treatments-xml/data/03/86/57/038657640D35CB0C2D93FAA5FE1DF837.xml
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<mods:title id="7B3E89CDE698CC078DAD4C0D58A4FC43">Rediscovering the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Estonia: an annotated checklist with distribution maps and DNA evidence</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="E9302017A08F21FAD4887DCD1D942BA8">Estonian University of Life Sciences, Inst of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 5 D, 51006 Tartu, Estonia &amp; hekirik @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5654 - 4045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="83379D1A76335B6250AE70F4E76DB119">Estonian University of Life Sciences, Inst of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia</mods:affiliation>
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27.
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<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2DC5FAA5FEF3FADB" bold="true" box="[193,261,1302,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Culex</emphasis>
(
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)
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2C6FFAA4FE11FADB" bold="true" box="[363,487,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">torrentium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE9B830D35CB0C2CEAFAA5FD64FADA" author="Martini, E." box="[494,658,1302,1328]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" pagination="333 - 337" refId="ref19697" refString="Martini, E. (1925) Zwei bemerkenswerte Culiciden von einem eigenartigen Biotop. Internationale Revue der gesamte Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 12 (5 / 6), 333 - 337." type="journal article" year="1925">Martini, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2D93FA89FF56FABE" bold="true" box="[151,160,1338,1364]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">(</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="1314FAF70D35CB0C2DA5FA88FF01FABF" box="[161,247,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-28@14.[164,1423,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maps showing the historic and current collection points of individual mosquito species in Estonia. A, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sticticus; B, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) riparius; C, Anopheles (Anopheles) algeriensis; D, Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger; E, Anopheles maculipennis complex; F, Anopheles (Anopheles) plumbeus; G, Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii; H, Culex pipiens complex.. For details, see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5965163" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5965163/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2D93FA31FE83FA77" bold="true" box="[151,373,1410,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Published sources:</emphasis>
Remm (1057: 157, as
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2F77FA30FC8BFA77" authority="Dyar, 1924" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1924" box="[627,893,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2F77FA30FD03FA77" box="[627,757,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Culex exilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE9B830D35CB0C2FF8FA30FC8BFA77" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[764,893,1411,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" pagination="127 - 128" refId="ref16920" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1924) A new mosquito from Siberia (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12, 127 - 128." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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),
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE9B830D35CB0C2E8BFA30FBA3FA77" author="Burtin, V." box="[911,1109,1411,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" refId="ref16066" refString="Burtin, V. (2014) Pistesaasklaste (Diptera: Culicidae) liigiline koosseis ja elupaigaeelistused Tartu linnas [Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species richness and habitat preference in the town of Tartu]. Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 64 pp." type="book" year="2014">Burtin (2014: 40)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE9B830D35CB0C2964FA30FABBFA77" author="Kirik, H. &amp; Burtin, V. &amp; Tummeleht, L. &amp; Kurina, O." box="[1120,1357,1411,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" pagination="352" refId="ref18809" refString="Kirik, H., Burtin, V., Tummeleht, L. &amp; Kurina, O. (2021) Friends in all the green spaces: weather dependent changes in urban mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance and diversity. Insects, 12 (4), 352. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 12040352" type="journal article" year="2021">
Kirik
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C29A6FA30FB25FA77" box="[1186,1235,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">et al</emphasis>
. (2021: 11
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, as
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(
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)
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2DE1FA14FEC0FA2A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[229,310,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2DE1FA14FEC0FA2A" box="[229,310,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">pipiens</emphasis>
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/
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2C3AFA14FE43FA2A" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[318,437,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2C3AFA14FE43FA2A" box="[318,437,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">torrentium</emphasis>
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).
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,
<collectingRegion id="49EB28900D35CB0C2E76F9A0FC5BF9C7" box="[882,941,1555,1581]" country="Estonia" name="Tartumaa" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Tartu</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B80B50D35CB0C2EB8F9A1FBADF9C7" box="[956,1115,1554,1583]" degrees="58" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" precision="15" seconds="44" value="58.395557">58° 23 44″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B80B50D35CB0C2962F9A0FAF7F9C7" box="[1126,1281,1555,1583]" degrees="26" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" precision="15" seconds="44" value="26.72889">26° 43 44″ E</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FF91C0B20D35CB0C2812F9A0FA6EF9C7" box="[1302,1432,1555,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" value="2016-09-27">
<collectingDate id="EFD5395A0D35CB0C2812F9A0FA6EF9C7" box="[1302,1432,1555,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" value="2016-09-27">27.IX.2016</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26DA83A40D35CB0C2D93F984FF02F9BB" box="[151,244,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">H. Kirik</collectorName>
leg.,
<determinerName id="7E4C0AB60D35CB0C2C37F984FE66F9BB" box="[307,400,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">H. Kirik</determinerName>
det.,
<collectingMethod id="526E9E650D35CB0C2CCAF984FDB6F9BB" box="[462,576,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">sweep net</collectingMethod>
,
<specimenCode id="DB894E090D35CB0C2F4FF985FD19F9BB" box="[587,751,1590,1617]" collectionCode="IZBE" country="Estonia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9bph-kj5p" name="Institute of Zoology and Botany" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">IZBE0210245</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C335B5F90D35CB0C2DC3F9E9FE1DF837" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B90E6720D35CB0C2DC3F9E9FE1DF837" blockId="11.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2DC3F9E9FEB1F99E" bold="true" box="[199,327,1626,1652]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Comment:</emphasis>
The adult females of
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2F4EF9E8FD07F99E" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[586,753,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2F4EF9E8FD07F99E" box="[586,753,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are difficult to distinguish from
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2974F9E8FB07F99E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1136,1265,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2974F9E8FB07F99E" box="[1136,1265,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on only morphological characteristics. Of
<specimenCount id="9D292DFB0D35CB0C2F1EF9CCFD60F973" box="[538,662,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
subjected to DNA barcoding, seven (58.3%) were identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2872F9CCFEF8F956" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2872F9CCFEF8F956" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Adult males of the two species can be distinguished based on structures of their genitalia. In 2013, 68 (51.5%) among
<specimenCount id="9D292DFB0D35CB0C2C4FF974FE4AF90B" box="[331,444,1735,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" type="male">132 males</specimenCount>
were identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2F8BF974FCC4F90A" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[655,818,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2F8BF974FCC4F90A" box="[655,818,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 2017, only 54 (39.1%) males were determined to be
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2D93F958FECAF8EE" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,316,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2D93F958FECAF8EE" box="[151,316,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 84 (60.9%) of individuals identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2E8BF958FBF8F8EE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[911,1038,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2E8BF958FBF8F8EE" box="[911,1038,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All things considered, it is reasonable to assume that
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2C7EF8BCFDE9F8C2" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[378,543,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2C7EF8BCFDE9F8C2" box="[378,543,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes up about half of the 1,236 (5.1% of all collected mosquitoes collected) identified as
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2C2CF880FDD3F8A7" box="[296,549,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2C2CF880FE53F8A7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[296,421,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">Cx. pipiens</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2CB6F880FDD3F8A7" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[434,549,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">torrentium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
during in this study. However, the true relative abundance of these mosquitoes may have been underestimated in this study due to collection bias.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2E95F8E4FBA4F89A" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[913,1106,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2E95F8E4FBA4F89A" box="[913,1106,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Culex torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C298EF8E4FAFFF89A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1162,1289,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C298EF8E4FAFFF89A" box="[1162,1289,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are most active at the end of summer, when they become dominant. Seven
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2E5BF8C8FBF5F87E" authorityName="Martini" authorityYear="1925" box="[863,1027,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrentium">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2E5BF8C8FBF5F87E" box="[863,1027,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Cx. torrentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
caught in
<collectingCountry id="F338A6E20D35CB0C297CF8C8FB3AF87F" box="[1144,1228,1915,1941]" name="Estonia" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Estonia</collectingCountry>
were analyzed for
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9DF10D35CB0C2D93F82CFE83F852" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,373,1951,1977]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="pipientis">
<emphasis id="B95B3A600D35CB0C2D93F82CFE83F852" box="[151,373,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="272">Wolbachia pipientis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using the wsp gene for detection. The results were negative, which is in line with the findings of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE9B830D35CB0C2DB2F870FE10F837" author="Bergman, A. &amp; Hesson, J. C." box="[182,486,1987,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="272" pagination="428" refId="ref15706" refString="Bergman, A. &amp; Hesson, J. C. (2021) Wolbachia prevalence in the vector species Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium in a Sindbis virus-endemic region of Sweden. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 14, 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04937 - 6" type="journal article" year="2021">Bergman &amp; Hesson (2021)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>