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<document id="8CF90A8DF82122F662951ADED774369F" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e5efef3-a02d-4f5b-bc49-d4b53d6b5ecd" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10083929" ID-ZooBank="C55FEEC3-B229-4619-9EB9-330CA42D2253" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1621349067193" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hiremath, S. R. &amp; Prathapan, K. D." docDate="2021" docId="B042217469010619FDF7FA68F6C8FCFF" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-748_108-137.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 748" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Oryctopterus varuna Hiremath &amp; Prathapan 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="128" masterDocId="4C7B590C6902060DFF9BFFA6F42DFFAE" masterDocTitle="Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="108" pageNumber="111" updateTime="1733871276860" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="FE89D7376E18314A5F6F44DB4209BA14">Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6127D452F896C09E618898330F382534" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D771FBC50A8E28E44B37C639F3D078FB">
<mods:roleTerm id="D2141CE25836215102E2DD92600DF6FB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E5A6929564C42DADD69A0FB0C26FE89E">Hiremath, S. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BBE930E8E6D192A0E1F5A0E4D00A3F4A">Department of Agricultural Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani PO, Trivandrum- 695 522, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5E167AD0D2B77B5A89BCADDF756AFE75" type="email">sangu3711@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C4EDA0B0CB3BB9BF0F9E113C32C52AB2">Prathapan, K. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="415CD0614F6401FBA1F3D3D2080F7E01">Department of Agricultural Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani PO, Trivandrum- 695 522, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F0571B96C9DDCEE9E10A694A6F60F479" type="email">prathapankd@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="12FC62E5F6158F030BAF41F0A6125ACE">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5982D1DB6A13064E3C0AC6906355AFD4">
<mods:date id="FD39B9A201B456BB94870BB332F061AC">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CB5A409E2BEC910CA867303C3732B323">2021-05-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1514424454942B9BA77E9E18E1D030D7">748</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="70F1C3E96901060EFDF7FA68F7E5FA46" box="[620,968,1486,1512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="385490626901060EFDF7FA68F7E5FA46" blockId="3.[370,1217,1486,1583]" box="[620,968,1486,1512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="631C270E6901060EFDF7FA68F7E5FA46" box="[620,968,1486,1512]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFDF7FA68F74BFA46" ID-CoL="8QJ5K" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[620,870,1486,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFDF7FA68F74BFA46" bold="true" box="[620,870,1486,1512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFCF6FA68F7E5FA46" box="[877,968,1486,1512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="70F1C3E96901060EFEE9FA57F7BBF980" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" type="description">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<paragraph id="385490626901060EFD06F9B2F7BBF980" blockId="3.[370,1217,1486,1583]" box="[669,918,1556,1583]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFD06F9B2F739F980" box="[669,788,1556,1582]" captionStart-0="Figs 1–4" captionStart-1="Figs 5–9" captionStart-2="Figs 10–12" captionStart-3="Figs 13–17" captionStart-4="Figs 18–21" captionStart-5="Figs 22–25" captionStart-6="Figs 26–28" captionStart-7="Figs 29–31" captionStart-8="Figs 32–36" captionStart-9="Figs 37–39" captionStartId-0="5.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionStartId-1="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-2="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionStartId-3="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" captionStartId-4="10.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionStartId-5="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-6="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionStartId-7="13.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionStartId-8="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-9="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox-0="[232,1352,303,1866]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetBox-3="[231,1364,280,1878]" captionTargetBox-4="[222,1367,308,1878]" captionTargetBox-5="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetBox-6="[222,1366,277,1891]" captionTargetBox-7="[240,1349,283,1844]" captionTargetBox-8="[222,1364,289,1866]" captionTargetBox-9="[217,1371,269,1889]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@5.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetId-1="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-11@8.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-4="figure-12@10.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetId-5="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-6="figure-12@12.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetId-7="figure-15@13.[234,1354,265,1849]" captionTargetId-8="figure-14@15.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-9="figure-11@16.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionTargetPageId-6="12" captionTargetPageId-7="13" captionTargetPageId-8="15" captionTargetPageId-9="16" captionText-0="Figs 1–4. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 1. Holotype (NBAIR), dorsal habitus. 2–4. Paratypes (NBAIR). 2. Dorsal habitus. 3. Ventral habitus. 4. Lateral view. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-3="Figs 13–17. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 13. Supragenital plate and cerci. 14. Subgenital plate, dorsal view. 15. Subgenital plate, ventral view. 16. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view. 17. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-4="Figs 18–21. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 18. Dorsal habitus. 19. Ventral habitus. 20. Lateral habitus. 20. Head, frontal view. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-5="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-6="Figs 26–28. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR). 26. Dorsal view. 27. Ventral view. 28. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm." captionText-7="Figs 29–31. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 29. Supragenital plate and cerci, dorsal view (macerated specimen, through transmitted light). 30. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, dorsal view (macerated specimen). 31. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, ventral view (macerated specimen). Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-8="Figs 32–36.Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).32. Dorsal view.33. Dorsal view (valves separated). 34. Ventral view. 35. Ventral view (without sternite VIII). 36. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-9="Figs 37–39. Ovary, ovarioles and egg of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 37. Ovary. 38. Ovariole. 39. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120063" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120071" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120077" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10120063/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10120071/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/10120077/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Figs 1–39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFCBAF9B2F740F981" box="[801,877,1556,1583]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">49–52</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFCE2F9B2F7BBF980" box="[889,918,1556,1582]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[188,231,1933,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1385,752,1862]" captionTargetId="figure-157@27.[188,1397,736,1880]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 70. Distribution of Oryctopinae Kevan, 1986 species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120095" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120095/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">70</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E96901060EFF26F9F3F7C6F8DF" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="385490626901060EFF26F9F3F51BF9C1" blockId="3.[189,310,1621,1647]" box="[189,310,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="631C270E6901060EFF26F9F3F51BF9C1" bold="true" box="[189,310,1621,1647]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFF26F9F3F51BF9C1" bold="true" box="[189,310,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626901060EFF26F923F7C6F8DF" blockId="3.[187,1399,1668,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFF26F923F598F930" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,437,1669,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFF26F923F598F930" box="[189,437,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFE5BF923F633F931" box="[448,542,1669,1695]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFCF5F923F020F930" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1935" box="[878,1037,1668,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFCF5F923F020F930" box="[878,1037,1668,1695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. lagenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFBBAF922F057F930" box="[1057,1146,1668,1694]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
) from
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F26901060EFB4AF922F167F930" box="[1233,1354,1668,1694]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, by the following characters: (1) clypeus weakly narrowed ventrally in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFC45F90EF072F96F" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[990,1119,1704,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFC45F90EF072F96F" box="[990,1119,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFBFDF90EF0E9F96C" box="[1126,1220,1704,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, more strongly narrowed ventrally in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFE22F96DF67FF94B" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1935" box="[441,594,1739,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFE22F96DF67FF94B" box="[441,594,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. lagenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (2) first foretarsomere about 1.4 times as long as the rest combined in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFF26F948F517F8A6" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,314,1774,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFF26F948F517F8A6" box="[189,314,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFEA4F948F5B7F8A6" box="[319,410,1774,1800]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 2.4 times as long as the rest combined in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFCE9F948F021F8A6" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1935" box="[882,1036,1774,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFCE9F948F021F8A6" box="[882,1036,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. lagenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (3) hindwings fully developed in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFF40F8B7F55BF885" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1935" box="[219,374,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFF40F8B7F55BF885" box="[219,374,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. lagenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFE1DF8B7F5F1F885" box="[390,476,1809,1835]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
) (much reduced in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFD25F8B7F711F885" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[702,828,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFD25F8B7F711F885" box="[702,828,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFCDFF8B4F78FF882" box="[836,930,1810,1836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
:
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFC36F8B7F039F885" box="[941,1044,1809,1835]" captionStart="Figs 1–4" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox="[232,1352,303,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–4. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 1. Holotype (NBAIR), dorsal habitus. 2–4. Paratypes (NBAIR). 2. Dorsal habitus. 3. Ventral habitus. 4. Lateral view. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120063/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76901060EFBBBF8B7F043F885" box="[1056,1134,1809,1835]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionTargetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">10–12</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFB1AF8B7F15BF885" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[1153,1398,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFB1AF8B7F15BF885" box="[1153,1398,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFF26F893F536F8E1" box="[189,283,1845,1871]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16901060EFDF4F893F70FF8E0" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[623,802,1844,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yeshwanthi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706901060EFDF4F893F70FF8E0" box="[623,802,1844,1871]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="111">Ot. yeshwanthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6901060EFCB5F893F7A1F8E1" box="[814,908,1845,1871]" pageId="3" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
based on the structure of the mandible, pronotum and female genitalia, as mentioned under the latter species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E969060609FF26FEAFF52DFE70" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FEAFF569FE8D" blockId="4.[189,324,265,291]" box="[189,324,265,291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<heading id="631C270E69060609FF26FEAFF569FE8D" bold="true" box="[189,324,265,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF26FEAFF569FE8D" bold="true" box="[189,324,265,291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FE91F52DFE70" blockId="4.[189,1400,311,478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
The new species is named after Varuna, the god of rains in Indian mythology. The name is a noun in apposition. This cricket was observed coming out to open areas such as campus roads following rains, hence the name. In the regional dialect,
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169060609FD3EFED8F70AFE39" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[677,807,382,408]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FD3EFED8F70AFE39" box="[677,807,382,408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B69060609FCB4FED8F7A1FE36" box="[815,908,382,408]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is called ‘
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FB97FED8F0ABFE39" box="[1036,1158,382,407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Mannunni</emphasis>
’, meaning ‘child of soil’. Also nicknamed ‘
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FE4DFE07F65BFE15" box="[470,630,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Thanni-Pillai</emphasis>
’, meaning ‘baby of water’, alluding to its emergence following rains.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E969060609FF26FDA3F644FAAA" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FDA3F541FDB1" blockId="4.[189,364,517,543]" box="[189,364,517,543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<heading id="631C270E69060609FF26FDA3F541FDB1" bold="true" box="[189,364,517,543]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF26FDA3F541FDB1" bold="true" box="[189,364,517,543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Type material</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF71FD92F001FD3A" blockId="4.[189,1398,564,661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FF71FD92F001FD3A" collectingDate="2021-03-18" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Kumar A." country="India" determinerName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF71FD92F571FDE0" bold="true" box="[234,348,564,590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<typeStatus id="E7502EC069060609FF71FD92F571FDE0" box="[234,348,564,590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F269060609FF26FDF1F523FDDF" box="[189,270,599,625]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">INDIA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FEB6FDFEF56BFDDC" box="[301,326,600,626]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="FA2F5E8069060609FECEFDF1F58BFDDF" box="[341,422,599,625]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="D8300A1869060609FE2EFDF1F6E8FDDF" box="[437,709,599,625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">College of Agriculture</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="3D34C6B969060609FD48FDF1F76BFDDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B042217469010619FDF7FA68F6C8FCFF:3D34C6B969060609FD48FDF1F76BFDDF" box="[723,838,599,625]" country="India" municipality="College of Agriculture" name="Vellayani" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" stateProvince="Kerala">Vellayani</location>
;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FCCFFDF1F7D7FDDF" box="[852,1018,599,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-03-18">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FCCFFDF1F7D7FDDF" box="[852,1018,599,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-03-18">18 Mar. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FB92FDFEF052FDDF" box="[1033,1151,599,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Kumar A.</collectorName>
leg.; “HOLOTYPE;
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169060609FF26FDDDF59FFD3A" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,434,635,661]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF26FDDDF59FFD3A" box="[189,434,635,661]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B69060609FE21FDDDF63AFD3B" box="[442,535,635,661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; des.
<determinerName id="CD887CA669060609FDC2FDDCF6E5FD3A" box="[601,712,634,660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Hiremath</determinerName>
&amp;
<determinerName id="CD887CA669060609FD76FDDCF748FD3A" box="[749,869,634,660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Prathapan</determinerName>
, 2021”;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FC53FDDCF00AFD3A" box="[968,1063,634,660]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF71FD1AF0C3FBD3" blockId="4.[187,1399,700,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FF71FD1AF10EFD57" collectingDate="2019-09-03" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="S. R. Hiremath" country="India" location="INDIA" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF71FD1AF54AFD78" bold="true" box="[234,359,700,726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<typeStatus id="E7502EC069060609FF71FD1AF54AFD78" box="[234,359,700,726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F269060609FF26FD79F523FD57" box="[189,270,735,761]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">INDIA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FEB0FD79F577FD57" box="[299,346,735,761]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
<superScript id="CF9E3D2A69060609FEC1FD78F54EFD42" attach="none" box="[346,355,734,748]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">*</superScript>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FCADFD79F7E4FD57" box="[822,969,735,761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-09-03">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FCADFD79F7E4FD57" box="[822,969,735,761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-09-03">3 Sep. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FC4CFD79F0AFFD57" box="[983,1154,735,761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">S.R. Hiremath</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FB53FD79F10EFD57" box="[1224,1315,735,761]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FADBFD79F754FCB2" collectingDate="2007-07-10" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="K. D. Prathapan" country="India" location="Vellayani" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FADBFD79F142FD57" box="[1344,1391,735,761]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="FA2F5E8069060609FF26FCA4F523FCB2" box="[189,270,770,796]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="3D34C6B969060609FE8CFCA4F5A7FCB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B042217469010619FDF7FA68F6C8FCFF:3D34C6B969060609FE8CFCA4F5A7FCB2" box="[279,394,770,796]" country="India" name="Vellayani" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" stateProvince="Kerala">Vellayani</location>
;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FE08FCA4F60EFCB2" box="[403,547,770,796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2007-07-10">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FE08FCA4F60EFCB2" box="[403,547,770,796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2007-07-10">10 Jul. 2007</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FDB6FCA5F6CDFCB2" box="[557,736,770,797]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">K.D. Prathapan</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FC85FCA4F754FCB2" box="[798,889,770,796]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FC15FCA4F643FC91" collectingDate="2015-07-23" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Ashwathi" country="India" location="Kerala" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FC15FCA4F795FCB1" box="[910,952,770,799]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">
1
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FC39FCA5F795FCB1" bold="true" box="[930,952,771,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">♀</emphasis>
</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for preceding;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FF20FC83F57CFCEE" box="[187,337,805,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2015-07-23">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FF20FC83F57CFCEE" box="[187,337,805,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2015-07-23">23 Jul. 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FEC5FC83F5E3FC91" box="[350,462,805,831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Ashwathi</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FD88FC83F643FC91" box="[531,622,805,831]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FD11FC83F59CFCCD" collectingDate="2018-06-07" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Mithra Mohan" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FD11FC83F694FCEE" box="[650,697,805,832]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FB13FC80F13AFC91" box="[1160,1303,805,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2018-06-07">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FB13FC80F13AFC91" box="[1160,1303,805,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2018-06-07">7 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FABFFC83F53DFCCC" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Mithra Mohan</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FECDFCEFF59CFCCD" box="[342,433,841,867]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FE55FCEFF0F3FCCD" box="[462,1246,840,867]" collectingDate="2021-03-18" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Student" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FE55FCEFF63FFCCD" box="[462,530,841,867]" count="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">3 ♀♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FC7FFCEEF013FCCC" box="[996,1086,840,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Student</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FB18FCEFF0F3FCCD" box="[1155,1246,841,867]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FB60FCEFF7D9FC28" collectingDate="2019-08-20" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Student" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FB60FCEFF107FCCD" box="[1275,1322,841,867]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FDA4FCCAF6C5FC28" box="[575,744,876,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-08-20">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FDA4FCCAF6C5FC28" box="[575,744,876,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-08-20">20 Aug. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FD6CFCCAF77CFC28" box="[759,849,876,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Student</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FC02FCCAF7D9FC28" box="[921,1012,876,902]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FB88FCCAF77BFC07" collectingDate="2019-09-08" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="S. R. Hiremath" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FB88FCCAF06EFC28" box="[1043,1091,876,902]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
<superScript id="CF9E3D2A69060609FBD8FCCDF061FCD7" attach="none" box="[1091,1100,875,889]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">*</superScript>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FEF8FC29F5D5FC07" box="[355,504,911,937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-09-08">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FEF8FC29F5D5FC07" box="[355,504,911,937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-09-08">8 Sep. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FD9CFC29F69EFC07" box="[519,691,911,937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">S.R. Hiremath</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FD60FC29F77BFC07" box="[763,854,911,937]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FCEDFC29F694FC62" collectingDate="2019-10-23" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="S. R. Hiremath" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FCEDFC29F78BFC07" box="[886,934,911,937]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FF26FC14F570FC62" box="[189,349,946,972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-10-23">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FF26FC14F570FC62" box="[189,349,946,972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-10-23">23 Oct. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FEF7FC14F63AFC62" box="[364,535,946,972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">S.R. Hiremath</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FDC5FC14F694FC62" box="[606,697,946,972]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FD4DFC14F5D0FC41" collectingDate="2020-03-03" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Amritha Hari" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FD4DFC14F72BFC63" box="[726,774,946,973]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FB40FC14F15FFC62" box="[1243,1394,946,973]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-03-03">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FB40FC14F15FFC62" box="[1243,1394,946,973]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-03-03">3 Mar. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FF26FC73F571FC41" box="[189,348,981,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Amritha Hari</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FE39FC73F5D0FC41" box="[418,509,981,1007]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FD82FC73F57EFBBD" collectingDate="2020-03-21" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="S. R. Hiremath" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FD82FC73F665FC5E" box="[537,584,981,1008]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FB81FC73F093FC41" box="[1050,1214,981,1008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-03-21">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FB81FC73F093FC41" box="[1050,1214,981,1008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-03-21">21 Mar. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FB57FC73F15AFC41" box="[1228,1399,981,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">S.R. Hiremath</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FF63FC5FF57EFBBD" box="[248,339,1017,1043]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FEF5FC5FF10AFBBD" box="[366,1319,1016,1043]" collectingDate="2021-01-10" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Pradeep D" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FEF5FC5FF5B1FBBD" box="[366,412,1017,1043]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FCFDFC5FF02DFBBD" box="[870,1024,1017,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-01-10">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FCFDFC5FF02DFBBD" box="[870,1024,1017,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-01-10">10 Jan. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FB96FC5EF0A5FBBD" box="[1037,1160,1016,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Pradeep D</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FB57FC5FF10AFBBD" box="[1228,1319,1017,1043]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FAD9FC5FF019FB98" collectingDate="2021-03-21" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Pradeep D" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FAD9FC5FF15CFBBD" box="[1346,1393,1017,1043]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FDEAFBBAF73CFB98" box="[625,785,1052,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-03-21">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FDEAFBBAF73CFB98" box="[625,785,1052,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2021-03-21">21 Mar. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FC86FBBAF7B5FB98" box="[797,920,1052,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Pradeep D</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FC42FBBAF019FB98" box="[985,1076,1052,1078]" collectionName="NBAIR" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FBD6FBBAF709FBF7" collectingDate="2019-11-06" collectionCode="UASB" collectorName="Gouripriya" country="India" location="Vellayani" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FBD6FBBAF054FB98" box="[1101,1145,1052,1078]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FEE2FB99F627FBF7" box="[377,522,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-11-06">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FEE2FB99F627FBF7" box="[377,522,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2019-11-06">6 Nov. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FD8EFB99F6BBFBF7" box="[533,662,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Gouripriya</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FD4DFB99F709FBF7" box="[726,804,1087,1113]" collectionName="India, Bangalore, Karnataka, University of Agricultural Sciences" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yr7i-jnjm" name="University of Agricultural Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">UASB</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FCA0FB99F0C7FBD3" collectingDate="2020-01-10" collectionCode="UASB" collectorName="S. R. Hiremath" country="India" location="Presence" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FCA0FB99F74AFBF7" box="[827,871,1087,1113]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<date id="4C55B6A269060609FABFFB99F4D6FBD2" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-01-10">
<collectingDate id="5C114F4A69060609FABFFB99F4D6FBD2" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" value="2020-01-10">10 Jan. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FE9CFBC4F59DFBD2" box="[263,432,1122,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">S.R. Hiremath</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="5EFA08A769060609FE69FBC4F669FBD2" box="[498,580,1122,1148]" collectionName="India, Bangalore, Karnataka, University of Agricultural Sciences" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yr7i-jnjm" name="University of Agricultural Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">UASB</collectionCode>
. (
<superScript id="CF9E3D2A69060609FDC3FBC7F64CFBC1" attach="right" box="[600,609,1121,1135]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">*</superScript>
Presence of mature eggs confirmed through dissection)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF71FB05F58BFB13" blockId="4.[189,1399,1187,1284]" box="[234,422,1187,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF71FB05F58BFB13" bold="true" box="[234,422,1187,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Other material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FB61F644FAAA" blockId="4.[189,1399,1187,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<materialsCitation id="88839A3F69060609FF26FB61F648FAAA" collectingDate="2021-03-18" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="Student collection" country="India" location="INDIA" municipality="College of Agriculture" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F269060609FF26FB61F523FB4F" box="[189,270,1223,1249]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">INDIA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB69060609FEBDFB61F579FB4F" box="[294,340,1223,1249]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype; 2019;
<collectorName id="951EF5B469060609FCC1FB61F003FB4F" box="[858,1070,1223,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Student collection</collectorName>
leg. (lost after the specimen was studied and illustrated:
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769060609FD9EFB4CF676FAAA" box="[517,603,1258,1284]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionTargetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E969060603FF26FA8DF56CFA6C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" type="description">
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FA8DF563FAEB" blockId="4.[189,334,1323,1349]" box="[189,334,1323,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<heading id="631C270E69060609FF26FA8DF563FAEB" bold="true" box="[189,334,1323,1349]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="112" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF26FA8DF563FAEB" bold="true" box="[189,334,1323,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF71FAFCF594FADA" blockId="4.[189,1401,1370,1607]" box="[234,441,1370,1396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069060609FF71FAFCF507FADA" bold="true" box="[234,298,1370,1396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769060609FEA2FAFCF59DFADA" box="[313,432,1370,1396]" captionStart-0="Figs 1–4" captionStart-1="Figs 5–9" captionStart-2="Figs 10–12" captionStart-3="Figs 13–17" captionStartId-0="5.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionStartId-1="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-2="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionStartId-3="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" captionTargetBox-0="[232,1352,303,1866]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetBox-3="[231,1364,280,1878]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@5.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetId-1="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-11@8.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="Figs 1–4. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 1. Holotype (NBAIR), dorsal habitus. 2–4. Paratypes (NBAIR). 2. Dorsal habitus. 3. Ventral habitus. 4. Lateral view. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-3="Figs 13–17. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 13. Supragenital plate and cerci. 14. Subgenital plate, dorsal view. 15. Subgenital plate, ventral view. 16. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view. 17. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120063" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10120063/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Figs 1–17</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26FADBF619F9E9" blockId="4.[189,1401,1370,1607]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
COLORATION. General color chestnut brown; abdominal tergites, tegmina darker than head, thorax and sternites. Vertex and frons demarcated by M-shaped dark marking; a U-shaped dark stripe extends vertically over vertex (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769060609FE5CFA65F61CFA70" box="[455,561,1475,1502]" captionStart="Figs 5–9" captionStartId="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
), a single vertical stripe arises from each eye and a third pair of vertical stripes arise from the gena. Some of this stripes may be indistinct. Clypeus straw brown in distal half, concolorous with frons in proximal half. Labrum concolorous with frons. Tegmina chestnut brown. Abdominal tergites dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060609FF26F9C9F025F8F2" blockId="4.[189,1401,1646,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">HEAD. Vertex strongly convex. Distance between eyes 1.41 times distance between antennal sockets. M-shaped dark marking demarcating vertex, frons depressed. Frons moderately convex between antennal sockets, gradually turning flat and gently depressed ventrally; without wrinkles, except few beneath eye. Eyes with mesal margin concave near antennal socket, lateral margin strongly rounded. Antenna extends well beyond apex of tegmina. Clypeus more or less as long as labrum, trapezoidal, narrowed ventrally, a little wider than long, with a vertical sulcus originating from middle of anterior margin, indistinct in proximal half. Mandibles exceed length of labrum.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269060604FF26F822F626FDB7" blockId="4.[189,1399,1923,2020]" lastBlockId="9.[187,1399,265,537]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">
THORAX. Pronotum 1.76 times wider than long, anteriorly 0.95 times wider than posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769060609FA86F825F145F830" box="[1309,1384,1923,1950]" captionStart="Figs 5–9" captionStartId="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="112">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Lateral margin evenly curved; anterolateral margin convex, forming somewhat obtuse angle with anterior margin. Posterior margin apparently bisinuate. Pronotal anteapical transverse impression merged with anterolateral depressions on either side. Oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corner of pronotum shallow. Tegmina not covering supragenital plate and 1–5 preceding tergites.
<collectingRegion id="FA2F5E80690B0604FAAFFE8AF15AFEE8" box="[1332,1399,300,326]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Costa</collectingRegion>
3-branched, subcosta (Sc) unbranched, reaches between apical ¼ and apex; RA 3 or 4-branched, RS + M
<subScript id="A46F9227690B0604FAF5FEC4F15AFEDE" attach="left" box="[1390,1399,354,368]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">1</subScript>
unbranched or 2-branched, 2 MA
<subScript id="A46F9227690B0604FDA6FE23F66BFE3D" attach="left" box="[573,582,389,403]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">1</subScript>
unbranched or 2-branched (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FC13FED4F022FE23" box="[904,1039,370,397]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionTargetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
). Hindwings much shorter than tegmina (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FEB2FE30F59FFE1E" box="[297,434,406,432]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionTargetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
). Prosternite wider than long, converging posteriorly, posterior margin emarginate medially, with two pairs of ventral cervical sclerites; lateral cervical sclerites acutely narrowed distally, oblique; prosternite distally with raised setose portion medially. Metathoracic basisternum with posterior margin emarginate medially.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C94C0EA69070608FF26F804F0B6F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120063" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120063/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="113" startId="5.[189,241,1954,1980]" targetBox="[232,1352,303,1866]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="3854906269070608FF26F804F0B6F84E" blockId="5.[189,1398,1954,2016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FF26F804F51FF812" bold="true" box="[189,306,1954,1980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">Figs 1–4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169070608FEA4F805F617F812" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[319,570,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FEA4F805F617F812" box="[319,570,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B69070608FDDCF805F687F813" box="[583,682,1955,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ♂.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FD7EF804F6D9F812" bold="true" box="[741,756,1954,1980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">1</emphasis>
. Holotype (NBAIR), dorsal habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FB5FF804F0DDF812" bold="true" box="[1220,1264,1954,1980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">2–4</emphasis>
. Paratypes (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FEA1F863F564F871" bold="true" box="[314,329,1989,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">2</emphasis>
. Dorsal habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FD8AF863F60DF871" bold="true" box="[529,544,1989,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">3</emphasis>
. Ventral habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069070608FD77F863F6D6F871" bold="true" box="[748,763,1989,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="113">4</emphasis>
. Lateral view. Scale bars = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA6904060BFF26F824F577F84D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="114" startId="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" targetBox="[234,1345,281,1871]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="385490626904060BFF26F824F577F84D" blockId="6.[189,1398,1922,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFF26F824F51CF832" bold="true" box="[189,305,1922,1948]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">Figs 5–9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16904060BFEA7F825F61BF832" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[316,566,1923,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFEA7F825F61BF832" box="[316,566,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6904060BFDD9F825F68CF833" box="[578,673,1923,1949]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFC51F824F7F4F832" bold="true" box="[970,985,1922,1948]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">5</emphasis>
. Head, frontal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFB7AF824F0DDF832" bold="true" box="[1249,1264,1922,1948]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">6</emphasis>
. Head and pronotum, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFE41F803F629F811" bold="true" box="[474,516,1957,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">7–9</emphasis>
. Apex of abdomen.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFD67F800F724F86E" bold="true" box="[764,777,1958,1984]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">7</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFC21F803F7EAF811" bold="true" box="[954,967,1957,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">8</emphasis>
. Ventral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706904060BFBE5F803F0A6F811" bold="true" box="[1150,1163,1957,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="114">9</emphasis>
. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA6905060AFF26F800F020F84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="115" startId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" targetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="385490626905060AFF26F800F020F84A" blockId="7.[189,1399,1958,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706905060AFF26F800F564F86E" bold="true" box="[189,329,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">Figs 10–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16905060AFEC9F801F665F86E" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[338,584,1959,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706905060AFEC9F801F665F86E" box="[338,584,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6905060AFDD4F801F680F86F" box="[591,685,1959,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ♂.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706905060AFD44F800F6D1F86E" bold="true" box="[735,764,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">10</emphasis>
. Lost specimen.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706905060AFC5DF800F7CCF86E" bold="true" box="[966,993,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">11</emphasis>
. Holotype (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706905060AFB7FF800F12CF86E" bold="true" box="[1252,1281,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="115">12</emphasis>
. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA690A0605FF26F826F7BFF84F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="116" startId="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" targetBox="[231,1364,280,1878]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="38549062690A0605FF26F826F7BFF84F" blockId="8.[189,1399,1920,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FF26F826F560F834" bold="true" box="[189,333,1920,1946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">Figs 13–17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690A0605FEC1F827F679F834" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[346,596,1921,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FEC1F827F679F834" box="[346,596,1921,1947]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690A0605FDFBF827F692F835" box="[608,703,1921,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FC72F826F02BF834" bold="true" box="[1001,1030,1920,1946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">13</emphasis>
. Supragenital plate and cerci.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FF26F805F4F7F813" bold="true" box="[189,218,1955,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">14</emphasis>
. Subgenital plate, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FDC3F805F65EF813" bold="true" box="[600,627,1955,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">15</emphasis>
. Subgenital plate, ventral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FC61F805F038F813" bold="true" box="[1018,1045,1955,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">16</emphasis>
. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690A0605FE47F861F5D4F84F" bold="true" box="[476,505,1991,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="116">17</emphasis>
. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FDE7F584FDD0" blockId="9.[189,1398,577,638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">HIND LEGS. Coxa depressed ventrally. Dorsolateral and dorsomesal margins of metatibia with a row of 3–6 sharp denticles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FD00F0B7FCA9" blockId="9.[189,1405,677,775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">
ABDOMEN (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FEA0FD03F58EFD6E" box="[315,419,677,704]" captionStart="Figs 5–9" captionStartId="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
). Supragenital plate triangular with inverted Y-shaped sulcus medially, apex rounded (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FF5EFD6FF502FD4D" box="[197,303,713,739]" captionStart="Figs 1–4" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox="[232,1352,303,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–4. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 1. Holotype (NBAIR), dorsal habitus. 2–4. Paratypes (NBAIR). 2. Dorsal habitus. 3. Ventral habitus. 4. Lateral view. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FEA7FD6FF560FD4D" box="[316,333,713,739]" captionStart="Figs 5–9" captionStartId="6.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1345,281,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-11@6.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 5–9. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 5. Head, frontal view. 6. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 7–9. Apex of abdomen. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral view. 9. Lateral view.Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120065/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">7</figureCitation>
). Subgenital plate with convex posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FC08FD6FF036FD4D" box="[915,1051,712,739]" captionStart="Figs 13–17" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" captionTargetBox="[231,1364,280,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-11@8.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 13–17. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 13. Supragenital plate and cerci. 14. Subgenital plate, dorsal view. 15. Subgenital plate, ventral view. 16. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view. 17. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 14–15</figureCitation>
). Subgenital plate constricted in distal third, apex rounded; with a pair of long apodemes proximally (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FB9FFD4AF0A1FCA9" box="[1028,1164,748,775]" captionStart="Figs 13–17" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" captionTargetBox="[231,1364,280,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-11@8.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 13–17. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 13. Supragenital plate and cerci. 14. Subgenital plate, dorsal view. 15. Subgenital plate, ventral view. 16. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view. 17. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 14–15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FC8BF0F5FCE6" blockId="9.[189,1240,813,840]" box="[189,1240,813,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">
GENITALIA (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FEDAFC8BF5E4FCE9" box="[321,457,813,839]" captionStart="Figs 13–17" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1920,1946]" captionTargetBox="[231,1364,280,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-11@8.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 13–17. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♂ (NBAIR). 13. Supragenital plate and cerci. 14. Subgenital plate, dorsal view. 15. Subgenital plate, ventral view. 16. Genital hook and associated structures, ventral view. 17. Genital hook. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120069/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 13–14</figureCitation>
). Genital hooks long, pointed, gently curved, with 6 setae on apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FCC9F02AFB0D" blockId="9.[189,1400,878,1187]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">MEASUREMENTS (mm) (n = 3). Body length: 27.50–37.68, head width: 7.55–7.89, pronotal length: 4.42– 4.73, pronotal width: 8.08–8.30, forefemur: 8.94–9.11, foretibia: 9.88–10.98, foretarsi: I. 3.39–4.31, II. 0.54–1.46, III. 1.39–1.46, IV. 1.08–1.16, midfemur: 7.76–8.11, midtibia: 8.30–9.01, midtarsi: I. 1.85– 3.08, II. 1.08–1.16, III. 1.16–1.39, IV. 1.31–2.31, hindfemur: 13.17–13.35, hindtibia: 13.47–14.81, hindtarsi: I. 2.46–4.54, II. 1.46–1.62, III. 1.54–1.85, IV. 1.54–2.70. Proportionate length of forefemur: foretibia: foretarsi: midfemur: midtibia: midtarsi: hindfemur: hindtibia: hindtarsi as follows: 1.00: 1.09– 1.23: 0.72–0.92: 0.87–0.89: 0.92–0.98: 0.59–0.89: 1.46–1.48: 1.49–1.66: 0.77–1.19. Proportionate length of tarsomeres I–IV: foreleg – 1.00: 0.16–0.34: 0.32–0.41: 0.25–0.34; midleg – 1.00: 0.38–0.58: 0.45–0.66: 0.70–0.75; hindleg – 1.00: 0.36–0.59: 0.39–0.63: 0.59–0.63.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF71FB6CF611FB4B" blockId="9.[189,1401,1226,1463]" box="[234,572,1226,1253]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690B0604FF71FB6CF568FB4A" bold="true" box="[234,325,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FECEFB6CF5F0FB4A" box="[341,477,1226,1252]" captionStart-0="Figs 18–21" captionStart-1="Figs 22–25" captionStart-2="Figs 26–28" captionStart-3="Figs 29–31" captionStart-4="Figs 32–36" captionStart-5="Figs 37–39" captionStartId-0="10.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionStartId-1="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-2="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionStartId-3="13.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionStartId-4="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-5="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox-0="[222,1367,308,1878]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetBox-2="[222,1366,277,1891]" captionTargetBox-3="[240,1349,283,1844]" captionTargetBox-4="[222,1364,289,1866]" captionTargetBox-5="[217,1371,269,1889]" captionTargetId-0="figure-12@10.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-2="figure-12@12.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetId-3="figure-15@13.[234,1354,265,1849]" captionTargetId-4="figure-14@15.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-5="figure-11@16.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionText-0="Figs 18–21. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 18. Dorsal habitus. 19. Ventral habitus. 20. Lateral habitus. 20. Head, frontal view. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 26–28. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR). 26. Dorsal view. 27. Ventral view. 28. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm." captionText-3="Figs 29–31. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 29. Supragenital plate and cerci, dorsal view (macerated specimen, through transmitted light). 30. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, dorsal view (macerated specimen). 31. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, ventral view (macerated specimen). Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-4="Figs 32–36.Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).32. Dorsal view.33. Dorsal view (valves separated). 34. Ventral view. 35. Ventral view (without sternite VIII). 36. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-5="Figs 37–39. Ovary, ovarioles and egg of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 37. Ovary. 38. Ovariole. 39. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120071" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120077" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10120071/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10120077/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Figs 18–39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FE72FB6CF619FB4B" box="[489,564,1226,1253]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">49–52</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FB4BF746FA19" blockId="9.[189,1401,1226,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">
COLORATION. General color chestnut brown; abdomen darker than head and thorax; legs lighter than thorax. Vertex and frons demarcated by M-shaped dark marking; a U-shaped dark stripe extends vertically over vertex (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FE57FA95F608FAE3" box="[460,549,1331,1357]" captionStart="Figs 18–21" captionStartId="10.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionTargetBox="[222,1367,308,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-12@10.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 18–21. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 18. Dorsal habitus. 19. Ventral habitus. 20. Lateral habitus. 20. Head, frontal view. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120071/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
), a single vertical stripe arise from each eye and a third pair of vertical stripes arise from the gena. The stripes may be obliterated in some specimens. Clypeus straw brown, distinctly lighter than frons. Labrum proximally concolorous with clypeus, gradually turning darker towards distal area. Thoracic sternites lighter than tergites.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0604FF26FA79F5CDF965" blockId="9.[188,1399,1502,1739]" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">HEAD. Vertex strongly convex. Distance between eyes 1.27–1.40 times distance between antennal sockets. Frons moderately convex between antennal sockets, gradually turning flat to depressed ventrally; minutely wrinkled in ventral half. Eyes with mesal margin concave near antennal socket, lateral margin strongly rounded. Antenna just crosses anteapical sulcus of pronotum. Clypeus a little shorter than labrum, trapezoidal, narrowed ventrally, a little over twice wider than long, with a vertical sulcus originating from middle of anterior margin, depressed on either side of vertical sulcus. Mandibles exceed length of labrum.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690B0603FF26F952F761FEE8" blockId="9.[189,1400,1779,1982]" lastBlockId="14.[188,1399,265,326]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">
THORAX. Pronotum 1.67–1.79 times wider than long, anteriorly 1.12–1.26 times wider than posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690B0604FF5CF8B0F532F89E" box="[199,287,1814,1840]" captionStart="Figs 22–25" captionStartId="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="117">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Lateral margin evenly curved; anterolateral margin convex, forming somewhat obtuse angle with anterior margin. Posterior margin concave medially. Pronotal anteapical transverse impression merged with anterolateral depressions on either side. Oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corner of pronotum not discernible. Prosternite wider than long, converging posteriorly, posterior margin emarginate medially, with two pairs of ventral cervical sclerites; lateral cervical sclerites acutely narrowed distally, oblique; prosternite distally with raised setose portion medially. Metathoracic basisternum with posterior margin emarginate medially.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C94C0EA69080607FF26F83FF7B0F879" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120071/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="118" startId="10.[189,241,1945,1971]" targetBox="[222,1367,308,1878]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="3854906269080607FF26F83FF7B0F879" blockId="10.[187,1399,1945,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FF26F83FF56AF81D" bold="true" box="[189,327,1945,1971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">Figs 18–21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169080607FED6F83CF66CF81D" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[333,577,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FED6F83CF66CF81D" box="[333,577,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B69080607FDD3F83CF68FF81A" box="[584,674,1946,1972]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FC2FF83FF7FCF81D" bold="true" box="[948,977,1945,1971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">18</emphasis>
. Dorsal habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FB0FF83FF09CF81D" bold="true" box="[1172,1201,1945,1971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">19</emphasis>
. Ventral habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FF20F81AF4F5F878" bold="true" box="[187,216,1980,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">20</emphasis>
. Lateral habitus.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069080607FE3CF81AF5E9F878" bold="true" box="[423,452,1980,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="118">20</emphasis>
. Head, frontal view. Scale bars = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA69090606FF26F824F58CF84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="119" startId="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" targetBox="[234,1366,293,1869]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="3854906269090606FF26F824F58CF84A" blockId="11.[189,1399,1922,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FF26F824F564F832" bold="true" box="[189,329,1922,1948]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">Figs 22–25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169090606FEC9F825F66AF832" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[338,583,1923,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FEC9F825F66AF832" box="[338,583,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B69090606FDD4F825F687F833" box="[591,682,1923,1949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FC58F824F7CDF832" bold="true" box="[963,992,1922,1948]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">22</emphasis>
. Head and pronotum, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FF26F800F52BF86E" bold="true" box="[189,262,1958,1984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">23–25</emphasis>
. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FC8AF800F700F86E" bold="true" box="[785,813,1958,1984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">23</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FC46F800F7D4F86E" bold="true" box="[989,1017,1958,1984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">24</emphasis>
. Lateral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069090606FB34F800F0E6F86E" bold="true" box="[1199,1227,1958,1984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="119">25</emphasis>
. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA690E0601FF26F83FF0C4F879" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="120" startId="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" targetBox="[222,1366,277,1891]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="38549062690E0601FF26F83FF0C4F879" blockId="12.[189,1399,1945,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690E0601FF26F83FF564F81D" bold="true" box="[189,329,1945,1971]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">Figs 26–28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690E0601FECAF83CF66BF81D" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[337,582,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690E0601FECAF83CF66BF81D" box="[337,582,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690E0601FDD5F83CF685F81A" box="[590,680,1946,1972]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690E0601FF26F81AF4F7F878" bold="true" box="[189,218,1980,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">26</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690E0601FE1FF81AF58CF878" bold="true" box="[388,417,1980,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">27</emphasis>
. Ventral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690E0601FDCAF81AF643F878" bold="true" box="[593,622,1980,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="120">28</emphasis>
. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA690F0600FF26F8C6F687F84B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120077/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="121" startId="13.[189,241,1888,1914]" targetBox="[240,1349,283,1844]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="38549062690F0600FF26F8C6F687F84B" blockId="13.[188,1399,1888,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690F0600FF26F8C6F56AF8D4" bold="true" box="[189,327,1888,1914]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">Figs 29–31.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690F0600FED6F8C7F612F8D4" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[333,575,1889,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690F0600FED6F8C7F612F8D4" box="[333,575,1889,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690F0600FDDCF8C7F68DF8D5" box="[583,672,1889,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690F0600FC2EF8C6F7FFF8D4" bold="true" box="[949,978,1888,1914]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">29</emphasis>
. Supragenital plate and cerci, dorsal view (macerated specimen, through transmitted light).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690F0600FCAEF822F77FF830" bold="true" box="[821,850,1924,1950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">30</emphasis>
. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, dorsal view (macerated specimen).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690F0600FDF4F801F6A1F86F" bold="true" box="[623,652,1959,1985]" pageId="13" pageNumber="121">31</emphasis>
. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, ventral view (macerated specimen). Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FEC8F755FE05" blockId="14.[189,1398,366,427]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">HIND LEGS. Coxa depressed ventrally. Dorsolateral and dorsomesal margins of metatibia with a row of five small denticles, proximal one or two hardly noticeable.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FE74F693FDBE" blockId="14.[189,1398,466,528]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
ABDOMEN (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FEA5FE74F5E4FE42" box="[318,457,466,492]" captionStart-0="Figs 22–25" captionStart-1="Figs 26–28" captionStartId-0="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionStartId-1="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionTargetBox-0="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetBox-1="[222,1366,277,1891]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetId-1="figure-12@12.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 26–28. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR). 26. Dorsal view. 27. Ventral view. 28. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Figs 23–28</figureCitation>
). Supragenital plate almost semicircular (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FC22FE74F03BFE42" box="[953,1046,466,492]" captionStart="Figs 22–25" captionStartId="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Figs 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FBBFFE74F069FE42" box="[1060,1092,466,492]" captionStart="Figs 26–28" captionStartId="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,277,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 26–28. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR). 26. Dorsal view. 27. Ventral view. 28. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FBC8FE74F08DFE42" box="[1107,1184,466,492]" captionStart="Figs 29–31" captionStartId="13.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[240,1349,283,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-15@13.[234,1354,265,1849]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 29–31. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 29. Supragenital plate and cerci, dorsal view (macerated specimen, through transmitted light). 30. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, dorsal view (macerated specimen). 31. Supragenital plate, cerci and alimentary canal, ventral view (macerated specimen). Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120077/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">29–31</figureCitation>
). Subgenital plate with arcuate posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FDB3FE53F6A9FDBE" box="[552,644,501,528]" captionStart="Figs 22–25" captionStartId="11.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[234,1366,293,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-14@11.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 22–25. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 22. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23–25. Apex of abdomen in preserved specimen. 23. Dorsal view. 24. Lateral view. 25. Ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120073/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Figs 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FD0BFE50F69CFDBE" box="[656,689,502,528]" captionStart="Figs 26–28" captionStartId="12.[189,241,1945,1971]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,277,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[213,1374,265,1907]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 26–28. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Apex of male abdomen in freshly killed specimen (NBAIR). 26. Dorsal view. 27. Ventral view. 28. Lateral view. Scale bars: 26–27 = 5 mm; 28 = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120075/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">27</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FD91F540FC20" blockId="14.[188,1400,567,910]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
GENITALIA (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FEDDFD91F5FEFDFC" box="[326,467,567,594]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,289,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-14@15.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 32–36.Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).32. Dorsal view.33. Dorsal view (valves separated). 34. Ventral view. 35. Ventral view (without sternite VIII). 36. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Figs 32–36</figureCitation>
). Ovipositor with dorsal valve broader and slightly longer than ventral one. Base of ventral valve with two pairs of obliquely placed rod shaped sclerites, inner one shorter than outer. Vagina longer than dorsal valve, conical with lateral sides each bearing an elongate, rectangular, unsclerotized vaginal plate at middle. Spermathecal duct elongate, narrow tube with spindle shaped bulb near middle, entering vagina dorsally at middle. Median oviduct merged with ventral wall of vagina. Spermatheca spherical, with smooth integument. Spermathecal gland tubular, narrower and distinctly longer than spermathecal duct. Spermathecal gland with two spindle shaped bulbs near basal third and slightly elongate, spindle shaped bulb at apex (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FD67FC8BF775FCE6" box="[764,856,813,840]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,289,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-14@15.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 32–36.Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).32. Dorsal view.33. Dorsal view (valves separated). 34. Ventral view. 35. Ventral view (without sternite VIII). 36. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
). Sternite VIII transverse with apical margin broadly rounded and weakly projected at middle, integument concentrated with elongate red-brown setae (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FE93FCD2F54DFC20" box="[264,352,884,910]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,289,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-14@15.[222,1366,265,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 32–36.Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).32. Dorsal view.33. Dorsal view (valves separated). 34. Ventral view. 35. Ventral view (without sternite VIII). 36. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FC10F02AFB47" blockId="14.[187,1400,949,1257]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">MEASUREMENTS (mm) (n = 4). Body length: 26.02–37.64, head width: 8.62–12.57, pronotal length: 5.13–7.29, pronotal width: 8.57–13.05, forefemur: 7.71–10.13, foretibia: 9.95–13.77, foretarsi: I. 4.42– 6.05, II. 1.01–1.78, III. 0.86–1.49, IV. 0.67–1.01, midfemur: 6.63–9.23, midtibia: 7.44–11.24, midtarsi: I. 2.59–3.60, II. 0.82–1.34, III. 0.96–1.25, IV. 1.63–2.30, hindfemur: 10.23–14.20, hindtibia: 9.53–13.62, hindtarsi: I. 3.17–5.38, II. 1.20–1.68, III. 1.20–1.68, IV. 1.92–2.88. Proportionate length of forefemur: foretibia: foretarsi: midfemur: midtibia: midtarsi: hindfemur: hindtibia: hindtarsi as follows: 1.00: 1.16–1.36: 0.89–1.09: 0.70–0.91: 0.94–1.11: 0.76–0.84: 1.27–1.40: 1.15–1.34: 0.97–1.05. Proportionate length of tarsomeres I–IV: foreleg – 1.00: 0.23–0.29: 0.19–0.25: 0.15–0.17; midleg – 1.00: 0.32–0.39: 0.29–0.37: 0.47–0.68; hindleg – 1.00: 0.27–0.45: 0.27–0.41: 0.43–0.65.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FAB6F59DFA84" blockId="14.[189,432,1296,1322]" box="[189,432,1296,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
<heading id="631C270E690C0603FF26FAB6F59DFA84" bold="true" box="[189,432,1296,1322]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FF26FAB6F59DFA84" bold="true" box="[189,432,1296,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FA99F56CFA6C" blockId="14.[189,1399,1342,1474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
Male (
<quantity id="FF133D87690C0603FE97FA98F5F1FAF7" box="[268,476,1342,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.259" metricValueMax="3.768" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="32.59" valueMax="37.68" valueMin="27.5">27.50–37.68 mm</quantity>
) apparently subequal in length to the female (
<quantity id="FF133D87690C0603FB8EFA99F0CAFAF7" box="[1045,1255,1343,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.183" metricValueMax="3.764" metricValueMin="2.602" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="31.83" valueMax="37.64" valueMin="26.02">26.02–37.64 mm</quantity>
), with fully developed wings, female apterous and stouter. Claws of forelegs well developed in male, absent in female. Spines on metatibia well developed and sharp in male, much reduced or hardly discernible in the female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E9690C061CFF26FA4CF064FE22" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26FA4CF502F9AA" blockId="14.[189,303,1514,1540]" box="[189,303,1514,1540]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
<heading id="631C270E690C0603FF26FA4CF502F9AA" bold="true" box="[189,303,1514,1540]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FF26FA4CF502F9AA" bold="true" box="[189,303,1514,1540]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38549062690C0603FF26F9BFF5DCF81B" blockId="14.[187,1399,1560,1973]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690C0603FF26F9BFF59AF99C" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,439,1561,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FF26F9BFF59AF99C" box="[189,439,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690C0603FE58F9BFF60FF99D" box="[451,546,1561,1587]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690C0603FDFFF9BFF729F99C" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1935" box="[612,772,1560,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FDFFF9BFF729F99C" box="[612,772,1560,1587]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Ot. lagenipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were geographically isolated multiple times in the Quarternary and most recently during the separation of
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F2690C0603FCD6F99DF7EDF9FB" box="[845,960,1595,1621]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
from south
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F2690C0603FBCAF99DF0BDF9FB" box="[1105,1168,1595,1621]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">India</collectingCountry>
, around 7500 years ago with the Holocene rises in sea level (
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED93690C0603FD3EF9F9F75DF9D7" author="Gunatilaka A." box="[677,880,1631,1657]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" pagination="19 - 34" refId="ref8853" refString="Gunatilaka A. 2000. Sea-levels as historical time-markers in prehistoric studies. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka 45: 19 - 34." type="journal article" year="2000">Gunatilaka 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Poorly developed hind wings indicate that
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690C0603FF25F924F512F932" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[190,319,1666,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FF25F924F512F932" box="[190,319,1666,1692]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690C0603FED3F924F589F932" box="[328,420,1666,1692]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
could be flightless, despite being alate. Wing venation varies considerably, in the branching pattern, shape of veins and cross veins (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE7690C0603FCBBF903F781F911" box="[800,940,1701,1727]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1958,1984]" captionTargetBox="[218,1373,278,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[209,1379,265,1920]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 10–12. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov., ♂. 10. Lost specimen. 11. Holotype (NBAIR). 12. Paratype (NBAIR). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120067/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED93690C0603FC58F903F053F911" author="Bethoux O." box="[963,1150,1701,1727]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" pagination="179 - 225" refId="ref8676" refString="Bethoux O. 2012. King crickets, raspy crickets and weta, their wings, their fossil relatives. Journal of Orthoptera Research 21 (2): 179 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.021.0206" type="journal article" year="2012">Béthoux (2012)</bibRefCitation>
showed that in king crickets, raspy crickets and weta, wing venation vary greatly within species and several species delimited based on wing venation are synonyms.
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED93690C0603FD1EF94AF73BF8A8" author="Ross A. J." box="[645,790,1772,1798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" pagination="129 - 142" refId="ref9032" refString="Ross A. J. 2012. Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four recent species: Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings. Insect Science 19: 129 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7917.2011.01465. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Ross (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, who studied cockroaches, proved that forewings of a cockroach species vary considerably; even the left and right wings on the same specimen are slightly different. According to
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED93690C0603FE4EF894F64AF8E2" author="Ross A. J." box="[469,615,1842,1868]" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" pagination="129 - 142" refId="ref9032" refString="Ross A. J. 2012. Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four recent species: Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings. Insect Science 19: 129 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7917.2011.01465. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Ross (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, since forewings in cockroaches are not used for active flight, the positions of the veins, which are important for the aerodynamics and flexing of the wings, vary greatly. The intraspecific variation in the wing venation in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690C0603FC81F8DFF798F83D" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1937" box="[794,949,1913,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690C0603FC81F8DFF798F83D" box="[794,949,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="122">Oryctopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, could be the outcome of a flightless, subterranean mode of life.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C94C0EA690D0602FF26F824F7A5F84D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120079/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="123" startId="15.[189,241,1922,1948]" targetBox="[222,1364,289,1866]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="38549062690D0602FF26F824F7A5F84D" blockId="15.[186,1399,1922,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FF26F824F569F832" bold="true" box="[189,324,1922,1948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">Figs 32–36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE1690D0602FEDEF825F618F832" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[325,565,1923,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FEDEF825F618F832" box="[325,565,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B690D0602FDA7F825F6B8F833" box="[572,661,1923,1949]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female genitalia. Paratype (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FBD9F824F072F832" bold="true" box="[1090,1119,1922,1948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">32</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FB66F824F137F832" bold="true" box="[1277,1306,1922,1948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">33</emphasis>
. Dorsal view (valves separated).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FE71F803F62AF811" bold="true" box="[490,519,1957,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">34</emphasis>
. Ventral view.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FD59F803F6F2F811" bold="true" box="[706,735,1957,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">35</emphasis>
. Ventral view (without sternite VIII).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C70690D0602FB2AF803F0E3F811" bold="true" box="[1201,1230,1957,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="123">36</emphasis>
. Spermatheca Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA6912061DFF26F804F784F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="124" startId="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" targetBox="[217,1371,269,1889]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="385490626912061DFF26F804F784F84E" blockId="16.[188,1399,1954,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706912061DFF26F804F565F812" bold="true" box="[189,328,1954,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">Figs 37–39.</emphasis>
Ovary, ovarioles and egg of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16912061DFD0DF805F7A7F812" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[662,906,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706912061DFD0DF805F7A7F812" box="[662,906,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6912061DFC0BF805F7C7F813" box="[912,1002,1955,1981]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706912061DFB66F804F137F812" bold="true" box="[1277,1306,1954,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">37</emphasis>
. Ovary.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706912061DFF27F863F4F4F871" bold="true" box="[188,217,1989,2015]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">38</emphasis>
. Ovariole.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706912061DFEC5F863F556F871" bold="true" box="[350,379,1989,2015]" pageId="16" pageNumber="124">39</emphasis>
. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FEAFF064FE22" blockId="17.[188,1398,265,397]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFF26FEAFF59AFE8D" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,439,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF26FEAFF59AFE8D" box="[189,439,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6913061CFE59FEACF60CFE8A" box="[450,545,266,292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is only known from the Vellayani campus of the
<collectingRegion id="FA2F5E806913061CFB14FEAFF0F0FE8D" box="[1167,1245,265,291]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Kerala</collectingRegion>
Agricultural University (
<geoCoordinate id="5DDFF6A56913061CFED1FE8AF5C5FEE9" box="[330,488,299,327]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" precision="1" seconds="46.3" value="8.429528">8°25′46.3″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5DDFF6A56913061CFE6FFE8AF6B0FEE9" box="[500,669,299,327]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" precision="1" seconds="07.8" value="76.9855">76°59′07.8″ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFD31FE8AF6CBFEE9" box="[682,742,300,327]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="39.0">39 m</quantity>
elevation). Description of this new species underscores the importance of biodiversity conservation in periurban areas, as reckless development is taking its toll on all life forms in every imaginable habitat, throughout
<collectingCountry id="40FCD0F26913061CFCCCFED4F7BEFE22" box="[855,915,370,396]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">India</collectingCountry>
and elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70F1C3E969130619FF26FE12F6C8FCFF" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FE12F5A1FE60" blockId="17.[189,396,436,462]" box="[189,396,436,462]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<heading id="631C270E6913061CFF26FE12F5A1FE60" bold="true" box="[189,396,436,462]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" reason="3">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF26FE12F5A1FE60" bold="true" box="[189,396,436,462]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Notes on biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71FE45F664FE53" blockId="17.[188,1399,482,684]" box="[234,585,482,509]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71FE45F664FE53" bold="true" box="[234,585,482,509]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Female reproductive system</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FDA0F51CFD02" blockId="17.[188,1399,482,684]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
Ovaries were paired and each ovary (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFDF7FDA0F6EDFD8E" box="[620,704,518,544]" captionStart="Figs 37–39" captionStartId="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox="[217,1371,269,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 37–39. Ovary, ovarioles and egg of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 37. Ovary. 38. Ovariole. 39. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) consists of more than 10 panoistic ovarioles, each ovariole containing about
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB6913061CFE1CFD8FF5CAFDED" box="[391,487,553,579]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" type="egg">six eggs</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFE6DFD8FF663FDED" box="[502,590,553,579]" captionStart="Figs 37–39" captionStartId="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox="[217,1371,269,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 37–39. Ovary, ovarioles and egg of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 37. Ovary. 38. Ovariole. 39. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
). A total of about 175–
<specimenCount id="2EED5BEB6913061CFCC3FD8FF7EEFDED" box="[856,963,553,580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" type="egg">200 eggs</specimenCount>
were present inside the ovaries of an individual. Mature eggs are lemon-shaped (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFD21FDEAF73FFDC8" box="[698,786,588,614]" captionStart="Figs 37–39" captionStartId="16.[189,241,1954,1980]" captionTargetBox="[217,1371,269,1889]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[211,1376,265,1913]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 37–39. Ovary, ovarioles and egg of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. Paratype, ♀ (NBAIR). 37. Ovary. 38. Ovariole. 39. Egg. Scale bars: 37–38 = 1 mm; 39 = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120081/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Fully developed eggs in the ovary indicate that the dissected as well as the other examined specimens, which are morphologically identical, are probably all adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71FD72F567FD40" blockId="17.[188,1399,724,927]" box="[234,330,724,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71FD72F567FD40" bold="true" box="[234,330,724,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Habitat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FD51F073FC31" blockId="17.[188,1399,724,927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
Vellayani campus of the
<collectingRegion id="FA2F5E806913061CFE41FD51F605FCBF" box="[474,552,759,785]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Kerala</collectingRegion>
Agricultural University is the sole known habitat of the new species. The total area of the campus is about
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFDA1FCBCF6B4FC9A" box="[570,665,794,821]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="km" value="2.52">2.52 km</quantity>
<superScript id="CF9E3D2A6913061CFD00FCBCF689FC86" attach="right" box="[667,676,794,808]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">2</superScript>
. This is a highly populated residential area and the open lands are under cultivation with various agricultural crops. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used to raise the crops. The campus has a network of roads connecting academic and residential buildings and other facilities. The soil
<typeStatus id="E7502EC06913061CFE0CFC23F5E7FC31" box="[407,458,901,927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
is red loam and the average annual rainfall is
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFC7CFC22F077FC31" box="[999,1114,900,927]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.577" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="1577.0">1577 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71FC63F555FC71" blockId="17.[188,1399,965,1168]" box="[234,376,965,991]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71FC63F555FC71" bold="true" box="[234,376,965,991]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Seasonality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FC4FF710FB3E" blockId="17.[188,1399,965,1168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
Most females were seen walking on the open campus roads during or after a downpour, both during day and night. One individual was caught around midday on
<date id="4C55B6A26913061CFC13FBAAF04DFB88" box="[904,1120,1036,1062]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" value="2019-09-08">8 September 2019</date>
, when it was bright and sunny. Emergence of females of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFDADFB89F699FBE7" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[566,692,1071,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFDADFB89F699FBE7" box="[566,692,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Ot. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6913061CFD20FB96F738FBE4" box="[699,789,1072,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
coincides with the south-west monsoon rains during June to September. However, males are extremely rare and two individuals were collected following summer rains during the peak summer of
<date id="4C55B6A26913061CFD3CFBD3F714FB3E" box="[679,825,1141,1168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" value="2021-03">March 2021</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71FB11F780FB7F" blockId="17.[187,1399,1207,1445]" box="[234,941,1207,1233]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71FB11F723FB7F" bold="true" box="[234,782,1207,1233]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Food habits as indicated by the gut contents</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFC85FB11F788FB7F" box="[798,933,1207,1233]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Figs 40–47</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FB7CF54CFA0B" blockId="17.[187,1399,1207,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
Examination of the gut contents of three of the specimens revealed the presence of mandibles of mandibulate soldiers (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFE5DFB5BF67DFAB9" box="[454,592,1277,1303]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Figs 40–41</figureCitation>
) and workers (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFC92FB5BF74FFAB9" box="[777,866,1277,1303]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
) of the termite
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFBBFFB5BF0DBFAB6" box="[1060,1270,1277,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Odontotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFBBFFB5BF0E7FAB9" box="[1060,1226,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Odontotermes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(Blattaria,
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFF26FA86F56FFA95" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[189,322,1312,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Termitidae</taxonomicName>
); and the body parts, including head (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFCBCFA86F7A9FA95" box="[807,900,1312,1339]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
), thorax (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFB99FA86F0BCFA95" box="[1026,1169,1312,1339]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Figs 44–45</figureCitation>
), and abdomen of ants (probably
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFEE8FAE2F624FAF0" box="[371,521,1348,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFEE8FAE2F5F6FAF0" box="[371,475,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Pheidole</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFD82FAE2F691FAF0" box="[537,700,1348,1374]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFD51FAE2F778FAF1" box="[714,853,1348,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
). Interestingly, a piece of the stem of a plant (
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFF5EFAC1F503FA2F" box="[197,302,1383,1410]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
×
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFED1FAC1F59EFA2F" box="[330,435,1383,1409]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="0.43">0.43 mm</quantity>
) (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFE52FAC1F630FA2C" box="[457,541,1383,1410]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
) and sand particles (
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFC9CFAC1F79FFA2F" box="[775,946,1383,1409]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="0.43" valueMax="0.62" valueMin="0.24">0.24–0.62 mm</quantity>
diameter) (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFBACFAC1F0A6FA2F" box="[1079,1163,1383,1409]" captionStart="Figs 40–47" captionStartId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" captionTargetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-12@18.[233,1354,265,1851]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figs 40–47. Gut contents of Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 40–41. Mandibles of Odontotermes sp. soldier. 42. Mandible of Odontotermes sp. worker.43. Head of Pheidole sp.44–45. Thorax of Pheidole sp. dorsal and lateral views. 46. Piece of stem. 47. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
) were also observed inside the gut.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71FA6DF571FA4B" blockId="17.[188,1400,1483,1862]" box="[234,348,1483,1509]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71FA6DF571FA4B" bold="true" box="[234,348,1483,1509]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Behavior</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF26FA49F62CF8E8" blockId="17.[188,1400,1483,1862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
The new species is a ‘heel-walker’ (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE76913061CFDE8FA49F6E0F9A7" box="[627,717,1519,1545]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
, Supp. file 3). They walk on the distal tip of tibiae with the foretarsi always held raised, while the mid- and hind tarsi are in close proximity to the ground, yet not touching it while walking. However, when not moving, all the tarsi may touch the ground. While walking, the long maxillary palpi are held forward and constantly touch the objects in the foreground in tandem. South African Jerusalem Crickets are known to hop and climb vegetation (
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED936913061CFB1BF9DDF4D5F917" author="Weissman D. B. &amp; Bazelet C. S." pageId="17" pageNumber="125" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref9478" refString="Weissman D. B. &amp; Bazelet C. S. 2013. Notes on southern Africa Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Sia). Zootaxa 3616 (1): 49 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3616.1.4" type="journal article" year="2013">Weissman &amp; Bazelet 2013</bibRefCitation>
) while some of the New World species exhibit drumming (abdomen striking against the substrate) (
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED936913061CFF5FF964F5B9F972" author="Weissman D. B." box="[196,404,1730,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" pagination="57 - 72" refId="ref9354" refString="Weissman D. B. 2001 a. North and Central American Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae): taxonomy, distribution, life cycle, ecology and related biology of the American species. In: Field L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies: 57 - 72. CABI Publishing, Wallingford." type="book chapter" year="2001">Weissman 2001a</bibRefCitation>
). However, no such behaviors were observed in
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFC47F964F078F972" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[988,1109,1730,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFC47F964F078F972" box="[988,1109,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">O. varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6913061CFBC5F964F096F972" box="[1118,1211,1730,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
When a female was held above the ground level on a flat substrate, it rather tumbled down instead of hopping. It also failed to climb up sticks on which it was placed. A male was observed flapping wings and performing short jumps of about
<quantity id="FF133D876913061CFE2DF88AF5D1F8E8" box="[438,508,1836,1862]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="0.3">0.3 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="385490626913061CFF71F8CBF561F829" blockId="17.[189,1399,1901,1998]" box="[234,332,1901,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF71F8CBF561F829" bold="true" box="[234,332,1901,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Defense</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269130619FF26F837F7E6FE59" blockId="17.[189,1399,1901,1998]" lastBlockId="20.[189,1400,265,503]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16913061CFF26F837F595F804" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,440,1937,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706913061CFF26F837F595F804" box="[189,440,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="125">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6913061CFE5EF837F60BF805" box="[453,550,1937,1963]" pageId="17" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
displayed intricate defensive postures when intimidated. Confronted from the front, the cricket sprang into a pouncing posture, raised its forelegs and waved in mid-air, the mandibles opened widely, as if ready to bite (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769160619FC81FEAFF758FE8A" box="[794,885,265,292]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
, Supp. file 1). When approached from the anterolateral side, it raised the front leg on that side to defend. However, when the animal was poked on the thorax, in addition to the forelegs, the abdomen also was raised, to startle the attacker (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769160619FA89FEE9F146FEC4" box="[1298,1387,335,362]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
). When an individual is pinned down with the index finger firmly pressed on the thorax, the whole body was flexed and all legs were raised and started kicking to fend off the assailant. They inflicted painful bites when handled.
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED9369160619FE22FE1FF6BAFE7D" author="Weissman D. B." box="[441,663,441,467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="128" pagination="57 - 72" refId="ref9354" refString="Weissman D. B. 2001 a. North and Central American Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae): taxonomy, distribution, life cycle, ecology and related biology of the American species. In: Field L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies: 57 - 72. CABI Publishing, Wallingford." type="book chapter" year="2001">Weissman (2001a)</bibRefCitation>
reported that New World Stenopelmatine, when confronted, frequently flip on their back, with mandibles agape, or can rear up.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C94C0EA6910061FFF26F8C6F15AF86C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120083" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120083/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" startId="18.[189,241,1888,1914]" targetBox="[274,1332,287,1839]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="385490626910061FFF26F8C6F15AF86C" blockId="18.[187,1399,1888,1986]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFF26F8C6F56AF8D4" bold="true" box="[189,327,1888,1914]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Figs 40–47.</emphasis>
Gut contents of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16910061FFD9AF8C7F6D9F8D4" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[513,756,1889,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFD9AF8C7F6D9F8D4" box="[513,756,1889,1915]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6910061FFD61F8C7F77FF8D5" box="[762,850,1889,1915]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFCCCF8C6F78DF8D4" bold="true" box="[855,928,1888,1914]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">40–41</emphasis>
. Mandibles of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16910061FFBD6F8C7F136F8D5" box="[1101,1307,1889,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Odontotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFBD6F8C7F0DEF8D5" box="[1101,1267,1889,1915]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Odontotermes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
soldier.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFF20F822F4F5F830" bold="true" box="[187,216,1924,1950]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">42</emphasis>
. Mandible of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16910061FFEE2F822F665F830" box="[377,584,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Odontotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFEE2F822F632F830" box="[377,543,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Odontotermes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
worker.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFD31F822F6EAF830" bold="true" box="[682,711,1924,1950]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">43</emphasis>
. Head of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16910061FFCADF822F7EAF830" box="[822,967,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFCADF822F7B3F830" box="[822,926,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Pheidole</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFC51F822F039F830" bold="true" box="[970,1044,1924,1950]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">44–45</emphasis>
. Thorax of
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16910061FFB03F822F104F830" box="[1176,1321,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFB03F822F12DF830" box="[1176,1280,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">Pheidole</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
dorsal and lateral views.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFE0AF801F583F86F" bold="true" box="[401,430,1959,1985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">46</emphasis>
. Piece of stem.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706910061FFDF2F801F6ABF86F" bold="true" box="[617,646,1959,1985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="126">47</emphasis>
. Pebbles. Scale bars: 40–42, 46–47 = 0.1 mm; 43–45 = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C94C0EA6911061EFF26F8FDF7B6F871" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" startId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" targetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="385490626911061EFF26F8FDF7B6F871" blockId="19.[188,1399,1883,2016]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFF26F8FDF56BF8DB" bold="true" box="[189,326,1883,1909]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">Figs 48–52.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16911061EFED2F8FAF66AF8DB" box="[329,583,1883,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFED2F8FAF5C9F8D8" box="[329,484,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">Oryctopterus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFDD7F8FDF644F8DB" bold="true" box="[588,617,1883,1909]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">48</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16911061EFDEEF8FAF006F8D8" authority="(Karny, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Karny" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[629,1067,1883,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagenipes">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFDEEF8FAF7A9F8DB" box="[629,900,1883,1910]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">Oryctopterus lagenipes</emphasis>
(Karny, 1935)
</taxonomicName>
, allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (
<bibRefCitation id="5C7AED936911061EFEA5F8D9F5E3F837" author="Karny H. H." box="[318,462,1919,1945]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 317" refId="ref8935" refString="Karny H. H. 1937. Orthoptera. Fam. Gryllacrididae, subfamiliae omnes. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum 206: 1 - 317. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 223806" type="journal article" year="1937">Karny 1937</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16911061EFC96F8D9F7A1F837" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1793" box="[781,908,1919,1945]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
species file).
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFBB0F8D9F059F837" bold="true" box="[1067,1140,1919,1945]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">49–52</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE16911061EFB19F8D9F15BF837" authority="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan, 2021" authorityName="Hiremath &amp; Prathapan" authorityYear="2021" box="[1154,1398,1919,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Oryctopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varuna" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFB19F8D9F15BF837" box="[1154,1398,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">Oryctopterus varuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11ACF10B6911061EFF27F805F534F813" box="[188,281,1955,1981]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFEBFF804F512F812" bold="true" box="[292,319,1954,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">49</emphasis>
. Walking posture.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFDBFF804F66DF812" bold="true" box="[548,576,1954,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">50</emphasis>
. Defending a frontal attack.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFC00F804F79BF812" bold="true" box="[923,950,1954,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">51</emphasis>
. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax.
<emphasis id="0A9F4C706911061EFE11F863F58AF871" bold="true" box="[394,423,1989,2015]" pageId="19" pageNumber="127">52</emphasis>
. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3854906269160619FF71FDBBF55FFD99" blockId="20.[187,1401,541,849]" box="[234,370,541,567]" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069160619FF71FDBBF55FFD99" bold="true" box="[234,370,541,567]" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">Burrowing</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3854906269160619FF26FDE7F6C8FCFF" blockId="20.[187,1401,541,849]" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">
Burrowing was observed by releasing an adult female into a
<quantity id="FF133D8769160619FCF5FDE7F7F4FDF5" box="[878,985,577,604]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="20" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="23.5">23.50 cm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="FF133D8769160619FB84FDE7F0A7FDF5" box="[1055,1162,577,604]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="20" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="21.5">21.50 cm</quantity>
wide polypropylene tub filled with loose soil up to
<emphasis id="0A9F4C7069160619FDA8FDC2F667FDD0" bold="true" box="[563,586,612,638]" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">⅔</emphasis>
the height of the tub. Mainly head and legs are used in burrowing. To begin with, the forelegs were firmly held against the ground to anchor the body, then the head was bent down, moving forward and backward to dig up the soil, with the mandibles acting like a shovel (
<figureCitation id="A0D08CE769160619FF53FD68F50CFD46" box="[200,289,717,744]" captionStart="Figs 48–52" captionStartId="19.[189,241,1883,1909]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,267,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-14@19.[233,1354,263,1849]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 48–52.Oryctopterus species. 48. Oryctopterus lagenipes(Karny, 1935), allotype, ♂, from Colombo, Sri Lanka (Karny 1937: pl. 7 fig. 2; available from Orthoptera species file). 49–52. Oryctopterus varuna sp. nov. 49. Walking posture. 50. Defending a frontal attack. 51. Abdomen and fore-legs raised when poked on thorax. 52. Initiation of digging. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="128">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
, Supp. file 2). The dug-up soil was then pushed backwards and sideways with hindlegs and midlegs respectively. In the laboratory, it made a burrow that was vertical initially but turned oblique, then horizontal and nearly parallel to the surface. Observed behavior suggests that the
<taxonomicName id="FFEBEBE169160619FB20FCB2F161FC80" authorityName="Kevan" authorityYear="1986" box="[1211,1356,788,814]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oryctopinae">Oryctopinae</taxonomicName>
are subterranean, inhabiting underground burrows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatmentDuplicate>
</treatment>
</document>
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