150 lines
20 KiB
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150 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="4B5A311B5044FCC02BF9BF03E346C32C" ID-CLB-Dataset="26281" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8" ID-PMC="PMC6624213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-1" ID-PubMed="31327927" ID-ZooBank="11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia – Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" checkinTime="1562310422136" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 1-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" docTitle="Anthothelidae Broch 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="843C0C24FF815E5FFFDD405D045AFFC6" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732599584502" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5194BF48A28BABFAEB66336B935B8B80">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DDFF7A6A6988D871210F33DA306EBC74">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="ABF2D430C32965AC5594BB212E4419FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="076A9F7C51ED1DE3CF68AE67D662FA09">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CF04D9BFF3A1105C54A155D539F77FDA">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E5081646A2BBFEC919B4920326F64B70" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2E97EF66B8DC4D866C6D0B3469A79122">860</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="9CAA94CAF85497FFA30A9582C7135947">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AAF1ECC6ABFC58816BF04684740F281D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B2EFA286F31664D91C0D511668E3E836" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7C3BC481DCF4E5A8B717630D50640AC9" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="24BF4D2F6F263C1F6DE5C9BD8A0E1925" type="ZooBank">11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525308" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subClass="Octocorallia" scope_subOrder="Scleraxonia">
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<subSubSection id="0B5B0FB14B590C2302DC1C74F2C5212B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="41714213A4149183A30E52B3397375C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="BCEAC7DD4C50D060F538C4BAC04F2A7C" ID-CoL="84JVS" authority="Broch, 1916" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1916" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae Broch, 1916</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4F0E4F159CDF1AFAE847E5C9AEAB33DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="A3B974E2EC95D440CED3DE386FBC1D52" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4FA6C69D9AAE6B8C18CC9220627ECB11" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Branches of colonies slender. Polyps monomorphic, with prominent calyces, anthocodiae usually exsert. Axis not jointed, without a cross-chambered central core. Medulla surrounded by longitudinal boundary canals (of roughly equal size) separating it from cortex; medulla only rarely perforated by gastrodermal solenia in smaller branches and even then, not as extensively as in lower parts of colony; in larger branches, medulla perforated by solenia. Generally, medulla with separable sclerites; medullar sclerites stout spindles (not needle-like), thorny, ornamented with warts, spines or branching processes, that may link sclerites together. Sclerites of coenenchyme longer fusiform spindles, sometimes clavate or bent, occasionally with radiate bodies and capstans (rarely).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="32230737E4625476EFD6FC84C6790FEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="ED676B4A627616E4A6B0BEC20159CEA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="14FF3EE67F77404F8AD1035D886BC556" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Within the Subclass
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<taxonomicName id="24CDF1993AC079768B01E76B6B6525A1" lsidName="Octocorallia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subclass" subclass="Octocorallia">Octocorallia</taxonomicName>
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, taxonomic placement of this family reflects the changeable history the Order
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<taxonomicName id="43A73EAA24FD0F020408AE34395C9F1E" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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has experienced since its inception. Currently,
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<taxonomicName id="310E5E7D72934AF4297C980F21DAB4E0" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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is one of three orders in the subclass (
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<bibRefCitation id="9651C33B4AF349C981AD324D6FB546FC" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" url="researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/izg/OCTOCLASS.htm" year="2001 - 2017">Williams and Cairns 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). The current Order
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<taxonomicName id="3A8FEBE558F4E813E7C78DBE51912694" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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was, however, originally divided into four orders (
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<taxonomicName id="B629A624DB5F14C76828DFBD008B475A" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="3F1D14E6C9932CDD54A6431A45BE71F7" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Gorgonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="order">Gorgonacea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2C67CAEBE25E595AEF1680BDFEF08822" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="D7DA8D20C44B4FEB3BAB4E12CCF02F9D" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Telestacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="order">Telestacea</taxonomicName>
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). Current coral taxonomy now divides Order
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<taxonomicName id="0C99136291311DC50BA8A40FD7635750" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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into five nominal groups:
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<taxonomicName id="96825240C2C40B8D4916BF35E19BF574" lsidName="Calcaxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Calcaxonia">Calcaxonia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="72A6CDBFB02B1A320370488F30677EAE" lsidName="Holaxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Holaxonia">Holaxonia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="20B67515448C98D6BD5727B9C0E49634" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="9579877566A553AC7B487DDD505076F0" lsidName="Alcyoniina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Alcyoniina">Alcyoniina</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4E3C01C99159DBDB134849B9B4DD959F" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="054215791D4468623D9A349F0782FBF6" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981 c">Bayer 1981c</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="2D8ADB2E7897BA39E3C9C5474FED3BFE" author="Fabricius, KE" journalOrPublisher="Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A Comprehensive Guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea." year="2001">Fabricius and Alderslade 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). While the Family
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<taxonomicName id="873B2827BB4BCFF5E66F08771ECCDCC2" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
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is today recognized as valid in the Order
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<taxonomicName id="29B4DC79A0311BE5409A4EC2DAB3E10B" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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[
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<taxonomicName id="6284A3D5E12833FE193F989CC166AE34" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
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], a number of species in the family were originally placed in the older Order
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<taxonomicName id="0046592681612369EC89EFBB6D262520" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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, often within the Family
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<taxonomicName id="83C7649BB0A076903B57F0754B0FDA54" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clavulariidae</taxonomicName>
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. A few researchers may still group some of the families of soft corals in an Order
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<taxonomicName id="1A76E86DBACD3201A1F30CC22AF04716" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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, but since then, a number of genera and several species have been moved out of
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<taxonomicName id="B9DA769D288AE24C2FC27838201C338F" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="DC03CFB990BC44E77FF33D163338D9F3" author="Fabricius, KE" journalOrPublisher="Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A Comprehensive Guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea." year="2001">Fabricius and Alderslade (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that the "decision whether to categorize a particular genus as a stoloniferan becomes so subjective that the name plainly has limited classificatory value....." Use of the Order
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<taxonomicName id="0504F28FB7E2254A235880ACCE02F1AB" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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, and placement of the Family
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<taxonomicName id="800FAC171E381FBC66846C6FA4AA271B" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
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in it, or the nominal group,
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<taxonomicName id="D5C9C821C2B9AC78B6C477954A8FCA33" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
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(as opposed to
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<taxonomicName id="C391F54CCF18F1FC607EBBFAA7C752D7" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
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), has had a continued, tumultuous history (
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<bibRefCitation id="4BAEC28C40C2AD084767EC063C4F026C" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="541 - 557" title="Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" volume="37" year="1915">Hickson 1915</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB7C43827FE8C055FFE62C68F442DE9" author="Molander, AR" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv for Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 12" title="Der Kelch als systematischer Charakter bei den Alcyonaceen." volume="11" year="1918">Molander 1918</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="57407F6B77EF92FD14B43935BF5A7077" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<normalizedToken id="45411D11EEDF56DD64FFC0C3D463937B" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1919
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F9D989451AF14D2B1E9BE06F7A64E07" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">1924</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="3939654EB7B48D3C664CA38ECFA71041" author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf-Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 65" title="Octocorallia." volume="5" year="1944">Madsen 1944</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="0F008CB11C02C381BB5BBAFB5ABB814B" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer 1961</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="924689B417194D907EF8323134D02F7A" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Academia Brasileira de Ciencia, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Status of Knowledge of Octocorals of World Seas. Seminarios de Biologia Marinha, Sao Paulo, 9 - 15 Fevereiro de 1980." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/1237" year="1981 a">Bayer 1981a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="9438E0C400AC548366F2454E655B3AE4" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="878 - 901" title="On some genera of stoloniferous Octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with descriptions of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/971" volume="94" year="1981 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="15C819776322BB87F79A94D0319BEDD8" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981 c">c</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="7729CD6182CB0A20765C915E3714A139" author="Hochberg, FG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Taxonomic Standardization Program" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="17 - 29" title="Southern California Stoloniferans, Telestaceans, Alcyonaceans." volume="7" year="1979">Hochberg 1979</bibRefCitation>
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). Currently, the classification of species in the family is determined by the presence of a membranous colony form, presence, or absence of coenenchyme layers surrounding an axis, and the way in which polyps arise from the membranous base.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AFC25D1371EBBADAF158AE376753ADBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Any membranous octocoral colony currently held in the SBMNH collection (few in number, small in size, deteriorated due to early formalin storage) could be a member of either the genus
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<taxonomicName id="B7B21C396A7ACF59A5064B42BDFC6B0C" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
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or the genus
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<taxonomicName id="752149E2316173CD0BD46ECA6385F59C" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
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(the latter, a genus within the Order
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<taxonomicName id="36A4B094204C809845CA48858A4E13C6" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="54BD3BED9DB62636D5C51FBF5CF61627" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
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). A detailed examination of the few colonies held in the SBMNH collection, in comparison with material housed elsewhere is needed; that necessitates a separate project, to be undertaken at some future date. Most of the material in the SBMNH collection with membranous colony form is present in a very fragile state; a more detailed description for each will not be easy, in some instances, not possible at all. It is likely that even with a more thorough examination of the material held at SBMNH, the results will necessarily be inconclusive. A complete revision of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="03AE25B32D61C3674D2C09856DEA8C40" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
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was recently completed by
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<bibRefCitation id="7EF33B97A0E3850DB39D64A4A83D3E96" author="Moore, KM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 1" title="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" volume="4304" year="2017">Moore et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
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, utilized here.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |