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<mods:title id="272406282AF2B895F426BBCAB4C859F0">The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57917FEA1CC5B" box="[136,333,796,817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Perichaeta elongata</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57932FEBACC24" box="[136,342,825,846]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Megascolex elongata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BB5D7932FDFECC24" author="Vaillant L" box="[352,530,825,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" refId="ref10531" refString="Vaillant L (1889) Histoire naturelle des Annelesmarins et d'eaudouce. 3. Lombriciniens, Hirudiniens, Bdellomophes, Teretulariens et Planariens, 766 pp." type="book" year="1889">Vaillant, 1889: 81</bibRefCitation>
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Fig. 7.
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5B9BC7949FB8ECC3D" box="[897,1122,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
(Michaelsen, 1872)
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. A, Spermathecal pores; B, Spermathecae (amp=ampulla, dv=diverticulum); C, Male pore region, ventral view (mp=opening of copulatory pouchs, gm=genital marking); D, Male pore region, lateral view; E, Prostate gland. Scale bar = 1 mm.
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB5795EFEBECC00" box="[136,338,853,874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Perichaeta biserialis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D708C43FFC5BAB57979FDEACCED" ID-CoL="85WRP" authority="Beddard, 1895: 423" authorityName="Beddard" authorityPageNumber="423" authorityYear="1895" box="[136,518,882,904]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="acystis">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57979FED6CCE2" box="[136,314,882,904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Perichaeta acystis</emphasis>
Beddard, 1895: 423
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57984FED3CCCE" box="[136,319,911,932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Amyntas elongatus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB579A7FEA4CCAB" box="[136,328,940,961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Pheretima elongata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BB6C79A7FDDCCCA8" author="Michaelsen W" box="[337,560,940,962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="1 - 575" refId="ref10150" refString="Michaelsen W (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich, 10: 1 - 575." type="journal article" year="1900">Michaelsen, 1900: 265</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB579C2FE6ACCB4" box="[136,390,969,990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Metapheretima elongata</emphasis>
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(For more synonyms, see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BB997E0FFDDFCB76" author="Easton EG" box="[420,563,1028,1052]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="31 - 53" refId="ref9905" refString="Easton EG (1976) Taxonomy and distribution of the Metapheretima elongata spesies - complex of Indo-Australasian earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 30: 31 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976">Easton, 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C34A65788C43FFC5BAB57E48FD53CB96" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57E48FD53CB96" blockId="10.[135,775,1091,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57E48FE89CB31" bold="true" box="[136,357,1091,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B383CAE8C43FFC5BB577E4FFD57CB96" collectingDate="2017-01-20" collectingDateMax="2017-01-21" collectingDateMin="2017-01-20" collectionCode="MZB, UNTAD" collectorName="Fahri &amp; Fitrallisan. &amp; Oli." country="Indonesia" county="Parigi Mautong district" elevation="5" latitude="0.51731944" location="Margapura village" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.96254" municipality="Bolano Lambunu" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">
4 clitellates (
<collectionCode id="ED41AE368C43FFC5BBCD7E4FFDC7CB36" box="[496,555,1092,1116]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
Oli. 0061), the yard,
<location id="8E8F60288C43FFC5BABA7E6FFEA4CB16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F987E58C43FFC5BAD678B6FB56CAB0:8E8F60288C43FFC5BABA7E6FFEA4CB16" box="[135,328,1124,1148]" country="Indonesia" county="Parigi Mautong district" latitude="0.51731944" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.96254" municipality="Bolano Lambunu" name="Margapura village" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">Margapura village</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE6450348C43FFC5BB6B7E6FFE32CB11" box="[342,478,1122,1148]" degrees="0" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" precision="1" seconds="2.35" value="0.51731944">0°312.35″N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6450348C43FFC5BBD57E6FFD79CB11" box="[488,661,1122,1148]" degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" precision="1" seconds="45.15" value="120.96254">120°5745.15″E</geoCoordinate>
), elevation of
<elevation id="007DD1C08C43FFC5BA9A7E88FF13CBF6" box="[167,255,1155,1180]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="5.0">
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BA9A7E88FF3FCBF1" box="[167,211,1155,1179]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8BAC898C43FFC5BB2D7E8FFE20CBF6" box="[272,460,1156,1180]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Bolano Lambunu</collectingMunicipality>
sub-district,
<collectingCounty id="628E4E7F8C43FFC5B8607E8FFF38CBD6" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Parigi Mautong district</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5BAE07EAFFE1FCBD6" box="[221,499,1188,1212]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Central Sulawesi province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34776638C43FFC5BBC17EAFFD89CBD6" box="[508,613,1188,1212]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="FFEE10338C43FFC5B8537EAFFF53CBB6" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" value="2017-01-20" valueMax="2017-01-21" valueMin="2017-01-20">
<collectingDate id="EFAAE9DB8C43FFC5B8537EAFFF53CBB6" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" value="2017-01-20" valueMax="2017-01-21" valueMin="2017-01-20">2021 January 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A553258C43FFC5BAC17ECFFED8CBB6" box="[252,308,1220,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Fahri</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="26A553258C43FFC5BB517ECFFE0CCBB6" box="[364,480,1220,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Fitrallisan.</collectorName>
6 clitellates (
<collectionCode id="ED41AE368C43FFC5B8487ECFFD38CBB6" box="[629,724,1220,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">UNTAD</collectionCode>
Oli. 0007), same data as for the sample MZB
<collectorName id="26A553258C43FFC5B86C7EEFFD96CB96" box="[593,634,1252,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Oli.</collectorName>
0061
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A65788C43FFC5BAB57F28FBE0CA50" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57F28FE4ECAB6" blockId="10.[134,776,1315,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57F28FEE3CA51" bold="true" box="[136,271,1315,1339]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BB297F2FFE0ECA56" box="[276,482,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">External characters</emphasis>
. Body generally cylindrical. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BAB57F6FFF05CA16" box="[136,233,1380,1404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8034" metricValueMax="1.8796" metricValueMin="1.7271999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="71.0" valueMax="74.0" valueMin="68.0">6874 in</quantity>
v,
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BB337F6FFE83CA16" box="[270,367,1380,1404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" metricValueMax="2.1844" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="78.0" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="70.0">7086 in</quantity>
vii,
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BB9E7F6FFDE8CA16" box="[419,516,1380,1404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" metricValueMax="2.2352" metricValueMin="1.8288" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="80.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="72.0">7288 in</quantity>
viii,
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5B8027F6FFD4CCA16" box="[575,672,1380,1404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1844" metricValueMax="2.3368" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="86.0" valueMax="92.0" valueMin="80.0">8092 in</quantity>
xxv, and 812 between male porophores in xviii. Clitellum annular, xivxvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57C0FFD9CC916" blockId="10.[135,776,1539,1660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Spermathecal pores small, lateroventrally two paired in 5/6/7. Male porophores highly elevated, large; male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings simple, large, presetal, paired in xixxxi, rarely xxii.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57CAFFEBBC856" blockId="10.[136,775,1699,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57CAFFE8FC9D6" box="[136,355,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Internal characters</emphasis>
. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thickened, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard large, round after viii. Last heart in xiii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on septum 7/8. Typhlosole simple.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57D6FFE83C756" blockId="10.[136,777,1891,2108]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
Spermathecae large, about 15 altogether, 12 per segment in 5/6 and 12 per segment in 6/7 (
<tableCitation id="C6D203488C43FFC5B8287D8FFD81C8F6" box="[533,621,1924,1948]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="11.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 6. Character comparison among Polypheretima elongata species group." pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Table 6</tableCitation>
). The number of spermathecae variable in specimens (
<tableCitation id="C6D203488C43FFC5B8007DAFFD78C8D6" box="[573,660,1956,1980]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="11.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 6. Character comparison among Polypheretima elongata species group." pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Ampulla large and round; duct relatively short, about 1/6 as long as ampulla. Diverticulum simple, much shorter than ampulla, slightly expanded distad, and attached to the base of duct. No accessory glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5B97E7E09FB6BCBF0" blockId="10.[834,1476,1026,1179]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Holandric. Testes sacs paired in x and xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xixii. Ovaries paired in xiii, ovisacs in xiii. Prostate glands paired from xvixix, racemose. Prostatic ducts C-shaped, bigger distally, ending at xviii. No accessory glands.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5B97E7EC9FBE0CA50" blockId="10.[835,1476,1218,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5B97E7EC9FBD4CBB0" bold="true" box="[835,1080,1218,1242]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
Specimens were found in the yard in Margapura village, Bolano Lambunu district at
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BF577EE9FA79CB90" box="[1386,1429,1250,1274]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
asl. It was collected from sandy soils near water drainages at depth of
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5B99B7F29FBE4CA50" box="[934,1032,1314,1338]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">520 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A65788C43FFC5B97E7F69FB56CAB0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5B97E7F69FB56CAB0" blockId="10.[834,1474,1378,1499]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5B97E7F69FC45CA10" bold="true" box="[835,937,1378,1402]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C504D708C43FFC5B9897F69FB42CA10" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[948,1198,1378,1402]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5B9897F69FB42CA10" box="[948,1198,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an exotic species widely distributed in
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5B9F37F89FBC0CAF0" box="[974,1068,1410,1434]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
and other regions in
<collectingCountry id="F34776638C43FFC5BF3D7F89FA89CAF0" box="[1280,1381,1410,1434]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BF4C7F89FC90CAD0" author="Easton EG" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="31 - 53" refId="ref9905" refString="Easton EG (1976) Taxonomy and distribution of the Metapheretima elongata spesies - complex of Indo-Australasian earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 30: 31 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976">Easton, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). It is also commonly found in the Indochinese region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5B9717FC9FC29CAB0" author="Thai TB" box="[844,965,1474,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" refId="ref10496" refString="Thai TB (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, Fauna, Distribution and Zoogeographic). Unpublished PhD dissertation in Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1983">Thai, 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5B9EF7FC8FB43CAB0" author="Nguyen TT &amp; Nguyen AD &amp; Tran BTT &amp; Blakemore RJ" box="[978,1199,1474,1499]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref10188" refString="Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran BTT &amp; Blakemore RJ (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1): 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2016">Nguyen et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>