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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.813.30336" ID-GBIF-Dataset="41ef3c31-d959-4168-b2b7-e46c299b5fc6" ID-PMC="PMC6331514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-813-111" ID-PubMed="30647529" ID-ZBK="AF1D1300BD4B4C1795B48567EFAD850C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-813-111" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 813" ModsDocTitle="Descriptions of immature stages of four species of the genera Graptus, Peritelus, Philopedon, and Tanymecus and larval instar determination in Tanymecus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)" checkinTime="1546956053860" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Sprick, Peter &amp; Morris, Michael G." docDate="2019" docId="C495BA1C88866A49EE91DD034698F6C8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 813: 111-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 813" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.813.30336" docTitle="Tanymecus palliatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="135" masterDocId="FFC0C23F067AFFEF9E0FFFAFFF97FFAC" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of immature stages of four species of the genera Graptus, Peritelus, Philopedon, and Tanymecus and larval instar determination in Tanymecus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1668166695343" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Descriptions of immature stages of four species of the genera Graptus, Peritelus, Philopedon, and Tanymecus and larval instar determination in Tanymecus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sprick, Peter</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Morris, Michael G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>813</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>111</mods:start>
<mods:end>150</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.813.30336</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.813.30336</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-813-111</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AF1D1300BD4B4C1795B48567EFAD850C</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154127172" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C495BA1C88866A49EE91DD034698F6C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C495BA1C88866A49EE91DD034698F6C8" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="16" pageNumber="127">
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="127" start="start">Tanymecus</pageBreakToken>
palliatus
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="127" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">
3 mature larvae: Germany, Brandenburg, Cottbus: Kittlitz, collected on 09.08.2011 in a permanent field of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medicago sativa" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">Medicago sativa</taxonomicName>
L., together with a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
pupa and many larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Otiorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otiorhynchus ligustici" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligustici">Otiorhynchus ligustici</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">12 first instar larvae: A female collected in the field (Kittlitz) laid eggs on 17.05.2012 in the laboratory in Hannover. Larvae, hatched from eggs on 31.05.2012, were used for this study.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="16" pageNumber="127" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">Description of the mature larva.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="127">Body length: 8.3-10.0 mm, body width at the widest part (level of first abdominal segment): 2.5-3.2 mm, head width: 1.6-1.8 mm, head height: 1.4-1.6 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="128">
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="128" start="start">Body</pageBreakToken>
(Figs 10-12). Moderately stout, slightly curved, rounded in cross section. Prothorax slightly smaller than mesothorax; metathorax as wide as mesothorax. Prothorax with a pair of dark sclerotized, conical protuberances, placed dorsally, near margin with mesothorax (Fig. 59). Spiracles (of thoracic and abdominal segments 1-8) annular. Abdominal segments 1-7 of almost equal length, segment 8 wide, flattened posteriorly, with conical lateral lobes. Abdominal segment 9 strongly reduced, consisting of 4 well-isolated lobes, of which the lateral lobes are the biggest; segment 10 consists of 4 anal lobes of various size. Anus located ventrally (Figs 11, 12, 62). Chaetotaxy well developed, setae capilliform, variable in length, greyish or yellowish. Each side of prothorax (Fig. 59) with 11 prns of almost equal size (8 of them placed on the weakly visible premental sclerite, next 3 close to the spiracle; 2 ps moderately long and 1 short eus. Meso- and metathorax on each side with 1 moderately long prs and 4 pds of various lengths (first, second and fourth very short, third long), 1 moderately long and 1 short as, 1 moderately long and 1 short ss, 1 eps and 1 ps, both moderately long, 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with 6 pda, almost equal in length. Abd. 1-7 (Figs 60-63) on each side with 1 moderately long prs and 5 pds, of various lengths (first, second and fourth very short, third and fifth very long; Abd. 7 with 6 pds), arranged along the posterior margin of each segment, 1 long ss, 2 eps and 2 ps, both of different lengths, 1 lsts and 2 moderately long eus. Abd. 8 (Figs 61-63) on each side with 1 moderately long prs, 4 relatively elongate pds, 2 eps and 2 ps, both of different lengths, 1 lsts and 2 eus. Abd. 9 (Figs 61-63) on each side with 3 ds, first and third moderately long, second short, all located close to the posterior margin of the segment, 1 medium ps and 2 short sts. Each lateral anal lobe (Abd. 10) with 3 short setae (ts1-3).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="17" pageNumber="128">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="128">
Figures 59-63.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy. 59 Thoracic segments lateral view 60 First abdominal segment lateral view 61 Abdominal segments 7-10 lateral view 62 Abdominal segments 7-10 ventral view 63 Abdominal segments 7-10 dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. 1-3 - thoracic segments 1-3, Abd. 1-10 - abdominal segments 1-10, setae: as - alar, ps - pleural, eps - epipleural, ds - dorsal, lsts - laterosternal, eus - eusternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, sps - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="17" pageNumber="128">
Head (Fig. 64). Greyish or light yellowish, suboval, frontal suture distinct, Y-shaped, endocarina absent. Setae on head capilliform; des1, 2, 3, 5 equal in length; des1 and des2 located in the central part of epicranium, des3 placed on frontal suture, des5 located anterolaterally; fs4, 5 both as long asdes1, fs4 located anteromedially, fs5 anterolaterally, near epistome; les1 and les2, equal in length, only slightly shorter than des1; ves1 and ves almost as long asles. Postepicranial area with 5 very short pes (Fig. 64). Antenna (Fig. 65) located at the end of frontal suture; antennal segment membranous, bearing cushion-like sensorium (Se), located medially, and 6 sensilla of various types: 5 ampullacea (sa) and 1 basiconicum (sb). Labrum (Fig. 66) narrow, anterior margin slightly sinuate; 3 pairs of lrs, lrs1 and lrs3 moderately long, lrs2 long; lrs1 anteromedially, lrs2 medially, lrs3 laterally. Clypeus (Fig. 66) twice as long as than labrum, anterior margin of clypeus straight; 2 pairs of cls: cls1as long aslrs2, cls2 less than half the length of cls1, both located posteromedially; clss clearly visible, placed medially between cls. Epipharynx (Fig. 66) with 4 pairs of finger-shaped als of equal length; 3 pairs of ams: ams1 rod-shaped, very short, ams2 and ams3 moderately long, finger-like; 2 pairs of short, rod-shaped mes, both placed medially, between labral rods. Surface of epipharynx smooth. Labral rods short, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 67) curved, narrow, with slightly divided apex (teeth of various length). There is an additional tooth on the cutting edge in the middle of the mandible; both mds capilliform, different in length. Maxilla (Figs 68-70) with
<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="129" start="start">1</pageBreakToken>
stps and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 7 rod-like dms of various size (Fig. 69) and 4 capilliform vms variable in length(Fig. 70); mbs short. Maxillary palpi with 2 palpomeres, basal with short mps; distal palpomere apically with a group of sensilla, each palpomere with a pore. Basal palpomere distinctly wider and slightly longer than distal. Prelabium (Fig. 68) almost rounded with 1 long prms, located medially. Ligula with 2 pairs of ligs of various length. Premental sclerite clearly visible tri
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="130" start="start">den</pageBreakToken>
-shaped, median branch and posterior extension weakly sclerotized. Labial palpi 2-segmented; apex of distal palpomere with some sensilla; each palpomere with a pore. Basal palpomere wider and longer than distal. Postlabium (Fig. 68) with 3
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="131" start="start">capilliform</pageBreakToken>
pms, the first pair located anteromedially, the remaining 2 pairs posterolaterally; pms1 and pms3 long, pms2 very long. Only posterior margin of postlabium covered with fine asperities.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
Figure 64.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, head, frontal view. Abbreviations: at - antenna, setae: des - dorsal epicranial, fs - frontal, les - lateral epicranial, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
Figure 65.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, body parts, right antenna. Abbreviations: Se - sensorium, sa - sensillum ampullaceum, sb - sensillum basiconicum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
Figure 66.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, body parts, clypeus, labrum and epipharynx. Abbreviations: clss - clypeal sensorium, lr - labral rods, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, lrs - labral, mes - median.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
Figure 67.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, left mandible. Abbreviations: mds - mandibular seta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="131">
Figures 68-70.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
mature larva, body parts. 68 Maxillolabial complex ventral aspect 69 Right maxilla apical part dorsal aspect 70 Right maxilla apical part ventral aspect. Abbreviations: setae: dms - dorsal malar, ligs - ligular, mbs - malar basiventral, mps - maxillary palp, pfs - palpiferal, prms - prelabial, pms - postlabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection pageId="21" pageNumber="132" type="differentiation of described species">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="132" start="start">Differentiation</pageBreakToken>
of described species
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<table pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="365 - 372" title="Eggs, egg-laying habits and larvae of short-nosed weevils." volume="1948" year="1950">Emden 1950</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="365 - 372" title="Eggs, egg-laying habits and larvae of short-nosed weevils." volume="1948" year="1950">Emden 1950</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">dspdassSe</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus triguttatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="triguttatus" subSpecies="triguttatus">Graptus triguttatus triguttatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">dspdassSe</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">dspdassepsasas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">dspdassepsasas</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" type="the number of larval instars in tanymecus">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
The number of larval instars in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
There are some strange statements about the number of larval instars in the larval stage of species of genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation pageId="21" pageNumber="132">Hoffmann (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, who relied on authors from the former Soviet Union, reported about 10 larval instars in
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. palliatus" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="palliatus">T. palliatus</taxonomicName>
, which was already commented by
<bibRefCitation author="Dieckmann, L" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomologie" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="257 - 381" title="Beitraege zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Tanymecinae, Leptopiinae, Cleoninae, Tanyrhynchinae, Cossoninae, Raymondionyminae, Bagoinae, Tanysphyrinae)." volume="33" year="1983">Dieckmann (1983)</bibRefCitation>
as a 'for weevils surprising
<normalizedToken originalValue="fact’">fact'</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
In
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal, 1834,
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
determined six larval instars. She reported that larval head width increased up to the fourth larval instar, decreased in the fifth and increased again in the sixth instar to nearly the same value as in the fourth. This sounds really strange and has to be taken with caution and tested with new observations. This was also the reason for
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden (1952)</bibRefCitation>
to propose four larval instars for
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">For the exact determination of the number of larval instars we summarized and assessed our own measuring data and added data from literature, if necessary (Tables 1, 2).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
Due to the dubiousness of the number of larval instars in
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
given by
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden (1952)</bibRefCitation>
we used measuring data for the head width (HW) of adults of both species and of mature larvae of
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. palliatus" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="palliatus">T. palliatus</taxonomicName>
to assess the HW of the mature larva of
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
. This ratio should be rather similar in two species of the same genus. Hence, the value calculated in this way for the HW of the mature larva of
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
is 1.51 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
We also needed to determine the number of larval instars for both species: there are data for L1 and for mature larvae, and in
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="21" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
there are also measurements for several instars, even if (especially in the higher instars) the data are doubtful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="21" pageNumber="132">
The determination of larval instars is mainly based on the method of
<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="420 - 422" title="The number of molts of lepidopterous larvae." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1890/23871" volume="5" year="1890">Dyar (1890)</bibRefCitation>
and has been used by several authors, even if apparently not known to all scientists who have dealt with larvae. There are several publications about weevil larvae where this
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="133" start="start">ratio</pageBreakToken>
was applied. We preferred to use
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dyar’s">Dyar's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="ratio–">ratio-</normalizedToken>
1 and called it Growth Factor (GF) as it corresponds more to the natural development.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
In
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mitoplinthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mitoplinthus caliginosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caliginosus">Mitoplinthus caliginosus</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius, 1775) (subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Molytinae">Molytinae</taxonomicName>
), after comparison of the growth factors 1.35, 1.4 and 1.5, the best approximation was found
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="134" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
a value of 1.4 for head capsule width (
<bibRefCitation author="Sprick, P" journalOrPublisher="Studies on Taxonomy, Biology and Ccology of Curculionoidea" pageId="29" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 10" title="Biology and morphology of the mature larva of Mitoplinthuscaliginosuscaliginosus (Curculionidae, Molytinae). Snudebiller." url="https://www.curci.de/?beitrag=229" volume="15" year="2014">Sprick and Gosik 2014</bibRefCitation>
). This value agrees with
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dyar’s">Dyar's</normalizedToken>
ratio of 0.714.
<bibRefCitation author="Rowe, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Virginia Journal of Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="140" pagination="277 - 280" title="Determination of larval instars, and comparison of field and artificial diet-reared larval stages of Rhinocyllusconicus (Col: Curculionidae)." volume="36" year="1985">Rowe and Kok (1985)</bibRefCitation>
gave a
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dyar’s">Dyar's</normalizedToken>
ratio value for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinocyllus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinocyllus conicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicus">Rhinocyllus conicus</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Frölich">Froelich</normalizedToken>
, 1792) (subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lixinae">Lixinae</taxonomicName>
) larvae of 0.65 (this agrees with a GF of 1.538). In agreement
<bibRefCitation author="Leibee, GL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="140" pagination="473 - 475" title="Instar determination of Clover Root Curculio, Sitonahispidulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="53" year="1980">Leibee et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
determined the ratios of each instar of two populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sitona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sitona hispidulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidulus">Sitona hispidulus</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius, 1777) (subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
, tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" rank="tribe" tribe="Sitonini">Sitonini</taxonomicName>
) and reported
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dyar’s">Dyar's</normalizedToken>
values between 0.642 and 0.739. The median value of these data is by our calculation 0.6995 (GF = 1.43). These data show that there are rather different values for larval growth and that there are also differences between the growth of different larval instars.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
For larval instar determination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
we tested four values between 1.4 and 1.5 to achieve the best approximation of larval growth. We started with the L1 larva that we received from egg-laying of adult weevils (head width 0.38 mm) and calculated the subsequent instars with the selected GF values until 1.71 mm, the head width of the mature larvae, was achieved. For this procedure, five steps were needed. Higher GF values, as for example 1.538 in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinocyllus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinocyllus conicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicus">Rhinocyllus conicus</taxonomicName>
, were excluded because of the reduced number of larval instars in this rather distantly related subfamily (Table 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
From Table 2 it can easily be seen that both species have 5 larval instars. The best approximation is achieved with a GF of 1.44 in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
and 1.46 in
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. palliatus" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="palliatus">T. palliatus</taxonomicName>
(i.e.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dyar’s">Dyar's</normalizedToken>
ratio of 0.694 and 0.685, respectively). The small difference may be due to the absent HW variation of the two available adult
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. dilaticollis" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">T. dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
specimens that showed both the same value and hence do not represent the HW variation of the population. Furthermore it can be stated that the values of
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
are beginning to seem doubtful from the fourth larval instar onward.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
For this approximation it is only necessary to know the head width of the L1 larva and that of the last instar. And the HW of the last instar can be assessed from the HW of the adult weevil, as it is shown in Table 2. In adults HW was always measured directly behind the eyes to avoid an excessive importance of prominent eyes, which could be a problem in genera such as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Strophosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Strophosoma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Strophosoma</taxonomicName>
Billberg, 1817 (see
<bibRefCitation author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="29" pageNumber="140" pagination="27 - 42" title="Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species." url="Https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446" volume="64" year="2017">Gosik et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) or in species such as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
. Larval growth, number of larval instars and size of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="adults’">adults'</normalizedToken>
head width (and therefore size of adults, too) are in a very close relationship to each other. The same may be true for the HW of the pupa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
An instar determination is also possible for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus triguttatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triguttatus">Graptus triguttatus</taxonomicName>
. According to
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden (1952)</bibRefCitation>
, the head capsule width of the L1 larva is 0.34 mm (average of three larvae; Table 1). The application of a GF of 1.45 shows a good approximation with the measuring values given in Table 1: 0.34 mm
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.45 (repeatedly) = 0.493 mm (L2), 0.715 mm (L3), 1.037 mm (L4) and finally 1.503 mm (L5). Thus,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus triguttatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triguttatus">Graptus triguttatus</taxonomicName>
has also 5 larval instars, and the premature larvae from Table 1 may represent L2 and L4 larvae. There is a great variation in
<normalizedToken originalValue="adults’">adults'</normalizedToken>
head width in this species ranging from 1.05 mm to 1.5 mm (Table 1). This agrees with the span between the last larval instars and nearly achieves the supposed growth factor of 1.45, so that the assignment of a certain larva to the right instar is doubtful in extremely sized specimens, the more as head width variation becomes larger with instar and size. A similar size variation was observed in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
adults and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
larvae (Table 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="135" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
an instar determination is impossible due to the absence of L1 head width data. It can only be concluded from the data for premature larvae in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
(Table 1) that these data represent the penultimate instar. Opposite to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Graptus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
, the HW of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philopedon</taxonomicName>
adults is greater than in mature larvae. In
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
the HW of adults is slightly smaller than in mature larvae, but not significantly.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
Table 1. Head width measuring data of the species studied. Results in mm; n - number of specimens measured, in adults behind eyes; L1 - first instar larva; ML - mature larva; *: an assignment to this instar is doubtful. A transfer to 'mature
<normalizedToken originalValue="larvae’">larvae'</normalizedToken>
would change the average value only slightly; **: data from
<bibRefCitation author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Erratum: Zootaxa" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="299 - 300" title="Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa 3731 (4): 445 - 472. Incl." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2" volume="3745" year="2013">Gosik and Sprick (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. Data from literature in italics.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<table pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="2">Species</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Larval instars</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="2">Pupa</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="2">Adult</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
L
<sub pageId="24" pageNumber="135">1</sub>
larvae
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Premature larvae</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Mature larvae</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus triguttatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triguttatus">Graptus triguttatus</taxonomicName>
1
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden 1952</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.3310,3410.351</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">23121</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">3212641</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">111</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">11133111</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">12534</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">112211</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">141</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">111</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">121112</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden 1952</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.572; 0.611; 0.631; 0.641; 0.681; 0.721; 0.751*; 0.791</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.861; 0.892; 0.962; 1.001; 1.072; 1.081; 1.12; 1.141; 1.171; 1.181; 1.212</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">12522</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">111</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">11111</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
Table 2. Head width measuring data of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tanymecus</taxonomicName>
larvae and adults for larval instar determination. *: collected together with
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. palliatus" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="palliatus">T. palliatus</taxonomicName>
pupae; **: calculated from the ratio of
<normalizedToken originalValue="adult’s">adult's</normalizedToken>
HW to HW of the mature larva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<table pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Instar</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Mean value (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Specimens measured</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Source</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Catrinici, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Section Scientia Academia Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="626 - 635" title="Die Bestimmung der Larvenstadien des Ruesselkafers Tanymecusdilaticollis Gyll." volume="26" year="1944">Catrinici (1944)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.51</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Emden, FI Van" journalOrPublisher="Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1952.tb00248.x" year="1952">Van Emden (1952)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
Table 3. Larval instar determination for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. palliatus" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="palliatus">T. palliatus</taxonomicName>
. All measuring data in mm; initial data bold, calculated data in italics; target data of the approximation bold and in italics.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<table pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.38</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.38</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.38</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.532</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.551/0.555</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.57</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.745</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.799/0.810</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.855</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.042</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.158/1.183</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.283</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.460</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.680/1.727</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.924</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.71</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.71</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.71</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Tanymecus dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.35</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.49</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.504/0.508/0.511</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.525</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.686</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.726/0.736/0.746</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.7875</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">0.960</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.045/1.067/1.089</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.181</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.345</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.505/1.55/1.590</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.772</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.51</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.51</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">1.51</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
Table 4. Number of setae in mature larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Graptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graptus triguttatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="triguttatus" subSpecies="triguttatus">Graptus triguttatus triguttatus</taxonomicName>
(a),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peritelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritelus sphaeroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeroides">Peritelus sphaeroides</taxonomicName>
(b),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Philopedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philopedon plagiatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatum">Philopedon plagiatum</taxonomicName>
(c),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tanymecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanymecus palliatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliatus">Tanymecus palliatus</taxonomicName>
(d).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<table pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Part of body</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">Setae</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">a</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">b</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">c</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">d</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">prns</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pda</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">prs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pds</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">as</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ss</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pda</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">prs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">prs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pds</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pds</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ss</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ss</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">lsts</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">lsts</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">eus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ds</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">sts</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ts</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">des</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">fs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ls</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pes</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ves</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">cls</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">lrs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">mes</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">als</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ams</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">mds</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">des</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ves</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pfs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">stps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pbs</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">mps</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">pms</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">prms</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="24" pageNumber="135">
<td colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="135" rowspan="1">ligs</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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