287 lines
35 KiB
XML
287 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="F81BB81C3DED9ADACAB28D9DEF050A47" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh & Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FF3B39E792DA93BD342EDF22" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Icerya purchasi Maskell" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="169" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1734100605626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B6101077C260529B7FEBB2B302A2875B">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5C168CE46D8E3DEC8A2FCC7BA9A0C7FE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5E076BE1BA5C5ED87EADA25624C8EFB7">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F97A9BB2C74DA030109FD2B349DD9EB6">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5CDBB1A04EB64798B5EFF7D23EE74F8C">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1987873529D30B9AAD89EBC4A28DFBB3">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. & Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X & Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F16629917654D8B54841B6EC3C3ED9B" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="C9D21E6C4E13BE62A13494A84094A939">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="981B8798FF3B39E792DA93BD342EDF22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14446394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14446394" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:981B8798FF3B39E792DA93BD342EDF22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/981B8798FF3B39E792DA93BD342EDF22" lastPageId="168" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3B39E992DA93BD348ED840" box="[151,447,1256,1283]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFF3B39E992DA93BD348ED840" blockId="166.[151,781,1256,1319]" box="[151,447,1256,1283]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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<heading id="4B4581E2FF3B39E992DA93BD348ED840" bold="true" box="[151,447,1256,1283]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E992DA93BD348ED840" ID-CoL="3P8SH" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[151,447,1256,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E992DA93BD348ED840" bold="true" box="[151,447,1256,1283]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E992DA93BD3464D840" bold="true" box="[151,341,1256,1283]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
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Maskell
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3B39E992DA9258363CD864" box="[151,781,1292,1319]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="description">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFF3B39E992DA9258363CD864" blockId="166.[151,781,1256,1319]" box="[151,781,1292,1319]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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(
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<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF3B39E992D2925835C3D864" box="[159,242,1292,1319]" captionStart="FIGURE 82" captionStartId="167.[151,250,1957,1981]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,240,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-52@167.[164,1423,237,1934]" captionTargetPageId="167" captionText="FIGURE 82. Adult female of Icerya purchasi Maskell, based on Morales (1991), page 118, fig 56, and Williams & Watson 1990, page 22, fig. 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385685/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF3B39E992B39258347AD864" box="[254,331,1292,1319]" captionStart="PLATE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,234,1441,1465]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-22@10.[189,1398,181,1417]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="PLATE 5. Monophlebidae continued: A-1 and A-2, Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas); B-1 and B-2, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Ortheziidae: C, Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus). Phoenicococcidae: D, Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385402/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Plate 5</figureCitation>
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B-1 and B-2, distribution map
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<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF3B39E990EE92583634D864" box="[675,773,1292,1319]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="180.[151,250,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[211,1377,190,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-22@180.[202,1386,181,1491]" captionTargetPageId="180" captionText="FIGURE 90. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Drosicha turkestanica Archangelskaya; B, Ericerus farsicus Moghaddam & Faghih; C, Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe); D, Eulecanium ficiphilum Borchsenius; E, Eulecanium rugulosum (Archangelskaya); F, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus); G, Exaeretopus tritici Williams; H, Gossyparia spuria (Modeer); I, Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius); J, Hadzibejliaspis stipae (Hadzibejli); K, Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas); L, Icerya purchasi Maskell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385713/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Fig. 90L</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3B39E992DA9206376CD886" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFF3B39E992DA9206376CD886" blockId="166.[151,1437,1361,1477]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FF3B39E992DA9206376CD886" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E992DA92063722D82A" author="Maskell, W. M." box="[151,531,1361,1385]" page="221" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="1879">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E992DA92063722D82A" ID-CoL="3P8SH" authority="Maskell, 1879: 221" authorityName="Maskell" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,531,1361,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E992DA9206340BD82A" box="[151,314,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E9930992053722D82A" author="Maskell, W. M." box="[324,531,1361,1385]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="187 - 228" refId="ref105183" refString="Maskell, W. M. (1879) On some Coccidae in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878), 187 - 228." type="journal article" year="1879">Maskell, 1879: 221</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E9906D920636D7D82A" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[544,998,1361,1385]" page="94" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="1897">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E9906D920636D7D82A" ID-CoL="7GXNV" authority="Cockerell, 1897: 94" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="94" authorityYear="1897" box="[544,998,1361,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="purchasi" subSpecies="crawii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E9906D9206363FD82A" box="[544,782,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Icerya purchasi crawii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E99159920536D7D82A" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[788,998,1361,1385]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref99578" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1897) Two forms of fluted scale. Psyche, 8, 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1897 / 46231" type="journal volume" year="1897">Cockerell, 1897: 94</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; junior synonym discovered by
