402 lines
51 KiB
XML
402 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="6B16162178093FB49BF896ED9F2486A4" ID-CLB-Dataset="33421" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45221874-7fe5-4bd5-a3da-3b318b7dd9a8" ID-PMC="PMC3253626" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-158-1" ID-PubMed="22303109" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-158-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 158" ModsDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" checkinTime="1451249442870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. & Lindner, Alberto" docDate="2011" docId="2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 158: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 158" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" docTitle="Errinopora Fisher 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="CD06FFFFD917034E2D15FFB73E6BFFD7" masterDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1732676499699" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="37C83D805146E36F4BD0CC526ACDBAA7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3013AA5DA4B481CCC4449F5CD4E86EB0">
|
||
<mods:title id="73033AB00B9DFDF0237549288A40CC88">A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0FEBCB11207C153792EB4563079110FB" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8FF6D34AEBBC80EDEBF4D0A7396C69A4">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="278D5EA9B0140AA94538F1D2999B0A67">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B297E0A33321B606820EE3F8E538C780">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="43C4426EE5F4F8B5B57D16BF01E07B4F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1C60AA8240B85832CBEE23364BB1813A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5767EB363B99AA9F7806037750EF9948">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="6FDE39F20E98A67CD02393ACF3889A5F">Lindner, Alberto</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0F92CC9548FE6350636AE33F03DD7341">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="40DB3F18E07CEB6DCE7A2551AB731CA4" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="32F82F8F0F50056E01211FCA69864914">
|
||
<mods:title id="3E1B5305B7E7EA1377A3D086F690D17A">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B94C61D78BCEB198A37EA0851F48176B">
|
||
<mods:date id="81AA9E966302E1B2A0B1E51E8AB2D897">2011</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C7B8668807DBABC71DF49F956A2C3916" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="D4BE2F523B2C19150F6863A145AA1C50">158</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="FF6A916ADB5198D05CAE0DA971843EBF" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="F434834FE84222813C6479E03E7FE4E4">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="CB3AB5B595F5650F5882BD81A0035E05">88</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="22971516BD8F495528107BC1D79C0BAA">
|
||
<mods:url id="995DD15CC533652E2430D049B03F18F2">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="94C2F0938580DA439F75F153F6EE8F1A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2E2C5DD9CAFD821B0FFD1BA829AFFEE5" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="86149A00D10237348DD99329C8FD88C3" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-158-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F68D286E8EFD029D644752DC54E417B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" scope_class="Hydrozoa" scope_family="Stylasteridae" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subOrder="Filifera">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7A140E7544A4589F3FEC4484613DB13B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="574BA285A48B4CB94F0A13C54E6A6CA2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EBBE1D86625ADC3467A0536B3006484" ID-CoL="7NZ3C" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Errinopora" authority="Fisher, 1931" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1931" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora Fisher, 1931</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BDF5D9E575A09E58652726D5F44B8005" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="A8BE2CB7C1D06817FF69D8146AFC6780" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="200D79B7ECA57AEBFC6ED5ECD97B0379" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1931: 397;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D835FD466708390BD1D01B6163FAD052" author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 536.-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B5D1BD6590F177DEA0B3CF3BF46320E6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Boschma 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: F102;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C630B3AD89604182B09468F0183E5F95" author="Boschma, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 72" title="List of the described species of the order Stylasterina." volume="33" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57.-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DB7A0551F7B3C9F6A810D0F7255EC28" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="61 - 163" title="Antarctic and Subantarctic Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.1029/AR038p0061" volume="38" year="1983 a">Cairns 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 123;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3134F35499EEF795D9CA2E4C15047381" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">1983b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 462. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2C788D497893F8F721C01B5A48DE27" author="Lindner, A" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Duke University" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Evolution and Taxonomy of Stylasterid Corals (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae)." year="2005">Lindner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 79-88.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E14B41E1BAC8F64433487E00E7532A1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24821BAFA2E8A6A575BB59B402AA08A9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Protoerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protoerrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1935: 59;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A05699E94881102F45EF4DB95BF46A2F" author="Broch, H" journalOrPublisher="Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 103" title="Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen). Teil 1. Skrifter utgitt av Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. 1." volume="8" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99-100.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D1D208F19E1D8AF191883B0A34263F33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="1FA49103034BFE72671B053A6166A171" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28EE18171446A94FB8FB8965796DB4E1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
(emended from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A322FA596ED1AFFBD8537DA657BE20E" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Lindner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): Colonies uniplanar to slightly bushy; branches round, elliptical, or lamellar in cross section, often robust with blunt tips. Coenosteal texture reticulate-spinose (with wide slits resulting in a spongy texture) or reticulate-granular; exterior surface of dactylopore spines usually inconspicuously longitudinally ridged; coenosteum orange, pink, and white. One species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A462D71DAF875F641E5A7581C018F3E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, bears numerous perforated mounds on surface. Dactylopores dimorphic, the most common, termed the primary dactylopore spine, is U-shaped and usually robust (thick-walled), occurring randomly, in pseudocyclosystems, or often laterally fusing to form rows or taller terraces that flank rows of gastropores. When dactylopore spines flank both sides of a gastropore row and their dactylotomes are directed toward the gastropores it is termed bilateral or distichoporine; if only one row of spines flank a row of gastropores, then unilateral. If isolated, dactylotomes usually abcauline in orientation. Much smaller flush dactylopores, termed secondary dactylopores, which lack dactylostyles, commonly scattered over coenosteum of many species. Dactylostyles usually well developed, easily seen from external view. Secondary dactylopores much smaller, flush with coenosteum, and lack styles. Gastropores also dimorphic, the primary gastropores being circular in outline, flush with coenosteum (having no lip), and arranged in irregular vertical rows, short horizontal rows, or randomly. Tabulae and ring palisades absent. Gastrostyles lanceolate, covered with longitudinal or oblique, spiny ridges. Smaller secondary gastropores much smaller, having only a small gastrostyle or none at all. Female ampullae superficial hemispheres, often without an obvious efferent pore. Male ampullae usually smaller hemispheres and spongy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="64285C71C253B7167450AEDB54FCB56E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="22D572CDE6BAFF76EAA7D3024E03EE22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E40DB9E691801D7FEAA11406F310D70C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The ten species in this genus are differentiated and compared in both a dichotomous key (see below) and tabular key (Table 1); six of them occur exclusively in the Aleutian Islands. Another species was tentatively assigned to this genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D70A957B7A8ED2573856694500F5E886" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns (1983b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC3056DD839790A7F04A7764F68A1BD9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Errinopora lobata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nielsen, 1919), a Paleocene fossil from Denmark. This species was re-examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6AAF893EE47BB1B031E84E01E98BFE65" author="Bernecker, M" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="103 - 138" title="The Danian (Paleocene) coral limestone of Fakse, Denmark: a model for ancient aphotic, azooxanthellate coral mounds." url="doi: 10.1007/BF02536947" volume="22" year="1990">Bernecker and Weidlich (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="511524057DE65DB79F7039FA94310E8F" author="Bernecker, M" editor="Freiwald, A" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin" url="doi: 10.1007/3-540-27673-4_1" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), based on subsequently collected non-type material from the Faske Formation in Denmark. They noted that whereas the dactylopore spines were typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5D9504B4717A4C3F85CF94B30737F91" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCDAAE580BEC84B05338DD7DF60AC10F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the spines did not contain dactylostyles, and thus resembled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36CC4842F010D996BBE8A9AB501D678E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
more than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFA49E9A6C6A75833B6F39161FA452B7" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have examined the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10EA7C2ABBB8DC8C8E1D3B559F862E6F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Labiopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labiopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Labiopora lobata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nielsen, 1919 (GM1782), which is a uniplanar colony 10.2 cm tall and 8.0 cm wide, with branches about 0.5 cm in diameter embedded within a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D0C7DCFEB65622D0D379312BF5FABC2" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Dendrophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dendrophyllia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Dendrophyllia</taxonomicName>
|
||
matrix. The colony has pores, or broken bulges, of three sizes: small and elongate (75-110
|
||
<normalizedToken id="04A385E402132F76A465328BCE6BC2AE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in width), medium and round to somewhat quadratic (0.3-0.53 mm wide), and large, round or somewhat triangular
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="089A7B63058DA501911624600A050EAA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
up to 1.7 mm). The former are quite shallow and probably the result of a reticulate coenosteal surface, whereas the medium-sized pores are deep and possibly represent the gastropores, one of which has a cyclosystem-like structure 1.9 mm in diameter. The largest pores appear to be ruptured ampullae. None of them, however, resemble dactylopore spines like those reported by Nielsen (1919) or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="56813EB90937A5CE50AF1FA26CB8ED9C" author="Bernecker, M" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="103 - 138" title="The Danian (Paleocene) coral limestone of Fakse, Denmark: a model for ancient aphotic, azooxanthellate coral mounds." url="doi: 10.1007/BF02536947" volume="22" year="1990">Bernecker and Weidlich (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC3035ADA5C5F6E3039F1605740F3FF8" author="Bernecker, M" editor="Freiwald, A" journalOrPublisher="Facies" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin" url="doi: 10.1007/3-540-27673-4_1" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that the species reported by the latter authors is neither
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32B90C4EEE94C0C9CB9C6494D3911841" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59DE5C157BD6994DAA63C2D54D07A72D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, the lack of dactylopore spines in the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="021ADD34AD9769D78916020A4C7F6491" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Labiopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labiopora lobata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lobata">Labiopora lobata</taxonomicName>
|
||
precludes it from being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9298C6F80601E21D161049F4CE057B10" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and thus we currently suggest an incertae sedis placement of this species until further analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="80214C3DCFCB3424FE2D60396210D3B1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89FE60F985DE16964685C75465A05E38" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unique with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31CD35DBB1344A6BCB9AC21FC3167360" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Stylasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having both dimorphic gastro- and dactylopores, a condition first noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="134A16FC31E120EF2AFC88EED0B96DE2" author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">Fisher (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for three Alaskan species but interpreted exclusively as secondary dactylopores. Careful examination of longitudinal sections of several of these pores reveal that they contain not dactylostyles, but rather small gastrostyles. This implies that most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="010C9AA2285BBF0D9C633D3E21F3D753" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B374D1FF3E91AF97F3468FC6043C5D1" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D52146BAFB55F12BA187165880DF478E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cairns, 1983, see Table 1) have two types of gastrozooids (feeding polyps), a unique case for stylasterids but previously reported for the hydractiniids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEEB58B534C72DAF8597CD34EC10F923" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylactaria conchicola" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conchicola">Stylactaria conchicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A810BE60A1D386C32AAA03246B3823C0" author="Namikawa, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="65 - 75" title="Role of the tentaculozooids of the polymorphic hydroid Stylactaria conchicola (Yamada) in interactions with some epifaunal space competitors." url="doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(92)90125-T" volume="62" year="1992">Namikawa et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Secondary gastropores differ from primary gastropores in being narrower and deeper, and in having only a minute or no gastrostyle. All but one species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFE37F4234C845D51E6BCB01F299002C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see Table 1) also have dimorphic dactylopores: a large type surrounded by a prominent horseshoe-shaped spine, and smaller, flush pores only 40-110
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DD6255C52C08425D3941CA8F4A8F2E81" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter, which do not have dactylostyles and are termed secondary dactylopores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9908EF5BD4247BC8DBBCD1109BC5FB9A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In comparison to other stylasterid genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74DAFA7071431D93BBF5F0BE65C91B51" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BCC27776744C639FFA3F0F29006DC2A" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Gyropora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyropora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gyropora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boschma, 1960, whose only species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7B6810D971D1B0BB3A933EEA4C52AE2" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Gyropora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyropora africana" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="africana">Gyropora africana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boschma, 1960, has dactylopore spines and gastropores coordinated in pore rows, as in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="651FD004F5E50F4377E967C9887A5239" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9071D504825783F66C4F847822B9FBF3" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B42C6E46D67B0152C961A47375EAA19E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1835 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD02D657CA97863CE93184E13AA00A37" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopsis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1935, whose species may also have thick-walled dactylopore spines. None of these genera, however, include species with dactylostyles, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18F068F9DE41AB31C5D4BA6953B5B19D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among genera with species having dactylostyles, only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6469B175CB295903241E785B00D36D9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17A612C67147782252AA81786F172E3F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inferiolabiata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Inferiolabiata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1951, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1F00C63A1379E091947F0CF5CF9F458" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Paraerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paraerrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1942 lack a coordination of gastropores and dactylopores in well-developed cyclosystems (whereas species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="892E79BD5F7C3CF7CC941A7B1B765EAE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stenohelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenohelia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stenohelia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kent, 1870,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="016B885BAFF58BBDDC089E798C88675F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylantheca</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1931,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="987C7BD00EB5DA2E8838591753AA308C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1831 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDC80922108BA7582373F3C182D8FC9D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Calyptopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Calyptopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boschma, 1968 do have both dactylostyles and well-developed cyclosystems).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCFAA04D71BBF30AEFD69271C846F850" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inferiolabiata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Inferiolabiata</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30AA50D187ED47B9DFC8EAA3B1C5F3A5" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
in many characters, in particular by having thin-walled dactylopore spines (instead of thick-walled) that are markedly truncated at the tip (instead of rounded), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31FB36594C5139AEBDF850EBDAE4669D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Paraerrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraerrina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paraerrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broch, 1942 differs in having delicate dactylostyles (instead of robust) and either flush or only slightly raised dactylopore spines-instead of tall and robust (Cairns 1984,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A2C9A7472F2588D81C38A161ABB5EC4" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="383 - 388" title="Cyclohelia lamellata, new genus and species of Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea." volume="45" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B1E38664442D033D5176CE00671329E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also one of the few stylasterid genera with species having calcitic, rather than aragonitic, colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F3CC50062DD935E310C6A1435D7717DB" author="Thompson, TG" journalOrPublisher="Deep-Sea Research (Supplement)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="20 - 39" title="The strontium-calcium atom ratio in carbonate-secreting marine organisms." volume="3" year="1955">Thompson and Chow 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05BB74B33F673EC8344A0A573471F962" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lowenstam 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1058456508D85CCE9E04A7C2F3D82A37" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only other stylasterid genera with species known to have mostly calcitic colonies are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B74F7AC18EB47EC988EAFBC47F4ED22F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopsis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78D4F85349A570F994AA42D01AA73173" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8E0CDCF66419AD7DD4109BEE1A117E4" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5665556DB9FC17436709EF8EE75D2D48" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster verrillii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verrillii">Stylaster verrillii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dall, 1884) (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2F6FDC55225463F7E4339FBD527BE750" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="393E8222432E255A18C052350AF54A6E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11593C7AD96ABBA561E55DCDCEADD288" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known solely from the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="2C872BB316A8A65525E7AA58C1AD2073" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Subantarctic</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Region, is known to have coralla formed by precipitation of aragonite. This result confirms the more general observation of the prevalence of calcitic stylasterids in the North Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="08CAAD94BB43F2F7316B0F51CF194949" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Cairns and Macintrye 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possibly related to the shallower depth of the Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) in the Region (Guinotte et al. 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0746DB27E37F344A4738EC156FD9E494" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In an attempt to investigate phylogenetic relationships, 37 partial mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences were obtained for the six species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3205E9DBCEBBEAE676F86B4ABF5364A" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Aleutian Islands, including the holotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A4CCE4A98F826EE9338FE556BA5119B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotoma" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">Errinopora dichotoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D58F9B011C3405611DDDE2B6D17519B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora disticha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">Errinopora disticha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B1FD5A43613172A7C639E0573E304B6" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">Errinopora fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD79F480F18DA45F148C9D69873FA7FF" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">Errinopora undulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABDFB773261637B82C56664E53D70F50" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lindner et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28FCA5D72B74D532A2E9445C0665D741" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimen USNM1027820) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E03897A8AA1502BEBBF87DD133FA7DEE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1938 (specimen USNM1071915), and shows that these species diverged only about 4 million years ago. Moreover, the same study shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8836A0090617C355D69DBAE7A4FA7F95" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Cyclohelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclohelia lamellata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lamellata">Cyclohelia lamellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cairns, 1991 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF45E4DDCF7CBC62C8A368E017CC1408" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Distichopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Distichopora borealis" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">Distichopora borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1938, two sympatric Alaskan stylasterids that are also clearly distinguishable with marked morphological differences (see above), may have diverged as recently as 1 million years ago. These results indicate that part of stylasterid species diversity in Alaska may have diverged only within the past 1-4 million years and, at least for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C4D074EC95C27AE33F2599503D69EE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the results presented herein show that despite the marked morphological differences, some species are not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic lineages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="427D4A51739D4A6BE64F80B9089A7CE1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Baum and Shaw 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40F3E3F968917BA166F69F6D997CE357" author="Avise, JC" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Phylogeography: the history and formation of species, second edition." year="2000">Avise 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using mitochondrial rDNA 16S.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="519E26E2D433E0D86EBF8FBF6D483163" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="type species">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE2A7071E944F42D5827587D9462CD4F" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B9509082CF403792DA412B50F1A52FB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6855632FD7812A02101D99C2A241E323" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errina pourtalesii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesii">Errina pourtalesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dall, 1884, by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0C67AFCCE2135C8969D09EF54B81FB6D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B051347376C1C49DF2B72DC9AA5BB449" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E01F10C5B7D2E84DCB58EDAFF2E481B3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Pacific: Aleutian Islands, Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, off California. Subantarctic: off Tierra del Fuego, 40-658 m.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D2B6E3109704F5A79EC10C1E546833D6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F515FE8132D5B2D330DAE703F2DD3B6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Table 1. Tabular Key of the Ten Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F54BA21CFCA8CFAD351C37A030B8BC3D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pscs = pseudocyclsosystems)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2CFA2F4B5E9D7BB3F52B30C8F6BD05C8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table id="34627AFDCED93F020C73FF060BCCE9E4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr id="F951754F8636061097D650CE0650A842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="D47E726E35AD6C131285B7953DFFE283" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
i
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA0B3F679386008C2EF6E4030381DC6B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisher" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisher">Errinopora fisher</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="4BBC174BBC8736B931AFB16355DCECF7" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83CB46812AD393378F617314F3701902" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporin" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporin">Errinopora cestoporin</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="17C5B98FBF1F0B12BD147871FE9ED73E" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0ECCA4B529B8A0B9F4115E3BCD4B75CC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora porifer" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porifer">Errinopora porifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="5AE1C2B4771AEDEC7085A93534E47BBE" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C78A757D66F2D8AA353EB582D849D46" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulat" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulat">Errinopora undulat</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="A1D61940ED0A1CB58E73799B7AE76864" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A26E3AB10FB33594048D2F0F1847E7" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora distich" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="distich">Errinopora distich</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="F123100799B3B0BF5537504161B6A9E7" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
i
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22C7CAEF84D1B39452D86AABC4C8F75F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora pourtalesi" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesi">Errinopora pourtalesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="1245956B4747827BB4489BBD5276D707" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3536003B94C8C162794261B325EF1D8" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora stylifer" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stylifer">Errinopora stylifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="20F2A29A32A54CBC4184E9DB97A55BCF" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30DB003FE3B688F67A52E47345EB7D33" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhynch" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhynch">Errinopora zarhynch</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="585BEACF6CA00FF66E6A3EDAA65904D0" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="715E4DEC9826388678BE948EB1075A4D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nannec" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nannec">Errinopora nannec</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="206FCA947B35B57FFD5DACAFA77CCA68" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3899A0F7AD1FE64FB57766AE212803B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotom" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotom">Errinopora dichotom</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5B1676FE3AD4F2CDB6E42A444112DBFB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th id="715594C64824A4941DAD0BA97AF4FED0" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Dactylopore Spines</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0BF303A9914AE6C3AAB0E26B3D72178B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td id="F1736CF2FF9C6CB85EE9AABA9F76EB38" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Corallum</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E1EF666880010DF7229330BE9C6F60F0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td id="0E4E0EBAB3D0E63D8A5B08E28B04A0D1" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Other Characters</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E25DD6FBD3C4B9A664B0509D96D5B584" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="key to the recent species of errinopora">
|
||
<paragraph id="A1252060F6981AB9E9F874A4BE99B756" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Key to the Recent species of Errinopora (bold face = occurs off Alaska)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0A3F0E1B7BD971D1A03619AAC8E32F26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table id="2D0DB83F0FEFE2CDB727F4AF44A84E24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr id="0987EB87C707EA2CF282B94EF344D858" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="05A0CA942C2731F7BE50D7853A408CE8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8726F3C2CD326340CFE22A83DED0CAA" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora fisheri" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fisheri">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="C793C973A22B1D979A5B9D6D56419DAF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Errinopora</pageBreakToken>
|
||
fisheri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8EF3E307393A18B6E196BF6B458CA47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="D3B86DE2972514300F10A52E00DF9685" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D74AC3FB53591CB556FE7BBFAE3872AA" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora cestoporina" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cestoporina">Errinopora cestoporina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="ECFC3C8B76D91701EBB3CB9A5349C74F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="F9EB0CF57B9703B3A2B55911A40B3876" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5B91CB4CA0BB57254574E89DCBFFC65" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora porifera" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porifera">Errinopora porifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EB3A7B3391AA3897E347C5BCB4E3E353" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="881F3FBCEB90B2287D8A69912ED5ECF2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="208A807C3C5F33235BEF7D8AD92D88C4" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora undulata" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">Errinopora undulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CB9F4D940A523D2584FAD7C056C6DE49" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="7E04DD48BC82F560583D9A7B4280BA01" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47565638F85F42E2E726BA56C3B6FC3F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1792E4B79264553A60459DFF6863A6D5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="F173082B46F15065120164811A02E68B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEC5458CB0681B18C9C69F2E421AB574" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora disticha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">Errinopora disticha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="BBA7ABEE2F768C5C94A18C127386F316" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="6DC5D827BA8D757926571E042D6C0F59" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC88647EC99E453B6BE75F3F8CE8A55E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora pourtalesii" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pourtalesii">Errinopora pourtalesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5F35F17ED2F641890E8CFB9B0271A31A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="160234CB0E629450EC28FF545FE5DACD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2321BB197374A8C1CA281764D45A1B49" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora stylifera" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stylifera">Errinopora stylifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="78BC4A31280F95E3C7DAE073AA952C11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="60E7100AD413937D553D115FDF3C4A48" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24840BF68F50B64CB33B8E4EE3BB0377" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="76205EE85EA07096425FB15C22DA8B26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="85B96FC2753A940C24FD55DD1C0CE848" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E28A10C9AF36D200F9C9732C2A6D977B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FB51318FA4FF6EDB3ED541A4C787F1F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<td id="F0F4F53CA1C75E5DD587B7E2816F523C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="743599D1B2925C1591A369BE9177BF44" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora dichotoma" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">Errinopora dichotoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1D273342ECA6979E9AA41C095568079C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="57C6D194F6899723A22593F6D352DD08" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="B6CF3F4AC810F69ACF4D72DFC4B4A1E0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
|
||
4. Midpoint rooting phylogeny of the Alaskan species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="832F1A56814C084CB0962A205B6A691D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Errinopora</taxonomicName>
|
||
estimated using mitochondrial rDNA 16S sequences. Numbers at nodes are the result of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates whenever>70. Shown is one of six most parsimonious trees (length: 38; CI: 0.868). Numbers preceded by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="443A28E92E38731B885B4F1701D478D3" originalValue="‘USNM’">'USNM'</normalizedToken>
|
||
represent specimen catalog numbers at the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Numbers preceded by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E4931E7D63972DAE7268AB0A095D2102" originalValue="‘EU’">'EU'</normalizedToken>
|
||
or
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B133FC55DB7ACE97B767C47B1B2A98FA" originalValue="‘JN’">'JN'</normalizedToken>
|
||
represent GenBank accession numbers. Asterisks (*) indicate the two specimens and rDNA 16S sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4165562822B7DBA76E04E6905A4D533C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora nanneca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanneca">Errinopora nanneca</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91D793CBDB8BE76F40DC8085D68624F0" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Errinopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errinopora zarhyncha" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zarhyncha">Errinopora zarhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
previously published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="111AFD14E34ED43675C2BD71369834AD" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lindner et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |