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<document id="D290FDDB790A6F4FCC63EC01C407F017" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5391440" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5391440" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630315127817" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Monniot, Françoise &amp; Monniot, Claude" docDate="2001" docId="F57D87A3FFAD314FE998FC4AFB601794" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2001.23.2.201-383.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 23 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Symplegma brakenhielmi" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="317" masterDocId="0944FFDBFFDF313BEB47FF93FFBE1602" masterDocTitle="Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="383" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="315" updateTime="1699223418854" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
<mods:mods id="A27736A981741FE5F069BBE39AF185AA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="89EF3D2C91FDDEF682137A965989E301">
<mods:title id="CDDEEB834DDF86C0A1EC806E8334076F">Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="BE83B0F707911E790E7C14A39A176431" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FFC98EAF96B333C799F4DF6075C3A57F">
<mods:roleTerm id="AD0B2A8FC1E619B832A8ACC4FED5AAD2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A963AA00D172E34369345BBC2705A28B">Monniot, Françoise</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9B0CCA7DEEBCED91206B9BC3B835DF5F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A58DBA2FABD6548FBC61ACCD8081A824">
<mods:roleTerm id="F3AC86F86DB7BA8DB72FAD017470F4E0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="875B96AC7ADA61F0FB4D20099BAEC649">Monniot, Claude</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="93217F5E1F60B62BC4934411FFFE8705">UPESA 8044, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés marins et Malacologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, F- 75005 Paris (France) monniot @ mnhn. fr.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D5B2C300AEEC0797124878BA6148B05A" type="email">monniot@mnhn.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="0DB665B92BD16BD4E5D374A824F7BE2C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="A0F512B102576AC7A2DE4666D2055869" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="FF63873D961D5E6FE71825C66E6C7A48">
<mods:title id="1FC848A056E6321618E3EAFF3DD349F7">Zoosystema</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="B0F93CD1B1637B9CBD899928B4B845A9">
<mods:date id="3FE39AFA77B0BFE260D8C9D5EE74650F">2001</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9FDECC9E4CA21195793AEFF997BED0B1" type="volume">
<mods:number id="57FF44A234241FDC3CA2584C0AA4DAC7">23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="B568059BAA3338AACBEE85D24C1FF762" type="issue">
<mods:number id="67D28D24893FB8BA73920958B6A28C26">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="3ABF1E2097FEE16D01A93AEE606391D6" unit="page">
<mods:start id="9321F027CDFC13175AC74CBBB7322C6D">201</mods:start>
<mods:end id="D65A9E803D67F878881E06B15F18909A">383</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="C4E54D6D17F7466572DF1B061C1CC7C3">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="201060A573E450DE61E46B6972E325F0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5391440</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A7884A4A4D44DD161800C763B70E8F48" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="98BBEDACBF5346392291A4587182FCEF" type="Zenodo-Dep">5391440</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="F57D87A3FFAD314FE998FC4AFB601794" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F57D87A3FFAD314FE998FC4AFB601794" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F57D87A3FFAD314FE998FC4AFB601794" lastPageId="116" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<subSubSection id="35CE653EFFAD3149E998FC4AFB7415F1" box="[735,1226,985,1011]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E998FC4AFB7415F1" blockId="114.[735,1226,985,1011]" box="[735,1226,985,1011]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<heading id="262381D9FFAD3149E998FC4AFB7415F1" box="[735,1226,985,1011]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAD3149E998FC4AFB7415F1" ID-CoL="53R5D" authority="(Michaelsen, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[735,1226,985,1011]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brakenhielmi">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E998FC4AFC4F15F1" bold="true" box="[735,1009,985,1011]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Symplegma brakenhielmi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="19454B44FFAD3149E8B8FC4AFB7C15F1" author="MICHAELSEN W." box="[1023,1218,985,1011]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref86204" refString="MICHAELSEN W. 1904. - Revision der kompositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Mittelungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg 21: 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1904">Michaelsen, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35CE653EFFAD3149E98DFB81FBA51281" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E98DFB81FC6D1241" blockId="114.[714,1248,1042,1248]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5DC4119BFFAD3149E98DFB81FC6D1241" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<treatmentCitation id="FC7510A4FFAD3149E98DFB81FB651228" author="MICHAELSEN W." box="[714,1243,1042,1066]" page="50" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" year="1904">
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAD3149E98DFB81FB651228" ID-CoL="359Q8" authority="Michaelsen, 1904: 50" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1904" box="[714,1243,1042,1066]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Diandrocarpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brakenhielmi">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E98DFB81FC591228" box="[714,999,1042,1066]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="19454B44FFAD3149E8B7FB81FB651228" author="MICHAELSEN W." box="[1008,1243,1042,1066]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref86204" refString="MICHAELSEN W. 1904. - Revision der kompositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Mittelungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg 21: 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1904">Michaelsen, 1904: 50</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="A26F8817FFAD3149E98DFBB9FD431240" box="[714,765,1066,1090]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E811FBB8FC211241" box="[854,927,1067,1091]" name="Mexico" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
gulf.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E98DFBC7FBA51281" blockId="114.[714,1248,1042,1248]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAD3149E98DFBC7FC08126E" ID-CoL="53R5D" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[714,950,1108,1132]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brakenhielmi">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E98DFBC7FC08126E" box="[714,950,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Symplegma brakenhielmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1997: 1636, fig. 7A, C, all oceans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35CE653EFFAD3149E98DFB06FB84133E" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E98DFB06FC1212E2" blockId="114.[714,1248,1042,1248]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E98DFB06FC1912A9" box="[714,935,1173,1196]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">MATERIAL EXAMINED</collectionCode>
. —
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E89EFB06FB3012AE" bold="true" box="[985,1166,1172,1197]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E89EFB06FB3412AE" box="[985,1162,1172,1197]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Guam, Apra Harbour, off Buoys,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAD3149EF45FB3CFBF512C7" box="[1026,1099,1198,1223]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.0">0-3 m</quantity>
,
<date id="096A1075FFAD3149EF1BFB3CFB6112C5" box="[1116,1247,1199,1223]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" value="1998-06-12">
12.
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149EF3BFB3CFB2012C5" box="[1148,1182,1199,1223]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">VI</collectionCode>
.1998
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E996FB5BFC9B12E2" box="[721,805,1224,1248]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">MNHN</collectionCode>
S1
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E80CFB5BFCC312E2" box="[843,893,1224,1248]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">SYM</collectionCode>
73).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E84BFA90FB84133E" blockId="114.[780,1181,1283,1340]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAD3149E84BFA90FB23131F" authority="Monniot C., 1972" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1972" box="[780,1181,1283,1309]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E84BFA90FC72131F" bold="true" box="[780,972,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Symplegma rubra</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1972
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAD3149E831FAB1FC77133E" box="[886,969,1314,1340]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Figs 87</figureCitation>
; 127B, C)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35CE653EFFAD3149E98DFAC8FBA013BD" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" type="description">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E98DFAC8FBA013BD" blockId="114.[714,1248,1370,1665]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAD3149E98DFAC8FBE41371" authority="Monniot C., 1972: 622" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityPageNumber="622" authorityYear="1972" box="[714,1114,1371,1395]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E98DFAC8FCD21371" box="[714,876,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Symplegma rubra</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1972: 622
</taxonomicName>
, figs 2E, F;
<materialsCitation id="CDBC3CE8FFAD3149EF8BFAC8FBA413BD" collectorName="Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C." country="Bermuda" location="Bermuda" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" specimenCount="1">
3.
<typeStatus id="A26F8817FFAD3149E98DFAE7FD43138E" box="[714,765,1396,1420]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E81BFAE6FC04138F" box="[860,954,1397,1421]" name="Bermuda" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
. Synonymy and distribution: see
<collectorName id="D0215363FFAD3149E9B5FA1DFCD113A6" box="[754,879,1421,1446]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Monniot F.</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="D0215363FFAD3149E8D1FA1DFBA913A4" box="[918,1047,1422,1446]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Monniot C.</collectorName>
1997: 26, fig. 15, pl. 3B, C,
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E876FA34FC3513BD" box="[817,907,1447,1471]" name="Tanzania" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E8D2FA34FBA413BD" box="[917,1050,1447,1471]" name="Mozambique" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35CE653EFFAD314FE98DFA43FB601794" lastPageId="116" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3149E98DFA43FBAF101E" blockId="114.[714,1248,1370,1665]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E98DFA43FC0413E4" box="[714,954,1488,1511]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">MATERIAL EXAMINED</collectionCode>
. —
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E8B0FA43FCFB1001" bold="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E8B0FA43FCFF1001" name="Micronesia" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="BF10F857FFAD3149E809FA79FCC61003" box="[846,888,1514,1537]" country="Micronesia" name="Yap" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Yap</collectingRegion>
, Colonia, main wharf,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149EF2BFA78FB651001" box="[1132,1243,1515,1539]" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="30.91" orientation="latitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="9.515166">9°30.91’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149E98DF997FCF7101E" box="[714,841,1540,1564]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="07.57" orientation="longitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="138.12616">138°07.57’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAD3149E814F997FC371018" box="[851,905,1539,1564]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
,
<date id="096A1075FFAD3149E8D3F997FBB0101E" box="[916,1038,1540,1564]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" value="1995-08-07">7.VIII.1995</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAD3148E98DF98FFD2012D1" blockId="114.[714,1248,1370,1665]" lastBlockId="115.[151,684,1159,1285]" lastPageId="115" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAD3149E98DF98FFCB41036" bold="true" box="[714,778,1564,1588]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAD3149E98DF98FFCB81036" box="[714,774,1564,1588]" name="Palau" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Palau</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
KB Channel,
<collectingRegion id="BF10F857FFAD3149E8E5F98EFC6D1037" box="[930,979,1565,1589]" country="Palau" name="Airai" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Airai</collectingRegion>
side South of KB Bridge,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149E98DF9A4FCFB104D" box="[714,837,1591,1615]" degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="21.03" orientation="latitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="7.3505">7°21.03’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149E81FF9A4FC55104D" box="[856,1003,1591,1615]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="30.95" orientation="longitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="134.51584">134°30.95’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAD3149E8B9F9A4FB81104F" box="[1022,1087,1590,1615]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" unit="m" value="33.0">33 m</quantity>
,
<date id="096A1075FFAD3149EF16F9A4FB61104D" box="[1105,1247,1591,1615]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" value="1993-07-12">12.VII.1993</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E996F9C3FC98106A" box="[721,806,1616,1640]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">MNHN</collectionCode>
S1
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAD3149E816F9C3FC3A106A" box="[849,900,1616,1640]" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">SYM</collectionCode>
66). —
<collectingRegion id="BF10F857FFAD3149E899F9DCFBA21064" box="[990,1052,1615,1638]" country="Palau" name="Koror" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Koror</collectingRegion>
, Malakal Harbour, Buoy #5,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149E86CF9FAFC2B1083" box="[811,917,1641,1665]" degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="19.16" orientation="latitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="7.3193336">7°19.16’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAD3149E8E7F9FAFBA11083" box="[928,1055,1641,1665]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="27.18" orientation="longitude" pageId="114" pageNumber="315" precision="9" value="134.453">134°27.18’E</geoCoordinate>
. —
<collectingRegion id="BF10F857FFAD3149EF0EF9FBFB38107D" box="[1097,1158,1640,1663]" country="Palau" name="Koror" pageId="114" pageNumber="315">Koror</collectingRegion>
, Malakal Harbour, on buoy chain,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAC3148EAD4FB1BFE02129C" box="[403,444,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
,
<date id="096A1075FFAC3148EA80FB1BFDFF12A2" box="[455,577,1160,1184]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" value="1995-08-07">7.VIII.1995</date>
. —
<collectingRegion id="BF10F857FFAC3148E92CFB14FD16129C" box="[619,680,1159,1182]" country="Palau" name="Koror" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Koror</collectingRegion>
, West Malakal Harbour mouth,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAC3148E96BFB32FD1912BB" box="[556,679,1185,1209]" degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="20.37" orientation="latitude" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" precision="9" value="7.3395">7°20.37’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="18E05072FFAC3148EBD0FB28FEAB12D1" box="[151,277,1211,1235]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="25.78" orientation="longitude" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" precision="9" value="134.42967">134°25.78’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAC3148EA67FB28FEE812D3" box="[288,342,1210,1235]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
,
<date id="096A1075FFAC3148EA27FB28FE5D12D1" box="[352,483,1211,1235]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" value="1997-08-25">25.VIII.1997</date>
(Samples:
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAC3148E908FB28FD2D12D1" box="[591,659,1211,1235]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">CRRF</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="29AB663DFFAC3148EBD0FB9AFE011246" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" startId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" targetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" targetPageId="115">
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC3148EBD0FB9AFE011246" blockId="115.[151,1248,1033,1092]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
FIG. 87. —
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAC3148EBB5FB9AFDA11218" authority="Monniot C., 1972" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1972" box="[242,543,1033,1050]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EBB5FB9AFE381218" box="[242,390,1033,1050]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Symplegma rubra</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1972
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148E960FB9AFD8A1218" bold="true" box="[551,564,1033,1050]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">A</emphasis>
, female zooid ventrally opened;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148E803FB9AFCEF1218" bold="true" box="[836,849,1033,1050]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">B</emphasis>
, ventral side of a male zooid;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EF09FB9AFBE21218" bold="true" box="[1102,1116,1033,1050]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">C</emphasis>
, anterior dorsal area;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EB80FB8DFF6B122D" bold="true" box="[199,213,1054,1071]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">D</emphasis>
, detail of the gut;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EA33FB8DFE3E122D" bold="true" box="[372,384,1054,1071]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">E</emphasis>
, external side of the stomach;
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148E9CCFB8DFD12122D" bold="true" box="[651,684,1054,1071]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">F -H</emphasis>
, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC3148EBD0FB47FEC61307" blockId="115.[151,684,1159,1285]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EBD0FB47FEBA12EE" bold="true" box="[151,260,1236,1260]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAC3148EBD0FB47FEBE12EE" box="[151,256,1236,1260]" name="Indonesia" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Banta Island,
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAC3148EAD9FB47FE6612E8" box="[414,472,1235,1260]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</quantity>
, 1998, coll. Erhardt (
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAC3148EBD9FB7EFF4C1307" box="[158,242,1261,1285]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">MNHN</collectionCode>
S1
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAC3148EA5FFB7EFEF41307" box="[280,330,1261,1285]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">SYM</collectionCode>
71).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC3148EBD0FAD4FE96135D" blockId="115.[151,684,1351,1666]" box="[151,296,1351,1377]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC3148EBD0FAFBFB3C1340" blockId="115.[151,684,1351,1666]" lastBlockId="115.[714,1247,1159,1666]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
The distribution of this species now includes the three oceans. There is a large colour diversity in the Indo-Pacific region (Fig. 127B, C), while in the Atlantic it is pink or red. The disposition of the pigment ring linking both siphons is characteristic. The colonies collected at Yap Island are encrusting and
<quantity id="BA2C9B50FFAC3148EA1EF9BBFE1E1043" box="[345,416,1575,1602]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
thick. The zooids lie oblique to the surface and not flattened as they are in most other species of
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAC3148EAABF9FBFDD41080" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[492,618,1640,1666]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="115" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAC3148EAABF9FBFDD41080" box="[492,618,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Symplegma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The zooids are in contact with the basal layer of the colony only by the posterior part of their ventral side. In life the zooids are opaque; at Yap this is due to a white pigment uniformly distributed in the body wall, while at
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAC3148E892FA9BFBAF1320" box="[981,1041,1288,1314]" name="Palau" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Palau</collectingCountry>
they are pink. All colours disappear after formalin fixation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC3148E98DFADBFC4F1040" blockId="115.[714,1247,1159,1666]" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
There are 12 oral tentacles in two orders, well forward in the siphon, and sometimes small buttons between them. The prepharyngeal band has a single circular crest without a dorsal curve (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAC3148E995FA5BFC8913E0" box="[722,823,1480,1506]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">Fig. 87C</figureCitation>
). The dorsal tubercle is very small with a round or oval opening. The rim of the hole does not stain as it usually does. The dorsal lamina has two low parallel blades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAC314FE98DF9DBFDFF1760" blockId="115.[714,1247,1159,1666]" lastBlockId="116.[151,685,167,1538]" lastPageId="116" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="115" pageNumber="316">
The branchial sac has four longitudinal vessels on each side. The first two on the left join the dorsal lamina at the level of the tenth and twelfth rows of stigmata (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FEA44FF5BFED716E0" box="[259,361,200,226]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87A</figureCitation>
). The longitudinal vessels are prolonged anteriorly beyond the branchial perforations. We counted 14 rows of large stigmata; the second row does not reach the dorsal lamina. At the level of the sixth row, the formula is:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAB314FEBDBFEF4FEE917E0" blockId="116.[151,685,167,1538]" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">
<collectionCode id="1BC5AE70FFAB314FEBDBFEF4FF0F1783" box="[156,177,359,385]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">R</collectionCode>
.E. 8 v 7 v 7 v 7 v 8 D.L. 5 v 7 v 6 v 7 v 7 E.L. On the right side the first vessel parts from the dorsal lamina posteriorly and about 12 stigmata lie between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAB314FEBD0FE7BFDD91000" blockId="116.[151,685,167,1538]" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">
Some differences between the Atlantic, Mozambican, and Pacific samples concern the gut. In the present collection the gut (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FE904FDBBFF171463" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87A, B</figureCitation>
) is limited to the posterior third of the left side, while in Africa and North America it is larger, reaching half or even three fifth of the left side. The stomach has 14 folds, decreasing in length on its internal side toward the caecum. The pyloric caecum is long and curved (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FE95EFD7BFD211503" box="[537,671,743,770]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87D, E</figureCitation>
); it is linked to the intestine by two strips of tissue variably positioned according to the colonies. The long rectum ends in a gaping anus without lobes, or one with four low lobes when contracted. The gonads lie at the level of the sixth and seventh rows of stigmata on the left side and the seventh and eighth rows on the right (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FE973FC5BFD1E15E0" box="[564,672,968,994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87A</figureCitation>
). This near-symmetry may reflect a short gut; in African specimens there is a difference of two rows of stigmata, but on the left side in them the gonad may well be pushed anteriorly by the larg- er gut. The male and female parts of the gonads are not simultaneously mature. When the oocytes are developed the male part is rudimentary (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FEBD8FB5BFE9E12E0" box="[159,288,1224,1250]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87F, G</figureCitation>
) and during the male phase only the female papilla persists (
<figureCitation id="E5EF2A30FFAB314FEAD5FB7BFE441300" box="[402,506,1256,1282]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="115.[151,162,1033,1050]" captionTargetBox="[151,1243,164,999]" captionTargetId="figure-270@115.[145,1251,141,1011]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIG. 87. — Symplegma rubra Monniot C., 1972; A, female zooid ventrally opened; B, ventral side of a male zooid; C, anterior dorsal area; D, detail of the gut; E, external side of the stomach; F-H, successive development stages of the gonads. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, F-H, 0.5 mm; D, E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5391615/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Fig. 87H</figureCitation>
). It appears that the zooids are first female, as no oocyte remains in the traces of ovary during the male phase. In Caribbean and African populations, as in
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAB314FEBD0FAFBFD8C1380" authority="Monniot C., 1988" authorityName="Monniot C." authorityYear="1988" box="[151,562,1384,1410]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Symplegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="116" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alterna">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAB314FEBD0FAFBFEE31380" box="[151,349,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Symplegma alterna</emphasis>
Monniot C., 1988
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="05C37625FFAB314FE93FFAF4FEAD13A0" name="New Caledonia" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, which also shows sequential hermaphroditism, the rudimentary ovary contains numerous small oocytes during the male phase, and this may indicate a protandric activity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAB314FEBD0F9B4FF45103D" blockId="116.[151,684,1575,1666]" box="[151,251,1575,1601]" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAB314FEBD0F9DBFBE31740" blockId="116.[151,684,1575,1666]" lastBlockId="116.[714,1247,168,322]" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Taking into account the characteristic aspect of the living colonies, we believe that there is a single cosmopolitan species. The diversity of colour in the Indo-Pacific populations compared to the uniformity of colour in the Atlantic Ocean may mean that the latter are immigrant populations, as they are mostly found in harbours.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D6B36B5FFAB314FE98BFEEFFB601794" blockId="116.[716,1246,380,406]" box="[716,1246,380,406]" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="BAD44D36FFAB314FE85FFEEFFB601794" authority="Lacaze-Duthiers &amp; Delage, 1892" authorityName="Lacaze-Duthiers &amp; Delage" authorityYear="1892" box="[792,1246,380,406]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Stolonica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="116" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4FA0EAA7FFAB314FE85FFEEFFCCB1794" box="[792,885,380,406]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="317">Stolonica</emphasis>
Lacaze-Duthiers &amp; Delage, 1892
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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