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E997739205344FD8CB" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/304C87CDFF9AFF83FF2BB0B3FE8FC0D6" page="93" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="2008">
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E997739205344FD8CB" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref109947" refString="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J. (2008 b) Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa, 1803 (1), 1 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1803.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 93</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E993C49224366BD8CB" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[393,858,1392,1416]" page="94" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="1897">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E993C49224366BD8CB" ID-CoL="7H9NV" authority="Cockerell, 1897: 94" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="94" authorityYear="1897" box="[393,858,1392,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="purchasi" subSpecies="maskelli">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E993C4922437B4D8CB" box="[393,645,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Icerya purchasi maskelli</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E990C19224366BD8CB" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[652,858,1392,1416]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref99578" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1897) Two forms of fluted scale. Psyche, 8, 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1897 / 46231" type="journal volume" year="1897">Cockerell, 1897: 94</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; junior synonym discovered by
|
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E996E8922435D2D8E5" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/304C87CDFF9AFF83FF2BB0B3FE8FC0D6" page="93" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="2008">
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E996E8922435D2D8E5" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref109947" refString="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J. (2008 b) Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa, 1803 (1), 1 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1803.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 93</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E992A092DB37F2D8E5" author="Hempel, A." box="[237,707,1422,1446]" page="337" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="1920">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E992A092DB37F2D8E5" ID-CoL="7H9NM" authority="Hempel, 1920: 337" authorityName="Hempel" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1920" box="[237,707,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="purchasi" subSpecies="citriperda">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E992A092DB34C6D8E5" box="[237,503,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Icerya purchasi citriperda</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E993B092DA37F2D8E5" author="Hempel, A." box="[509,707,1422,1446]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="329 - 377" refId="ref102532" refString="Hempel, A. (1920) Descripcoes de coccidas novas e pouco conhecidas. [Descriptions of new and little-known coccids]. Revista do Museu Paulista. Sao Paulo, 12, 329 - 377. [in Portuguese]" type="journal article" year="1920">Hempel, 1920: 337</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; junior synonym (discovered by
|
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E9965D92DA3017D8E5" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." box="[1040,1318,1422,1446]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/304C87CDFF9AFF83FF2BB0B3FE8FC0D6" page="93" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="2008">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E9965D92DA3017D8E5" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." box="[1040,1318,1422,1446]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref109947" refString="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J. (2008 b) Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa, 1803 (1), 1 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1803.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 93</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
).
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||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3B39E9977592DB34BAD886" ID-CoL="7756X" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pericerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E9977592DB342ED886" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Pericerya purchasi</emphasis>
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(Maskell)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF3B39E993D892F93768D886" author="Silvestri, F." box="[405,601,1453,1477]" page="649" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" year="1939">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E993D892F93768D886" author="Silvestri, F." box="[405,601,1453,1477]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref108895" refString="Silvestri, F. (1939) Compendio di Entomologia Applicata. Parte Speciale. Tipografia Bellavista, Portici, 974 pp." type="book" year="1939">Silvestri 1939: 649</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3B39E992DA92A737F2DB16" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFF3B39E992DA92A737F2DB16" blockId="166.[151,1437,1523,2018]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
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||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E992DA92A734A3DB4E" bold="true" box="[151,402,1523,1549]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
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Live adult hermaphrodite usually reddish brown, lightly coated in white or pale-yellow wax; at maturity, producing a white fluted ovisac at posterior end, ovisac often as long as the body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E996F0914335E1DB16" author="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W." pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref110856" refString="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part. 3: The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International, Wallingford, 267 pp." type="book" year="1990">Williams & Watson 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and pushing rear end of abdomen upwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3B39E8928A910B319CDD96" lastPageId="167" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3B39E8928A910B319CDD96" blockId="166.[151,1437,1523,2018]" lastBlockId="167.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="167" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3B39E9928A910B34FDDB3A" bold="true" box="[199,460,1631,1657]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Microscopic diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
(derived from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E9903C910B36ABDB3A" author="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W." box="[625,922,1631,1658]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref110856" refString="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part. 3: The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International, Wallingford, 267 pp." type="book" year="1990">Williams & Watson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3B39E99183910B31DEDB3A" author="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J." box="[974,1263,1631,1657]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref109947" refString="Unruh, C. M. & Gullan, P. J. (2008 b) Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa, 1803 (1), 1 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1803.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Unruh & Gullan (2008b))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Slide-mounted adult female broadly oval, with black setae numerous on abdomen, forming tufts around margins and in median tufts on dorsum of head and thorax. Antennae each with 10 or 11 segments. Abdominal spiracles numbering 2 pairs. Cicatrices situated posterior to vulva, numbering 3, central cicatrice largest or all subequal in size. Anal opening surrounded by long, robust hair-like setae. Vulva surrounded by setae and oval pores, each pore with about 10 outer loculi, present around an oval central loculus. Ovisac band well developed, narrow (1‒3 pores wide) between hind coxae, but up to 8 pores wide lateral to coxae and around ventral submargins of abdomen; band formed of 2 pore
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFF3B39E9929C90083421DA35" box="[209,272,1884,1910]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: an oval
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFF3B39E9933890083494DA35" box="[373,421,1884,1910]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">type</typeStatus>
|
||
with a bilocular centre and about 10 outer loculi, and a slightly smaller circular
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFF3B39E9977F90083053DA35" box="[1330,1378,1884,1910]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">type</typeStatus>
|
||
with a single central loculus and about 7 outer loculi. Simple multilocular disc-pores, each 9–10 µm in diameter, with a bilocular center (appearing reniform) and 4 or 5 outer loculi, scattered on ventromedial head and thorax and across ventromedial to submedial abdomen. Open-centre pores, each with about 8‒12 loculi and with a notch in inner margin of rim, associated with marginal tufts of setae and sometimes a few scattered across dorsal medial areas of thorax and anterior abdomen; in lateral view, each pore is cylindrical, almost as long as wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="44CD6606FF3A39E892DA90F1345EDAA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385685/files/figure.png" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" startId="167.[151,250,1957,1981]" targetBox="[182,1405,240,1916]" targetPageId="167" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3A39E892DA90F1345EDAA2" blockId="167.[151,1436,1957,2018]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3A39E892DA90F13413DAFE" bold="true" box="[151,290,1957,1981]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">FIGURE 82.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3A39E8939890F237E3DAFE" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[469,722,1957,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3A39E8939890F23747DAFE" box="[469,630,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
|
||
Maskell
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3A39E8910C90F136D3DAFE" author="Morales, C. F." box="[833,994,1957,1981]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref106630" refString="Morales, C. F. (1991) Margarodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand / Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa, 21, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="1991">Morales (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, page 118, fig 56, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3A39E8969F90F135FDDAA2" author="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W." pageId="167" pageNumber="168" refId="ref110856" refString="Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part. 3: The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International, Wallingford, 267 pp." type="book" year="1990">Williams & Watson 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, page 22, fig. 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3539E7928A97C236BBDD96" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3539E7928A97C236BBDD96" blockId="168.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928A97C23452DDF3" bold="true" box="[199,355,150,176]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7932597C33726DDF2" box="[360,535,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7932597C33726DDF2" box="[360,535,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is of Australian origin but is now cosmopolitan; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF3539E7960797C3314BDDF2" box="[1098,1146,151,177]" name="Iran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been recorded from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFF3539E792DA97EF35FBDD96" box="[151,202,187,213]" country="Iran" name="Fars" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Fars</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFF3539E7929897EF3453DD96" box="[213,354,187,213]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Mazandaran</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFF3539E7932097EF348BDD96" box="[365,442,187,213]" country="Iran" name="Tehran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Tehran</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFF3539E793BD97EF3719DD96" box="[496,552,187,213]" country="Iran" name="Yazd" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Yazd</collectingRegion>
|
||
provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3539E790E797EF364FDD96" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[682,894,187,213]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3539E7928A978B35D1DC26" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3539E7928A978B35D1DC26" blockId="168.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928A978B346ADDBA" bold="true" box="[199,347,223,249]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Host-plants:</emphasis>
|
||
The species is highly polyphagous, having been recorded on host-plants in 211 genera belonging to 85 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3539E79301965737BEDC5E" author="Garcia Morales M. & Denno B. D. & Miller D. R. & Miller G. L. & Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B." box="[332,655,259,285]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7904696573771DC5E" box="[523,576,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF3539E79085965737C9DC5E" box="[712,760,259,285]" name="Iran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7964B96573157DC5E" box="[1030,1126,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7964B9657310ADC5E" box="[1030,1083,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Acer</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E79634965731C5DC5E" box="[1145,1268,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aceraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aceraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E79746965730ACDC5F" box="[1291,1437,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Glycine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="max">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E79746965730ACDC5F" box="[1291,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Glycine max</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7928496733447DC02" box="[201,374,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farcta">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928496733447DC02" box="[201,374,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Prosopis farcta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E793CA967334C7DC02" box="[391,502,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E79047967337B9DC02" box="[522,648,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7904796733761DC02" box="[522,592,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E790D596733634DC02" box="[664,773,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E79106967336C1DC02" box="[843,1008,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odora">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E79106967336C1DC02" box="[843,1008,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Daphne odora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7964D96733183DC02" box="[1024,1202,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thymelaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Moghaddam
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7972F967330A4DC02" box="[1378,1429,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3539E7928A963A36B5DCB6" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3539E7928A963A31B4DCEE" blockId="168.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928A963A34E6DCCB" bold="true" box="[199,471,366,392]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Economic importance:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E79393963B37BFDCCA" box="[478,654,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E79393963B37BFDCCA" box="[478,654,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most polyphagous scale insects and is an important pest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF3539E792F996C735D5DCEE" box="[180,228,403,429]" name="Iran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, especially on citrus in the north of the country; it also damages ornamental plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3539E7928A96E336B5DCB6" blockId="168.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928A96E334A3DC93" bold="true" box="[199,402,438,465]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
|
||
Larval and adult stages of the ladybird
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7917296E33152DC92" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" box="[831,1123,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7917296E33132DC92" box="[831,1027,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Novius cardinalis</emphasis>
|
||
Mulsant
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7963D96E331C0DC92" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1136,1265,439,465]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E796B496E330A4DC92" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[1273,1429,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are important predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF3539E7938F968F370BDCB6" box="[450,570,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7938F968F370BDCB6" box="[450,570,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">I. purchasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF3539E79013968F37BADCB6" box="[606,651,475,501]" name="Iran" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3539E790D4968F3649DCB6" author="Heydari, S. & Toorani, A. H. & Doostdar Kalkenari, L. & Abbasipour, H." box="[665,888,475,501]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" pagination="27 - 30" refId="ref102574" refString="Heydari, S., Toorani, A. H., Doostdar Kalkenari, L. & Abbasipour, H. (2016) Comparison effect of botanical pesticides on first instar nymphs of the Australian mealybug, Icerya purchasi Maskell and its ladybird predator, Novius cardinalis Mulsant. 22 nd Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tehran, Iran, 27 - 30 August 2016. [unknown pagination]" type="book chapter" year="2016">
|
||
Heydari
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E790B1968F361FDCB6" box="[764,814,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF3539E7928A96AA342EDF22" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFF3539E7928A96AA342EDF22" blockId="168.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E7928A96AA3463DF5B" bold="true" box="[199,338,510,536]" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">Comments:</emphasis>
|
||
adult females of this species are known to be hermaphrodites, capable of self-fertilisation, although occasionally small numbers of winged males are found that are capable of mating with the hermaphrodites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF3539E7977095773423DF22" author="Mongue, A. J. & Michaelides, S. & Coombe, O. & Tena, A. & Kim, D. - S. & Normark, B. B. & Gardner, A. & Hoodle, M. S. & Ross, L." pageId="168" pageNumber="169" refId="ref106545" refString="Mongue, A. J., Michaelides, S., Coombe, O., Tena, A., Kim, D. - S., Normark, B. B., Gardner, A., Hoodle, M. S. & Ross, L. (2021) Sex, males, and hermaphrodites in the scale insect Icerya purchasi. Evolution. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 2020.09.04.281618" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Mongue
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF3539E792DA951335F9DF22" box="[151,200,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |