626 lines
82 KiB
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626 lines
82 KiB
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<mods:title id="65CFE8AE3F0DBBC30718F1C9610B9D2E">Revalidation of Vareuptychia Forster, 1964, description of Vanima gen. nov., and notes on Euptychia cleophes Godman & Salvin, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A7983C4EF3EF86D198B60C236C6F39E">Zacca, Thamara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="24CE4AA9C571EB3AB9BC4EF917711573">Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6076 - 8463</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="7DAD74D20E810BBFBF48739FADBE7C18">Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3655 - 4606</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="FBB1F2C3734544B13E5D957E9A5A9CFC">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9807 - 4790</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0F81ED71ECA6B896E9701A6AE6772093">Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6800 - 4783</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EFDB69ADBE462DFCFA910C08BC34C08D">Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1CF446F13BEEA8A00675B07327C19F04">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Departament of Entomology, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3664 - 6730</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CE7AF17F94469A6B8BC2EB410E5E141">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Departament of Entomology, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3664 - 6730</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="D33D878EFFBB7475FF33FA425083FA4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4498511" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177207932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4498511" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D33D878EFFBB7475FF33FA425083FA4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D33D878EFFBB7475FF33FA425083FA4C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFF33FA4254D7FA66" authority="(Butler, 1870)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[151,479,1437,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33FA425426FA69" bold="true" box="[151,302,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanima labe</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFE99FA4254DFFA66" author="Butler, A. G." box="[317,471,1437,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="250 - 252" refId="ref17852" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On new or recently described species of diurnal Lepidoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 6 (71), 250 - 252." type="journal article" year="1870">Butler, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBB746AFF33FA1E5776FA0A" blockId="15.[151,638,1437,1500]" box="[151,638,1473,1500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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(
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFF3BFA1E5420FA0A" box="[159,296,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 30–33</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFE97FA1E545AFA0A" box="[307,338,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–44" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[182,1430,850,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-376@14.[151,1435,813,1802]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–44. Lectotypes of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 42. Lectotype of Euptychia labe Butler, 1870 and labels, 43. Lectotype of Euptychia lesbia Staudinger, [1886] and labels, 44. Lectotype of Euptychia palladia Butler, 1867 and labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411430/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">42</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFEF9FA1E54ADFA0D" box="[349,421,1473,1500]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1050,1074]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1435,181,1025]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 47–61. Male genitalia of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 47–51. Vanima labe comb. nov. (BMNH#1420794): 47. lateral, 48. dorsal, 49. ventral, 50. aedeagus, dorsal, 51. aedeagus, lateral; 52–56. Vanima palladia comb. nov. (BMNH#1420948): 52. lateral, 60. dorsal, 61. ventral, 62. aedeagus, dorsal, 63. aedeagus, lateral; 57–61. Vanima lesbia comb. nov. (BMNH#1420885): 57. lateral, 58. dorsal, 59. ventral, 60. aedeagus, dorsal, 61. aedeagus, lateral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411434/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">47–51</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFE15FA1E54F2FA0A" box="[433,506,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–67" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,1212,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-91@17.[152,1436,1206,1666]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 62–67. Female genitalia of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 62–63. Vanima labe comb. nov. (BMNH#1420985): 62. lateral, 63. ventral; 64–67. Vanima lesbia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.091): 64. lateral; 65. ventral; 66–67. Vanima palladia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.098): 66. lateral, 67. Ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411436/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">62–63</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFDA1FA1E572BFA0A" box="[517,547,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,639,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-224@18.[151,1436,632,1623]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 68. Map showing the distribution of Vanima labe comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411438/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">68</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFD8BFA1E577EFA0A" box="[559,630,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–73" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[167,1423,611,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-215@21.[151,1435,597,1849]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 71–73. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 71. Live adult in Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia (Photo: M. T. Tapasco); 72. Overview of habitat in El Durango, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Photo: K. R. Willmott); Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 73. Overview of typical habitat in Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (Photo: M. M. Casagrande)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411446/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">71–72</figureCitation>
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)
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|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33F9DA5438F9CC" box="[151,304,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Euptychia labe</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFE92F9DA54E1F9CC" author="Butler, A. G." box="[310,489,1541,1566]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="250 - 252" refId="ref17852" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On new or recently described species of diurnal Lepidoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 6 (71), 250 - 252." type="journal article" year="1870">Butler, 1870: 250</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1, fig. 2;
|
||
<typeStatus id="842F883AFFBB746AFDD4F9D957C5F9CF" box="[624,717,1542,1566]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFBB746AFD78F9D9563CF9CC" box="[732,820,1542,1565]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
], Calobre and Santa Fe, [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFBB746AFB94F9DA51ADF9CC" box="[1072,1189,1541,1565]" name="Guatemala" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
], Polochic Valley.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFAD7F9DA545CF9ED" author="Kirby, W. F." page="642" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1871">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFAD7F9DA545CF9ED" author="Kirby, W. F." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref20282" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1871) A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. John Van Voorst, London, 690 pp." type="book" year="1871">Kirby, 1871: 642</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFED6F9FB5729F9ED" author="Distant, W. L." box="[370,545,1572,1596]" page="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1876">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFED6F9FB5729F9ED" author="Distant, W. L." box="[370,545,1572,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="10 - 14" refId="ref18482" refString="Distant, W. L. (1876) Remarks on the Rhopalocera of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1876 (3), 10 - 14." type="journal article" year="1876">Distant, 1876: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFDE4F9FB57FAF9ED" author="Butler, A. G." box="[576,754,1572,1596]" page="117" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1877">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFDE4F9FB57FAF9ED" author="Butler, A. G." box="[576,754,1572,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="116 - 128" refId="ref17928" refString="Butler, A. G. (1877) On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 13 (67), 116 - 128." type="journal article" year="1877">Butler, 1877: 117</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFCB4F9FB514AF9ED" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[784,1090,1572,1596]" page="79" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1880">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFCB4F9FB514AF9ED" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[784,1090,1572,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="73 - 88" refId="ref19497" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1880 a) s. n. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. 1 (6). Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. 73 - 88, pl. 8." type="journal article" year="1880">Godman & Salvin, 1880a: 79</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 8, fig. 3.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFB7DF9FB5432F98A" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." page="121" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1880">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFB7DF9FB5432F98A" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="119 - 132" refId="ref19550" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1880 b) A list of diurnal Lepidoptera collected in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, and the vicinity. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1880 (3), 119 - 132, pls. 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1880">Godman & Salvin, 1880b: 121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Godman, 1901652.—Weymer, 1911: 200.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFC8CF99C514AF98A" author="Riley, N. D. & Gabriel, A. G." box="[808,1090,1603,1627]" page="30" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1924">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFC8CF99C514AF98A" author="Riley, N. D. & Gabriel, A. G." box="[808,1090,1603,1627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref22983" refString="Riley, N. D. & Gabriel, A. G. (1924) Catalogue of the type specimens of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera in the British Museum. Part I. Satyridae. Oxford University Press, London, 62 pp." type="book" year="1924">Riley & Gabriel, 1924: 30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFBC4F99C5014F98A" author="Gaede, M." box="[1120,1308,1603,1627]" page="452" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1931">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFBC4F99C5014F98A" author="Gaede, M." box="[1120,1308,1603,1627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="321 - 544" refId="ref19315" refString="Gaede, M. (1931) Familia Satyridae. Lepidopterum Catalogus, 46, 321 - 544." type="journal article" year="1931">Gaede, 1931: 452</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFA9EF99C5425F9A8" author="D'Abrera, B. L." page="761" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFA9EF99C5425F9A8" author="D'Abrera, B. L." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="679 - 877" refId="ref18355" refString="D'Abrera, B. L. (1988) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region-Part V. Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria, pp. 679 - 877." type="book chapter" year="1988">D’Abrera 1988: 761</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(male).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBB746AFF33F95F563CF949" blockId="15.[151,1437,1541,1934]" box="[151,820,1664,1688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7B8411B6FFBB746AFF33F95F563CF949" box="[151,820,1664,1688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFF33F95F546DF949" ID-CoL="GJJJ" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,357,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyreuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33F95F546DF949" box="[151,357,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Argyreuptychia labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFED6F95E5726F949" author="Forster, W." box="[370,558,1664,1688]" page="123" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1964">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFED6F95E5726F949" author="Forster, W." box="[370,558,1664,1688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="51 - 188" refId="ref18824" refString="Forster, W. (1964) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 8, 51 - 188, pls. 27 - 35." type="journal article" year="1964">Forster, 1964: 123</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 142 (male genitalia).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBB746AFF33F94056F1F966" blockId="15.[151,1437,1541,1934]" box="[151,1017,1695,1719]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFF33F94054DEF966" ID-CoL="3CYYS" authority="Schaus, 1913" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,470,1695,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drymo">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33F940544DF966" box="[151,325,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Euptychia drymo</emphasis>
|
||
Schaus, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFE7BF94057DDF966" author="Wesley, D. J. & Emmel, T. C." box="[479,725,1695,1719]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="24 - 31" refId="ref23815" refString="Wesley, D. J. & Emmel, T. C. (1975) The chromosomes of Neotropical butterflies from Trinidad and Tobago. Biotropica, 7 (1), 24 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2989796" type="journal article" year="1975">Wesley & Emmel, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 126 [misidentification].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBB746AFF33F96154A3F85F" blockId="15.[151,1437,1541,1934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7B8411B6FFBB746AFF33F96154A3F85F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFF33F9615403F904" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[151,267,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33F9615403F904" box="[151,267,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cissia labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFEBDF9625719F904" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[281,529,1725,1750]" page="106" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1983">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFEBDF9625719F904" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[281,529,1725,1750]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFEC7F9615490F904" box="[355,408,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1983: 106
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="842F883AFFBB746AFDB9F9625772F904" box="[541,634,1725,1749]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male [sic] designated: [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFBB746AFCD5F96156C1F904" box="[881,969,1726,1749]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
], Santa Fe; NHMUK (examined).—Llorente-Bousquets, 1986: 24.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFE10F9035774F925" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[436,636,1756,1780]" page="273" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1987">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFE10F9035774F925" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[436,636,1756,1780]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries, 1987: 273</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 48, fig. 27 (female).—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFC23F903514BF925" author="Ackery, P. R." box="[903,1091,1756,1780]" page="114" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFC23F903514BF925" author="Ackery, P. R." box="[903,1091,1756,1780]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 203" refId="ref16859" refString="Ackery, P. R. (1988) Host plants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 33 (2), 95 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1988. tb 00446. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Ackery, 1988: 114</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFBC5F9035426F8C2" author="Raguso, R. A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." page="132" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFBC5F9035426F8C2" author="Raguso, R. A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="105 - 133" refId="ref22898" refString="Raguso, R. A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (1990) The butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Tuxtlas Mts., Veracruz, Mexico, revisited: species-richness and habitat disturbance. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 29 (1 / 2), 105 - 133." type="journal article" year="1990">Raguso & Llorente-Bousquets, 1990: 132</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFEEFF9245736F8C2" author="Ehrlich, P. R. & Sparrow, H. R. & Sisk, T. D. & Daily, G. C." box="[331,574,1787,1811]" page="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1994">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFEEFF9245736F8C2" author="Ehrlich, P. R. & Sparrow, H. R. & Sisk, T. D. & Daily, G. C." box="[331,574,1787,1811]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref18516" refString="Ehrlich, P. R., Sparrow, H. R., Sisk, T. D. & Daily, G. C. (1994) Notes on butterfly distributions in southern Costa Rica. Tropical Lepidoptera, 5 (1), 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Ehrlich
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFE05F92354DEF8C2" box="[417,470,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994: 23
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFDFFF92456AAF8C2" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." box="[603,930,1787,1811]" page="119" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFDFFF92456AAF8C2" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." box="[603,930,1787,1811]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="91 - 133" refId="ref20983" refString="Luis-Martinez, A., Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (1996) Sintesis de los Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) del Estado de Veracruz. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 93, 91 - 133." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Luis-Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFD5CF9235625F8C2" box="[760,813,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996: 119
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Racheli, T & L.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFBCAF9245026F8C2" author="Racheli, T. & Racheli, L." box="[1134,1326,1787,1811]" page="111" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFBCAF9245026F8C2" author="Racheli, T. & Racheli, L." box="[1134,1326,1787,1811]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 117" refId="ref22854" refString="Racheli, T. & Racheli, L. (1998) Lepidoptera diversity of an Ecuadorian lowland rain forest (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41, 95 - 117." type="journal article" year="1998">Racheli, 1998: 111</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFAE9F9245450F8E0" author="Pozo, C. & Luis-Martinez, A. & Tescum, S. & Salas-Suarez, N. & Maya-Martinez, A." page="516" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFAE9F9245450F8E0" author="Pozo, C. & Luis-Martinez, A. & Tescum, S. & Salas-Suarez, N. & Maya-Martinez, A." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="505 - 525" refId="ref22677" refString="Pozo, C., Luis-Martinez, A., Tescum, S., Salas-Suarez, N. & Maya-Martinez, A. (2003) Butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 48 (4), 505 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1894 / 0038 - 4909 (2003) 048 <0505: BPAHOC> 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Pozo
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFA2EF92355EAF8E0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003: 516
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFED2F8C65726F8E0" author="Lamas, G." box="[374,558,1817,1842]" page="218" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFED2F8C65726F8E0" author="Lamas, G." box="[374,558,1817,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref20492" refString="Lamas, G. (2004) Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 217 - 223." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas, 2004: 218</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFDE8F8C65699F8E0" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Warren, A. D." box="[588,913,1817,1842]" page="349" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFDE8F8C65699F8E0" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Warren, A. D." box="[588,913,1817,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="335 - 355" refId="ref20895" refString="Luis-Martinez, A., Llorente-Bousquets, J., Warren, A. D. & Vargas-Fernandez,. I. (2004) Los lepidopteros: papilionoideos y hesperioideos. In: Garcia-Mendoza, A. J., Ordonez, M. J. & Briones-Salas, M. A. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueno para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza-WWF, Mexico, D. F, pp. 335 - 355." type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Luis-Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFD43F8C55614F8E0" box="[743,796,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004: 349
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFC0BF8C6519BF8E0" author="Shuey, J. A. & Giles, V. & Meerman, J. & Labus, P. & Schutte, C. W. & Kovarik, P." box="[943,1171,1817,1841]" page="88" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFC0BF8C6519BF8E0" author="Shuey, J. A. & Giles, V. & Meerman, J. & Labus, P. & Schutte, C. W. & Kovarik, P." box="[943,1171,1817,1841]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="83 - 88" refId="ref23160" refString="Shuey, J. A., Giles, V., Meerman, J., Labus, P., Schutte, C. W. & Kovarik, P. (2005) New additions to the butterfly fauna of Belize. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 59 (2), 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Shuey
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFC53F8C55124F8E0" box="[1015,1068,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005: 88
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFB15F8C655E4F881" author="Beccaloni, G. W. & Viloria, A. L. & Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S." page="328" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFB15F8C655E4F881" author="Beccaloni, G. W. & Viloria, A. L. & Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 536" refId="ref17269" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Monografias 3 ercer Milenio, 8, 1 - 536." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Beccaloni
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFA85F8C5505DF8E0" box="[1313,1365,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008: 328
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFEADF8E75732F881" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Hernandez-Baz, F." box="[265,570,1848,1872]" page="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFEADF8E75732F881" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Hernandez-Baz, F." box="[265,570,1848,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref20810" refString="Luis-Martinez, A., Llorente-Bousquets, J., Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2011) Apendice VIII. 25 Listado de especies de Papilionoidea y Hesperioidea del Estado de Veracruz. In: La Biodiversidad en Veracruz: Estudio de Estado. Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de La Biodiversidad, Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ecologia, A. C. Mexico, pp. 1 - 29." type="book chapter" year="2011">
|
||
Luis-Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFE00F8E654DFF881" box="[420,471,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 23
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFDFCF8E7563FF881" author="Miller, J. Y. & Matthews, D. L. & Warren, A. D. & Solis, M. A. & Harvey, D. J. & Gentili-Poole, P. & Lehman, R. & Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V." box="[600,823,1848,1872]" page="58" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFDFCF8E7563FF881" author="Miller, J. Y. & Matthews, D. L. & Warren, A. D. & Solis, M. A. & Harvey, D. J. & Gentili-Poole, P. & Lehman, R. & Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V." box="[600,823,1848,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref21436" refString="Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. (2012) An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 0205, 1 - 72." type="book chapter" year="2012">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFD04F8E657DBF881" box="[672,723,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012: 58
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFCF1F8E751A1F881" author="Garwood, K. & Jaramillo, J. G." box="[853,1193,1848,1872]" page="102" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFCF1F8E751A1F881" author="Garwood, K. & Jaramillo, J. G." box="[853,1193,1848,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref19334" refString="Garwood, K. & Jaramillo, J. G. (2016) Catalogo de mariposas Canon del Rio Claro, San Luis, Antioquia. Available from: http: // http: // www. neotropicalbutterflies. com / colombiapdf / PDFs / PDF 07 _ Catalogo _ RioClaro _ mar 13 _ 2016. pdf. (accessed 01 June 2016)" type="url" year="2016">Garwood & Jaramillo, 2016: 102</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1150–1154 (male, female).—Garwood
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFE3EF88754C7F8BE" box="[410,463,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016: 193, figs. 2251–2255 (male, female).—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DA351089FFBB746AFC15F88851FDF8BE" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Hernandez-Mejia, B. & Trujano-Ortega, M. & Warren, A. & Salinas-Gutierrez, J. L. & Avalos-Hernandez, O. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." box="[945,1269,1879,1903]" page="216" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBB746AFC15F88851FDF8BE" author="Luis-Martinez, A. & Hernandez-Mejia, B. & Trujano-Ortega, M. & Warren, A. & Salinas-Gutierrez, J. L. & Avalos-Hernandez, O. & Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J." box="[945,1269,1879,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="171 - 224" refId="ref20674" refString="Luis-Martinez, A., Hernandez-Mejia, B., Trujano-Ortega, M., Warren, A., Salinas-Gutierrez, J. L., Avalos-Hernandez, O., Vargas-Fernandez, I. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2016) Avances faunisticos en los Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) sensu lato de Oaxaca, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist, 41 (1), 171 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.3958 / 059.041.0119" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Luis-Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFBE8F8875189F8BE" box="[1100,1153,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016: 216
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Henao-Bañol & Gantiva, 2020: 187.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="138E6513FFBB7475FF33F86456F5FEB7" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBB7475FF33F86454B9FF04" blockId="15.[151,1436,1979,2042]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFF33F864541AF804" bold="true" box="[151,274,1979,2005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFEBDF86254ACF807" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[281,420,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFEBDF86254ACF807" box="[281,420,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanima labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFE08F8635725F807" bold="true" box="[428,557,1980,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFBB746AFE08F8635725F807" box="[428,557,1980,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFD08F862562DF807" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[684,805,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFD08F862562DF807" box="[684,805,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFC89F86356A5F807" bold="true" box="[813,941,1980,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFBB746AFC89F86356A5F807" box="[813,941,1980,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but can be easily distinguished by its larger size, VFW and VHW with doubled submarginal lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBB746AFD5AF83F5658F82B" box="[766,848,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
) (simple line in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBB746AFBADF83E518AF82B" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1033,1154,2016,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFBADF83E518AF82B" box="[1033,1154,2016,2042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBB746AFB2DF83F5002F82B" bold="true" box="[1161,1290,2016,2042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFBB746AFB2DF83F5002F82B" box="[1161,1290,2016,2042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), VHW with tiny ocellus in M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FEF7FF765453FF66" attach="left" box="[339,347,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FE3EFF7654AAFF66" attach="left" box="[410,418,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FE14FF485709FF60" box="[432,513,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
) (larger ocellus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FD75FF485641FF60" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[721,841,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FD75FF485641FF60" box="[721,841,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCEBFF4856C7FF60" bold="true" box="[847,975,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFA47475FCEBFF4856C7FF60" box="[847,975,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and tornus with the rufous quadrate spot well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FEF5FF6454ACFF04" box="[337,420,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FF00545DFECC" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FF005479FF29" bold="true" box="[199,369,222,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FEDBFF005700FF28" box="[383,520,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1050,1074]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1435,181,1025]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 47–61. Male genitalia of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 47–51. Vanima labe comb. nov. (BMNH#1420794): 47. lateral, 48. dorsal, 49. ventral, 50. aedeagus, dorsal, 51. aedeagus, lateral; 52–56. Vanima palladia comb. nov. (BMNH#1420948): 52. lateral, 60. dorsal, 61. ventral, 62. aedeagus, dorsal, 63. aedeagus, lateral; 57–61. Vanima lesbia comb. nov. (BMNH#1420885): 57. lateral, 58. dorsal, 59. ventral, 60. aedeagus, dorsal, 61. aedeagus, lateral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411434/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 47–51</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition to the characters mentioned in the generic description, the apex of the valva is serrated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FEF856F5FEB7" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FEF85485FE91" bold="true" box="[199,397,294,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FE39FEF85720FE93" box="[413,552,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–67" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,1212,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-91@17.[152,1436,1206,1666]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 62–67. Female genitalia of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 62–63. Vanima labe comb. nov. (BMNH#1420985): 62. lateral, 63. ventral; 64–67. Vanima lesbia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.091): 64. lateral; 65. ventral; 66–67. Vanima palladia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.098): 66. lateral, 67. Ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411436/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 62–63</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition to the characters mentioned in the generic description, the lateral plate does not reach the 8
|
||
<superScript id="ACE19BD0FFA47475FE11FE9554CAFE89" attach="left" box="[437,450,330,344]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">th</superScript>
|
||
tergite and the signa are located dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FC38FE9456F8FEB7" box="[924,1008,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–67" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,1212,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-91@17.[152,1436,1206,1666]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 62–67. Female genitalia of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 62–63. Vanima labe comb. nov. (BMNH#1420985): 62. lateral, 63. ventral; 64–67. Vanima lesbia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.091): 64. lateral; 65. ventral; 66–67. Vanima palladia comb. nov. (DZUP 28.098): 66. lateral, 67. Ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411436/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="138E6513FFA47475FF63FEB157B5FDEC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FEB157B5FDEC" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FEB15437FE59" bold="true" box="[199,319,366,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Two specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FD98FEB057B0FE58" box="[572,696,367,393]" name="Guatemala" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one from Zapote (voucher number BMNH(E) 1420892) and another from Sinanja (BMNH(E) 1420768), stand out by having a notably faded ocellus on the DHW and sinuous median line between M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FED9FE16548DFE06" attach="left" box="[381,389,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FE60FE1654C4FE06" attach="left" box="[452,460,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
|
||
on the VHW. Considering that there are no differences in major wing pattern elements and genitalia, they are here treated as intraspecific variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FCCAFE0456F3FE24" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[878,1019,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCCAFE0456F3FE24" box="[878,1019,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vanima labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FBA0FE04518FFE24" bold="true" box="[1028,1159,475,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFA47475FBA0FE04518FFE24" box="[1028,1159,475,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
rather than as a distinct species. Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FEDFFE2054CFFDC8" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[379,455,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FEDFFE2054CFFDC8" box="[379,455,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FE6BFE205758FDC8" bold="true" box="[463,592,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFA47475FE6BFE205758FDC8" box="[463,592,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are easily distinguished from males by the rounded FW apex and well-developed subapical ocellus in M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FE50FDEA54F4FD92" attach="left" box="[500,508,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFA47475FDBAFDEA572EFD92" attach="left" box="[542,550,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</subScript>
|
||
on the DFW.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="138E6513FFA47475FF63FD985618FC18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FD985618FC18" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FD9854F0FDB1" bold="true" box="[199,504,582,609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is distributed widely from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FC1AFD98511CFDB0" box="[958,1044,583,609]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FB9DFD9851AFFDB0" box="[1081,1191,583,609]" name="Colombia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FA9BFD985094FDB0" box="[1343,1436,583,609]" name="Ecuador" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FF3BFDB45463FD54" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[159,363,619,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF55FDB4542AFD54" box="[241,290,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FED2FDB4571CFD54" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[374,532,619,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; plus examined material) at altitudes up to
|
||
<quantity id="9C6C9B7DFFA47475FC52FDB45143FD54" box="[1014,1099,619,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FBFEFDB451A6FD57" box="[1114,1198,619,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,639,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-224@18.[151,1436,632,1623]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 68. Map showing the distribution of Vanima labe comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411438/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FB66FDB45045FD54" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1218,1357,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FB66FDB45045FD54" box="[1218,1357,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vanima labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FAF0FDB455C0FD78" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFA47475FAF0FDB455C0FD78" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is multivoltine, flying all year. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FDE1FD5057C9FD78" box="[581,705,655,681]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species has been reported as being most abundant during the dry season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FEBFFD6C54B3FD1C" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[283,443,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is found in primary and secondary forest, usually along riparian edges or in large light gaps in rainforest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FECFFD085731FD20" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[363,569,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FE19FD0854FEFD20" box="[445,502,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FDE1FD0857ECFD20" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[581,740,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FD54FD0856CEFD20" author="Ehrlich, P. R. & Sparrow, H. R. & Sisk, T. D. & Daily, G. C." box="[752,966,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref18516" refString="Ehrlich, P. R., Sparrow, H. R., Sisk, T. D. & Daily, G. C. (1994) Notes on butterfly distributions in southern Costa Rica. Tropical Lepidoptera, 5 (1), 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Ehrlich
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCEFFD085675FD20" box="[843,893,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FC77FD085004FD20" author="Garwood, K. & Jaramillo, J. G." box="[979,1292,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref19334" refString="Garwood, K. & Jaramillo, J. G. (2016) Catalogo de mariposas Canon del Rio Claro, San Luis, Antioquia. Available from: http: // http: // www. neotropicalbutterflies. com / colombiapdf / PDFs / PDF 07 _ Catalogo _ RioClaro _ mar 13 _ 2016. pdf. (accessed 01 June 2016)" type="url" year="2016">Garwood & Jaramillo 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Garwood
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FA2CFD0855A5FCC4" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016), but also in association with disturbed areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FD50FD2456B7FCC4" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[756,959,763,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCE1FD24567DFCC4" box="[837,885,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FB8DFD245172FCC4" box="[1065,1146,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–73" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[167,1423,611,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-215@21.[151,1435,597,1849]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 71–73. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 71. Live adult in Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia (Photo: M. T. Tapasco); 72. Overview of habitat in El Durango, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Photo: K. R. Willmott); Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 73. Overview of typical habitat in Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (Photo: M. M. Casagrande)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411446/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
|
||
) feed on rotting fruits and decomposing fungi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FE24FCC05729FCE8" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[384,545,799,825]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FD11FCC0561AFCE8" box="[693,786,799,825]" name="Ecuador" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FC87FCC05670FCE8" box="[803,888,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–73" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[167,1423,611,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-215@21.[151,1435,597,1849]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 71–73. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 71. Live adult in Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia (Photo: M. T. Tapasco); 72. Overview of habitat in El Durango, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Photo: K. R. Willmott); Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 73. Overview of typical habitat in Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (Photo: M. M. Casagrande)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411446/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
|
||
), males were observed perching in small groups in small light gaps and sunflecks in the forest understory on ridge tops, from
|
||
<quantity id="9C6C9B7DFFA47475FC50FC9C5133FC8C" box="[1012,1083,835,861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground, from 09:30– 10:30 hr (Willmott & Hall, unpubl. data). Recorded larval host plants include undetermined species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FA88FCB85094FC50" box="[1324,1436,871,897]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FA88FCB85094FC50" box="[1324,1436,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Paspalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF41FC545467FC74" box="[229,367,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ichananthus</emphasis>
|
||
Beauv. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FE75FC545738FC74" box="[465,560,907,933]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FDE2FC5457EDFC74" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[582,741,907,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref18393" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FD4BFC54568BFC74" author="Ackery, P. R." box="[751,899,907,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="95 - 203" refId="ref16859" refString="Ackery, P. R. (1988) Host plants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 33 (2), 95 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1988. tb 00446. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Ackery 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FC2AFC545188FC74" author="Beccaloni, G. W. & Viloria, A. L. & Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S." box="[910,1152,907,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 536" refId="ref17269" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Monografias 3 ercer Milenio, 8, 1 - 536." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Beccaloni
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FBA1FC545135FC74" box="[1029,1085,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Descriptions of the egg, first instar and pupa are available in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FD8BFC705605FC18" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[559,781,943,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FDDBFC7057B0FC18" box="[639,696,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="138E6513FFA47475FF63FC0C5083FA4C" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FC0C5002FBAC" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FC0C5798FC3D" bold="true" box="[199,656,978,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type material and taxonomic history.</emphasis>
|
||
The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FCD1FC0C51BFFC3C" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[885,1207,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCD1FC0C5128FC3C" box="[885,1056,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Euptychia labe</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FB8EFC0C51BFFC3C" author="Butler, A. G." box="[1066,1207,979,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="250 - 252" refId="ref17852" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On new or recently described species of diurnal Lepidoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 6 (71), 250 - 252." type="journal article" year="1870">Butler, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on three specimens from the Godman & Salvin collection, two collected by Arcé in Calobre and Santa Fe (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9950F87AFFA47475FB42FC285059FBC0" box="[1254,1361,1015,1041]" country="Panama" name="Veraguas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Veraguas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FAF8FC2855B3FBE4" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and the other by Hague in the Polochic Valley (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23837608FFA47475FD41FBC4566DFBE7" box="[741,869,1051,1078]" name="Guatemala" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FCDCFBC4515DFBE4" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[888,1109,1051,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FC6DFBC456F3FBE4" box="[969,1019,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated the
|
||
<typeStatus id="842F883AFFA47475FAA3FBC45056FBE4" box="[1287,1374,1051,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
from Santa Fe as
|
||
<typeStatus id="842F883AFFA47475FEBAFBE0548DFB88" box="[286,389,1087,1113]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FE0EFBE05709FB88" box="[426,513,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FE0EFBE054F5FB88" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[426,509,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">E. labe</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Although lacking its abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFA47475FCCEFBE056B5FB88" box="[874,957,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–44" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[182,1430,850,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-376@14.[151,1435,813,1802]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–44. Lectotypes of species of Vanima gen. nov.: 42. Lectotype of Euptychia labe Butler, 1870 and labels, 43. Lectotype of Euptychia lesbia Staudinger, [1886] and labels, 44. Lectotype of Euptychia palladia Butler, 1867 and labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411430/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
), there is no doubt that it is a female based on the well-developed subapical ocellus on the DFW, and not a male as stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FB8DFBBC500EFBAC" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[1065,1286,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FBDDFBBC51A2FBAC" box="[1145,1194,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FB58514DFAAB" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FF63FB585461FB73" author="Forster, W." box="[199,361,1159,1186]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="51 - 188" refId="ref18824" refString="Forster, W. (1964) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 8, 51 - 188, pls. 27 - 35." type="journal article" year="1964">Forster (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FE57FB58574BFB70" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[499,579,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FE57FB58574BFB70" box="[499,579,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FDCEFB58561EFB70" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[618,790,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyreuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FDCEFB58561EFB70" box="[618,790,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Argyreuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FB9CFB585176FB70" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1848" box="[1080,1150,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FB9CFB585176FB70" box="[1080,1150,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FB1DFB585099FB73" author="Zacca, T. & Casagrande, M. M. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Huertas, B. & Barbosa, E. P. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Magaldi, L. M. & Espeland, M. & Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. R." box="[1209,1425,1159,1186]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="349 - 376" refId="ref24211" refString="Zacca, T., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Huertas, B., Barbosa, E. P., Freitas, A. V. L., Magaldi, L. M., Espeland, M., Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. R. (2018 b) Systematics of the butterfly genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) using an integrative approach. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 76 (2), 349 - 376." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zacca
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FAA0FB585036FB70" box="[1284,1342,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently, this species was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FD3DFB7457D7FB14" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1848" box="[665,735,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FD3DFB7457D7FB14" box="[665,735,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FCAFFB7456E2FB14" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[779,1002,1195,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCF8FB74569EFB14" box="[860,918,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, mainly based on the immature stages (coloration and number of instars). In that study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FD66FB105696FB38" author="Singer, M. C. & DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R." box="[706,926,1231,1257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref23399" refString="Singer, M. C., DeVries, P. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1983) The Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79 (2), 101 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 01162. x" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Singer
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FCB7FB105644FB38" box="[787,844,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FC5EFB105170FB38" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1018,1144,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FC5EFB105170FB38" box="[1018,1144,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cissia labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FAB9FB105094FB38" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1309,1436,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FAB9FB105094FB38" box="[1309,1436,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FF6CFB2C5711FADC" authority="(Fabricius, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[200,537,1266,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penelope">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF6CFB2C5447FADC" box="[200,335,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. penelope</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1775)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FDD7FB2C57ABFADC" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[627,675,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FDD7FB2C57ABFADC" box="[627,675,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup’ defined by some features of the larval head capsule and absence of projections or knobs in the pupa. This classification was followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FB86FAC851C9FAE0" author="Lamas, G." box="[1058,1217,1303,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref20492" refString="Lamas, G. (2004) Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 217 - 223." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but recently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFA47475FAFDFAC85424FA87" author="Zacca, T. & Casagrande, M. M. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Huertas, B. & Barbosa, E. P. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Magaldi, L. M. & Espeland, M. & Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. R." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="349 - 376" refId="ref24211" refString="Zacca, T., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Huertas, B., Barbosa, E. P., Freitas, A. V. L., Magaldi, L. M., Espeland, M., Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. R. (2018 b) Systematics of the butterfly genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) using an integrative approach. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 76 (2), 349 - 376." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zacca
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF33FAE455C6FA84" box="[151,206,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the species should be removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFA47475FC9CFAE45676FA84" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1848" box="[824,894,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FC9CFAE45676FA84" box="[824,894,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on morphological (wing pattern, venation, male and female genitalia) and molecular data (nuclear and mitochondrial markers).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFA47475FF63FA5D5083FA4C" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,1438]" box="[199,1419,1410,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFA47475FF63FA5D54BCFA4D" bold="true" box="[199,436,1410,1436]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Examined material.</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="4D92FD11FFA47475FE1FFA5C5717FA4C" box="[443,543,1411,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">81 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="4D92FD11FFA47475FDF1FA5C57D5FA4C" box="[597,733,1411,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="female">142 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="4D92FD11FFA47475FD49FA5C568EFA4C" box="[749,902,1411,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
dissected)—see Supporting Information (S2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |