.
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FCC9F9B4FB81757E" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[816,1097,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreoalpina">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FCC9F9B4FB81757E" box="[816,1097,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Krenosmittia boreoalpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from
<specimenCount id="F1ACFD78C3182306FCC9F995FC52751D" box="[816,922,1587,1610]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
collected in the Austrian Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FAD8F995FCAD753C" author="Goetghebuer, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="35 - 44" refId="ref7543" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1944). Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d' Europe (Douzieme Note). Biologisch Jaarboek, 11, 35 - 44." type="journal article" year="1944">Goetghebuer 1944</bibRefCitation>
). We therefore regard the specimen from the German Alps as closest to the true
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FB9CF9D0FAC275DA" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[1125,1290,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreoalpina">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FB9CF9D0FAC275DA" box="[1125,1290,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">K. boreoalpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and leave the Sølendet specimen undetermined at species level. The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC63F91EFBEB7598" authorityName="Thienemann &amp; Krüger" authorityYear="1939" box="[922,1059,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC63F91EFBEB7598" box="[922,1059,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Krenosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are cold-stenothermic and typically inhabit springs and cold streams and rivers (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C3182306FAF4F97FFCAD7446" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="401" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C3182306FCB6F8BAFA637422" blockId="4.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
A total of 11
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FC09F8BAFB007464" box="[1008,1224,1820,1843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC09F8BAFBA77464" box="[1008,1135,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Limnophyes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have been recorded and sequenced in the present study, among which
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C3182306FAA6F89BFC637422" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FAA6F89BFCA47422" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">Limnophyes</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FC45F8F8FC197422" box="[956,977,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">L.</emphasis>
sp. 2 and
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C3182306FBB0F8F8FB977422" box="[1097,1119,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="401">L.</emphasis>
sp. 3 are new to science. The
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C31B2305FF71FF29FEFD73F4" box="[136,309,143,163]" pageId="7" pageNumber="404">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C31B2305FF71FF29FF7773F4" bold="true" box="[136,191,143,163]" pageId="7" pageNumber="404">Fig. 1</emphasis>
(continued)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C31B2305FD90FF3FFDB373E0" blockId="7.[617,635,153,183]" box="[617,635,153,183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="404">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C31B2305FD90FF3FFDB373E0" bold="true" box="[617,635,153,183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="404">c</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C314230AFF71FF39FF297155" blockId="8.[136,772,159,1909]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
genus has a worldwide distribution and larval habitats range from truly aquatic to terrestrial (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFE24FF66FD7E7380" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[477,694,192,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Most species are small and many occur in the Arctic, high mountains and/or spring habitats. Seventeen valid species have been recorded from the Norwegian mainland and
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFF71FEE3FF2E720B" box="[136,230,325,348]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFF0CFEE3FE38720B" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Spies, M." box="[245,496,325,348]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" refId="ref9211" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Spies, M. (2004). Fauna Europaea: Chironomidae. In: H. de Jong (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Nematocera. Fauna Europaea version 1.2. http: // www. faunaeur. org /. Accessed 1 April 2010." type="url" year="2004">Saether and Spies 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Saether’ s (1990) review of the genus presented 14 new species and provided a key to nearly 40 Holarctic and Afrotropical species. Since then, various new species have been described, especially from Asia and
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFF15FE6CFEFA72B6" box="[236,306,458,481]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFEB9FE6CFDAB72B6" author="Przhiboro, A. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[320,611,458,481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref8381" refString="Przhiboro, A., &amp; Saether, O. A. (2007). Limnophyes (Diptera: Chironomidae) from northwestern Russia. Aquatic Insects, 29, 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="2007">Przhiboro and Saether 2007</bibRefCitation>
and references therein).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C314230AFF5FFDABFADA724D" blockId="8.[136,772,159,1909]" lastBlockId="8.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFEE2FDABFE7A7173" authorityName=", Saether" authorityYear="1989" box="[283,434,525,548]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFEE2FDABFE7A7173" box="[283,434,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by seven species in our dataset. Two of these are based on females which we could not associate to any male or identify to species using the available literature. In his comprehensive study on
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFF71FD37FE1B71FF" authority=", Saether (1989" authorityName=", Saether" authorityYear="1989" box="[136,467,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFF71FD37FEE971FF" box="[136,289,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFEC0FD37FE1B71FF" author="Saether, O. A." box="[313,467,657,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="393 - 430" refId="ref8943" refString="Saether, O. A. (1989). Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, Lundstrom and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 19, 393 - 430." type="journal article" year="1989">Saether (1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 1995) revised numerous Holarctic species. Using the keys and diagnoses in this publication, we could positively identify males of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD1FFD72FE09705B" authority="(Meigen, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albolineatus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD1FFD72FEC2705B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. albolineatus</emphasis>
(Meigen, 1818)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFE29FD53FEDA707A" authority="Cranston &amp; Oliver, 1988" authorityName="Cranston &amp; Oliver" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beringiensis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFE29FD53FDB1705B" box="[464,633,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. beringiensis</emphasis>
Cranston &amp; Oliver, 1988
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFED9FCB0FDB3707A" authority="(Holmgren, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[288,635,790,813]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFED9FCB0FE65707A" box="[288,429,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
(Holmgren, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD71FCB0FEFD7019" authority="(Meigen, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD71FCB0FCCB707A" box="[648,771,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. fuscipes</emphasis>
(Meigen, 1818)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFE80FC91FD7A7019" authority="Edwards, 1929" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1929" box="[377,690,823,846]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristellus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFE80FC91FE367019" box="[377,510,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. tristellus</emphasis>
Edwards, 1929
</taxonomicName>
. Previously,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFF2AFCFFFE907027" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1929" box="[211,344,857,880]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristellus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFF2AFCFFFE907027" box="[211,344,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. tristellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had not been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFD57FCFFFCCB7027" box="[686,771,857,880]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Norway</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFF76FCDCFE4170C6" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Spies, M." box="[143,393,890,913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" refId="ref9211" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Spies, M. (2004). Fauna Europaea: Chironomidae. In: H. de Jong (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Nematocera. Fauna Europaea version 1.2. http: // www. faunaeur. org /. Accessed 1 April 2010." type="url" year="2004">Saether and Spies 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Comparison with DNA barcodes of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFF57FC3DFE6970E5" box="[174,417,923,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFF57FC3DFE8D70E5" box="[174,325,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from other localities revealed some interesting findings for
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFE38FC1AFDF37084" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[449,571,956,979]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFE38FC1AFDF37084" box="[449,571,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. fuscipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD89FC1AFD347084" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[624,764,956,979]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD89FC1AFD347084" box="[624,764,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Both morphospecies include multiple genetically divergent clusters. Specimens fitting the morphological description of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFF71FB86FECD7760" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[136,261,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFF71FB86FECD7760" box="[136,261,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. fuscipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are placed in four different clusters, with the specimens from Sølendet in one cluster, specimens from Rondane (
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFF05FBC4FE9C772E" box="[252,340,1122,1145]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Norway</collectingCountry>
) in another, and specimens from the German Alps in the remaining two.
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFDD3FB25FCCA77CD" author="Saether, O. A." box="[554,770,1155,1178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="393 - 430" refId="ref8943" refString="Saether, O. A. (1989). Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, Lundstrom and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 19, 393 - 430." type="journal article" year="1989">Saether (1989: 423)</bibRefCitation>
stated that “
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFEF3FB03FE4D77EB" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[266,389,1189,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFEF3FB03FE4D77EB" box="[266,389,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. fuscipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a well defined species and there appears to be no need for designation of a
<typeStatus id="38118853C314230AFD93FB60FD76778A" box="[618,702,1222,1245]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
”. Our results indicate otherwise, i.e. that some of the currently seven junior synonyms (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFE65FAAEFDE17648" author="Saether, O. A." box="[412,553,1288,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="393 - 430" refId="ref8943" refString="Saether, O. A. (1989). Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, Lundstrom and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 19, 393 - 430." type="journal article" year="1989">Saether 1989</bibRefCitation>
) might have to be revalidated or that descriptions of new species might even be necessary. A similar situation exists with
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD97FAEDFD347635" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[622,764,1355,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD97FAEDFD347635" box="[622,764,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specimens that fit the most recent morphological description of this species belong to four different COI clusters. The male specimens from Sølendet are almost identical to specimens from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFE43FA76FDC276B0" box="[442,522,1488,1511]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Iceland</collectingCountry>
, while specimens from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFF71FA57FF2E755F" box="[136,230,1521,1544]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
group with specimens from Rondane, and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD1FFA57FF38757E" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD1FFA57FF38757E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the German Alps constitute two additional, separate clusters.
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFEBFF995FDDF751D" author="Saether, O. A." box="[326,535,1587,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="393 - 430" refId="ref8943" refString="Saether, O. A. (1989). Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, Lundstrom and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 19, 393 - 430." type="journal article" year="1989">Saether (1989: 410)</bibRefCitation>
introduced eight new synonyms for
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFEDAF9F2FE78753C" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[291,432,1620,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFEDAF9F2FE78753C" box="[291,432,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but stated that “there is a large variation within the species which might indicate that more than one species is involved.” Our data supports the presence of multiple species within the currently accepted morphospecies
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFECBF97FFE0275A7" box="[306,458,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFECBF97FFE0D75A7" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[306,453,1753,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">M. eurynotus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Even though multiple, well separated clusters are not observed in the species
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFD1FF95CFED97464" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albolineatus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFD1FF95CFED97464" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">M. albolineatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<specimenCount id="F1ACFD78C314230AFED3F8BAFE037464" box="[298,459,1820,1843]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
(a hermaphrodite) shows considerable genetic difference (min. 4.7%) from the other sequenced members of this species.
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFDE2F8F8FCBD73E1" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[539,885,159,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albolineatus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFDE2F8F8FCBD73E1" box="[539,885,159,1909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Metriocnemus albolineatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively well defined within its genus (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFA99FF39FCAD7380" author="Saether, O. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="393 - 430" refId="ref8943" refString="Saether, O. A. (1989). Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Staeger, Holmgren, Lundstrom and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 19, 393 - 430." type="journal article" year="1989">Saether 1989</bibRefCitation>
, 1995), and our morphological identification of the hermaphrodite is tentative due to the mixture of male and female characters observed in this specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C314230AFCB6FE82FB3B7635" blockId="8.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
Most
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFC6CFE82FBAC726C" ID-CoL="6G5B" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[917,1124,292,315]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC6CFE82FBAC726C" box="[917,1124,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae live in terrestrial or semi-aquatic habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFBD9FEE3FB33720B" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[1056,1275,325,348]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The adults are very similar morphologically, and the few features used to differentiate the species show considerable intraspecific variation. It seems that pupae are easier to separate, but only few pupal morphotypes have been associated to any name-bearing males (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFBE3FE4DFAD47155" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[1050,1308,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref9164" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Wang, X. H. (1995). Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 48, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether and Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Due to the lack of adult characters that would be diagnostic at the species level, several subspecies have been erected for taxa that are morphologically variable and geographically widespread. The Sølendet samples contained six species of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFCB7FD37FBD571FF" ID-CoL="6G5B" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[846,1053,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFCB7FD37FBD571FF" box="[846,1053,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A single female was identified to
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFA61FD37FC5A719D" ID-CoL="76375" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFA61FD37FC5A719D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. impensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFC65FD15FC1F719D" box="[924,983,691,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
with the key to known females by
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFA9BFD15FC3571BC" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. H." pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref9164" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Wang, X. H. (1995). Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 48, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether and Wang (1995)</bibRefCitation>
but is slightly different from those authors’ description of the subspecies in being smaller and having fewer setae on the thorax and genitalia. However, the key only contains half of all species and subspecies known in
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFC4BFCFFFB4F7027" ID-CoL="6G5B" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[946,1159,857,880]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC4BFCFFFB4F7027" box="[946,1159,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hence, with the DNA barcode of our specimen being&gt;10% divergent from males of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFCB6FC3DFC0670E5" ID-CoL="76375" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[847,974,923,946]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFCB6FC3DFC0670E5" box="[847,974,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. impensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFC2EFC3DFBC070E5" box="[983,1032,923,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig. 1), that female probably belongs to a different subspecies. The other taxa recognised in our samples are:
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFC3CFC7BFADB70A3" ID-CoL="92VM9" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1995" box="[965,1299,989,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impensus" subSpecies="contractus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC3CFC7BFB8F70A3" box="[965,1095,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. impensus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFB5DFC7BFADB70A3" box="[1188,1299,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">contractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFADFFC7BFC207741" ID-CoL="4D7TN" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="monticola">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFADFFC7BFA6370A3" box="[1318,1451,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. exagitans</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC85FC59FC207741" box="[892,1000,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC11FC59FB477741" box="[1000,1167,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFC0DFC59FB477741" ID-CoL="4D7TW" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" box="[1012,1167,1023,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudirritus">P. pseudirritus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFB61FC59FB1B7741" box="[1176,1235,1023,1046]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFAF4FC59FAA27741" ID-CoL="4D7TH" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1293,1386,1023,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFAF4FC59FAA27741" box="[1293,1386,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. irritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFA8AFC59FA647741" box="[1395,1452,1023,1046]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The DNA barcodes indicate considerable genetic distance between the subspecies, so that the latter probably should be raised to species. Comparison of the Sølendet data to the DNA barcodes of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFBFBFB25FAE277CD" box="[1026,1322,1155,1178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFBFBFB25FB1977CD" box="[1026,1233,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from other projects (not shown) reveal more diversity, with 17 well separated clusters within this genus. Five of these groups contain specimens that fit the current definition of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFA61FB41FC5A7648" ID-CoL="76375" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFA61FB41FC5A7648" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. impensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFC58FAAEFBDC7648" box="[929,1044,1288,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and even within the subspecies
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFA61FAAEFC5A7616" ID-CoL="76375" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFA61FAAEFC5A7616" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. impensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFC65FA8CFC1E7616" box="[924,982,1322,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFBF4FA8CFB617616" ID-CoL="4D7TW" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" box="[1037,1193,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudirritus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFBF4FA8CFB617616" box="[1037,1193,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. pseudirritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CEED5798C314230AFB4BFA8CFB257616" box="[1202,1261,1322,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
there are clusters showing high genetic divergence (&gt;10%).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C314230AFCB6FACAFCBD7464" blockId="8.[816,1452,159,1909]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFC3AFACAFB4B76D4" ID-CoL="8ZZSR" box="[963,1155,1388,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFC3AFACAFB4B76D4" box="[963,1155,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paratrichocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 11 registered species in Europe, ten of which were partly revised by
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFAF3FA2BFA6C76F3" author="Rossaro, B." box="[1290,1444,1421,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="58 - 60" refId="ref8678" refString="Rossaro, B. (1990). Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos- Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 122, 58 - 60." type="journal article" year="1990">Rossaro (1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFCC9FA08FCAD7692" author="Rossaro, B." box="[816,869,1454,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref8721" refString="Rossaro, B. (1991). Paratrichocladius nivalis (Goetgh.) described with observations on the taxonomic status of the species (Diptera Chironomidae). Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie II, 23, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
). Adult males of species in the
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFB39FA08FAAD7692" ID-CoL="92VMV" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[1216,1381,1454,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skirwithensis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFB39FA08FAAD7692" box="[1216,1381,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. skirwithensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are extremely similar and unpublished data on presumably intraspecific variation indicate that there could be one or more cases of synonymy (Bruno Rossaro and Peter H. Langton pers. comm.). For one of our species we have a barcode-associated pupa from the Atna watershed (
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFA80F9F2FC9575DA" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Norway</collectingCountry>
) which fits the description of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFB5CF9D0FC3875F9" ID-CoL="4DGMB" authority="sensu Langton and Visser (2003)" authorityName="Langton and Visser" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osellai">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFB5CF9D0FACF75DA" box="[1189,1287,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. osellai</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFAAAF9D0FC3875F9" author="Langton, P. H. &amp; Visser, H." pageId="8" pageNumber="405" refId="ref7866" refString="Langton, P. H., &amp; Visser, H. (2003). Chironomidae exuviae. A key to pupal exuviae of the West Palaearctic Region. CD-ROM. Amsterdam: Biodiversity Center of ETI." type="book" year="2003">Langton and Visser (2003)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Specimens of the other
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFB01F931FA6375F9" box="[1272,1451,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Paratricocladius</emphasis>
species at Sølendet best fit
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFB84F91EFB2E7598" ID-CoL="7CQ9X" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1149,1254,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFB84F91EFB2E7598" box="[1149,1254,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as described by
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFCC9F97FFC1675A7" author="Rossaro, B." box="[816,990,1753,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref8721" refString="Rossaro, B. (1991). Paratrichocladius nivalis (Goetgh.) described with observations on the taxonomic status of the species (Diptera Chironomidae). Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie II, 23, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1991">Rossaro (1991)</bibRefCitation>
. Both species are new to
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C314230AFAD9F97FFABD75A7" box="[1312,1397,1753,1776]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Norway</collectingCountry>
and associated with cold springs, brooks and streams (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C314230AFAACF95CFCAD7464" author="Rossaro, B." pageId="8" pageNumber="405" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref8721" refString="Rossaro, B. (1991). Paratrichocladius nivalis (Goetgh.) described with observations on the taxonomic status of the species (Diptera Chironomidae). Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie II, 23, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1991">Rossaro 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C314230BFCB6F89BFF0771FF" blockId="8.[816,1452,159,1909]" lastBlockId="9.[136,772,159,1411]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFCB6F89BFAE67403" ID-CoL="6WH4J" authority="(Kieffer, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[847,1326,1853,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFCB6F89BFB487403" box="[847,1152,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">Pseudorthocladius filiformis</emphasis>
(Kieffer, 1908)
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C314230AFCA2F8F8FC107422" ID-CoL="6WH4J" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[859,984,1886,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C314230AFCA2F8F8FC107422" box="[859,984,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="405">P. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, which contains at least six Holarctic species (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFE99FF39FD5873E1" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Sublette, J. E." box="[352,656,159,182]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref9109" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Sublette, J. E. (1983). A review of the genera Doithrix n. gen., Georthocladius Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wulker and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 20, 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1983">Saether and Sublette 1983</bibRefCitation>
) some of which are only separable as pupae. There is about 5% difference between the sampled specimens of this species, but the COI sequences of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFE49FEA5FDFA724D" ID-CoL="6WH4J" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[432,562,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFE49FEA5FDFA724D" box="[432,562,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">P. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Sølendet are more than 13% different from those of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFD97FE82FEA3720B" ID-CoL="8DJBD" authority="(Goetghebuer, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtistylus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFD97FE82FCCA726C" box="[622,770,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">P. curtistylus</emphasis>
(Goetghebuer, 1922)
</taxonomicName>
that we have sampled from the Atna watershed.
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFEFCFEC1FD847229" ID-CoL="8DJBD" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[261,588,359,382]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtistylus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFEFCFEC1FD847229" box="[261,588,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Pseudorthocladius curtistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFD7AFEC1FCCB7229" ID-CoL="6WH4J" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[643,771,359,382]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFD7AFEC1FCCB7229" box="[643,771,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">P. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far are the only two European members of this species group, but they can be difficult to separate as adult males (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFF76FE6CFE6772B6" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Sublette, J. E." box="[143,431,458,481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref9109" refString="Saether, O. A., &amp; Sublette, J. E. (1983). A review of the genera Doithrix n. gen., Georthocladius Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wulker and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 20, 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1983">Saether and Sublette 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Until more material (including immature stages) is examined and barcoded we regard the observed 5% sequence difference as intraspecific variation in
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFEF7FD88FE467112" ID-CoL="6WH4J" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[270,398,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFEF7FD88FE467112" box="[270,398,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">P. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Immatures of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFDCFFD88FCCB7112" ID-CoL="642RN" box="[566,771,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFDCFFD88FCCB7112" box="[566,771,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Pseudorthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with damp habitats such as mosses, seeps and floodplains along stream banks (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFDB7FDD6FF7671FF" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Oliver, D. R. &amp; Saether, O. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="165 - 352" refId="ref7125" refString="Cranston, P. S., Oliver, D. R., &amp; Saether, O. A. (1989). The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: T. Wiederholm (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3 - adult males (pp. 165 - 352). Sandby: Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C315230BFF5FFD15FE537741" blockId="9.[136,772,159,1411]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">
The species
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFEB9FD15FCCB719D" ID-CoL="8DMNQ" authority="(Walker, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[320,771,691,714]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="effusus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFEB9FD15FD8E719D" box="[320,582,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Rheocricotopus effusus</emphasis>
(Walker, 1856)
</taxonomicName>
shows the largest intraspecific variation in COI observed by us, with
<specimenCount id="F1ACFD78C315230BFEE0FD53FE5C705B" box="[281,404,757,780]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
specimen slightly less than 6% different from the others. Based on the review by
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFD43FCB0FF187019" author="Saether, O. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="59 - 108" refId="ref8899" refString="Saether, O. A. (1985). A review of the genus Rheocricotopus Thienemann &amp; Harnisch, 1932, with the description of three new species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement, 11, 59 - 108." type="journal article" year="1985">Saether (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, our specimens fit the description of
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFD9AFC91FD037019" ID-CoL="8DMNQ" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[611,715,823,846]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="effusus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFD9AFC91FD037019" box="[611,715,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">R. effusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The barcode from the divergent female from Sølendet is almost identical to the barcode of a male
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFE02FCDCFDAB70C6" ID-CoL="8DMNQ" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[507,611,890,913]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="effusus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFE02FCDCFDAB70C6" box="[507,611,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">R. effusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atna watershed and the high genetic divergence within this group might indicate cryptic species.
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFDAEFC1AFF1970A3" ID-CoL="8DMNQ" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="effusus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFDAEFC1AFF1970A3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Rheocricotopus effusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found to inhabit springs, brooks and cold streams (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFF11FC59FE437741" author="Lehmann, J." box="[232,395,1023,1046]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="348 - 381" refId="ref7942" refString="Lehmann, J. (1969). Die europaischen Arten der Gattung Rheocricotopus Thien. und Harn. und drei neue Artvertreter dieser Gattung aus der Orientalis (Diptera, Chironomidae). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 66, 348 - 381." type="journal article" year="1969">Lehmann 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E71536F1C315230BFF5FFB86FD4D76D4" blockId="9.[136,772,159,1411]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">
Our record of the genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFE20FB86FDFA7760" box="[473,562,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tavastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFE20FB86FDFA7760" box="[473,562,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Tavastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first from
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C315230BFF71FBE7FF17770F" box="[136,223,1089,1112]" name="Norway" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Norway</collectingCountry>
. The genus was first described from northern Fennoscandia by
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFEB1FBC4FDC1772E" author="Tuiskunen, J." box="[328,521,1122,1145]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="30 - 32" refId="ref9501" refString="Tuiskunen, J. (1985). Tavastia australis, a new genus and species (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from Finland. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 51, 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1985">Tuiskunen (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, but additional species have been recorded from the
<collectingCountry id="9FBD7661C315230BFE08FB25FDEE77CD" box="[497,550,1155,1178]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">USA</collectingCountry>
(one species) and northern Europe (two species) (
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFE09FB03FD0D77EB" author="Brodin, Y. &amp; Lundstrom, J. O. &amp; Paasivirta, L." box="[496,709,1189,1212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref6856" refString="Brodin, Y., Lundstrom, J. O., &amp; Paasivirta, L. (2008). Tavastia yggdrasilia, a new orthoclad midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Europe. Aquatic Insects, 30, 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="2008">Brodin et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). All species are found in wetlands or spring habitats. Our
<specimenCount id="F1ACFD78C315230BFD22FB60FF1177A9" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
fit the generic diagnosis and resemble the only described female in the genus,
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFE21FAAEFF097616" authority="Brodin et al., 2008" authorityName="Brodin" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tavastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yggdrasilia">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFE21FAAEFDA47648" box="[472,620,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">T. yggdrasilia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="833B4B00C315230BFD8CFAAEFF097616" author="Brodin, Y. &amp; Lundstrom, J. O. &amp; Paasivirta, L." pageId="9" pageNumber="406" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref6856" refString="Brodin, Y., Lundstrom, J. O., &amp; Paasivirta, L. (2008). Tavastia yggdrasilia, a new orthoclad midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Europe. Aquatic Insects, 30, 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="2008">Brodin et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, because they do not completely fit the latter species diagnosis and description, we leave them as an undetermined species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="20AA4D72C315230BFDDCFACAFDB676D4" box="[549,638,1388,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tavastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="406" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5DEEAE3C315230BFDDCFACAFDB676D4" box="[549,638,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="406">Tavastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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