treatments-xml/data/98/9D/8C/989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50.xml

150 lines
20 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="4B5A311B5044FCC02BF9BF03E346C32C" ID-CLB-Dataset="26281" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8" ID-PMC="PMC6624213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-1" ID-PubMed="31327927" ID-ZooBank="11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" checkinTime="1562310422136" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 1-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" docTitle="Anthothelidae Broch 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="843C0C24FF815E5FFFDD405D045AFFC6" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732599584502" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="3A1CFDFE4F74EA0DC56E668EF309E9BD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="0C7C3F700D7F45A4A89E843EB769F796">
<mods:title id="5194BF48A28BABFAEB66336B935B8B80">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DA11A71472DFC3F7390D72428B605C4F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="55F95A1322F055E5474305B98F4F09DB">
<mods:roleTerm id="9644F6CFDEFDD1E439A27228CDF8C370">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DDFF7A6A6988D871210F33DA306EBC74">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="ABF2D430C32965AC5594BB212E4419FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="CB04D40945A2D67DE28ECFC4670EBE9D" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="44DBC2C6BB1C1CB89E4BE7DCD0D11BBC">
<mods:title id="076A9F7C51ED1DE3CF68AE67D662FA09">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="AB6B715D4C6E664773976E3073C2FD0A">
<mods:date id="CF04D9BFF3A1105C54A155D539F77FDA">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E5081646A2BBFEC919B4920326F64B70" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2E97EF66B8DC4D866C6D0B3469A79122">860</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="D208A39FDD772CD31A202C827D098638" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A771BC434B3A2F13D34C796E8101F7BA">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="6029DC98C47E70C3CC47E0915A5F2FD7">66</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="241408996B92E8180B85A9AAEF249087">
<mods:url id="9CAA94CAF85497FFA30A9582C7135947">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="AAF1ECC6ABFC58816BF04684740F281D">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B2EFA286F31664D91C0D511668E3E836" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7C3BC481DCF4E5A8B717630D50640AC9" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="24BF4D2F6F263C1F6DE5C9BD8A0E1925" type="ZooBank">11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525308" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subClass="Octocorallia" scope_subOrder="Scleraxonia">
<subSubSection id="0B5B0FB14B590C2302DC1C74F2C5212B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="41714213A4149183A30E52B3397375C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName id="BCEAC7DD4C50D060F538C4BAC04F2A7C" ID-CoL="84JVS" authority="Broch, 1916" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1916" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae Broch, 1916</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4F0E4F159CDF1AFAE847E5C9AEAB33DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A3B974E2EC95D440CED3DE386FBC1D52" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FA6C69D9AAE6B8C18CC9220627ECB11" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Branches of colonies slender. Polyps monomorphic, with prominent calyces, anthocodiae usually exsert. Axis not jointed, without a cross-chambered central core. Medulla surrounded by longitudinal boundary canals (of roughly equal size) separating it from cortex; medulla only rarely perforated by gastrodermal solenia in smaller branches and even then, not as extensively as in lower parts of colony; in larger branches, medulla perforated by solenia. Generally, medulla with separable sclerites; medullar sclerites stout spindles (not needle-like), thorny, ornamented with warts, spines or branching processes, that may link sclerites together. Sclerites of coenenchyme longer fusiform spindles, sometimes clavate or bent, occasionally with radiate bodies and capstans (rarely).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32230737E4625476EFD6FC84C6790FEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="ED676B4A627616E4A6B0BEC20159CEA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14FF3EE67F77404F8AD1035D886BC556" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Within the Subclass
<taxonomicName id="24CDF1993AC079768B01E76B6B6525A1" lsidName="Octocorallia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subclass" subclass="Octocorallia">Octocorallia</taxonomicName>
, taxonomic placement of this family reflects the changeable history the Order
<taxonomicName id="43A73EAA24FD0F020408AE34395C9F1E" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
has experienced since its inception. Currently,
<taxonomicName id="310E5E7D72934AF4297C980F21DAB4E0" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
is one of three orders in the subclass (
<bibRefCitation id="9651C33B4AF349C981AD324D6FB546FC" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" url="researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/izg/OCTOCLASS.htm" year="2001 - 2017">Williams and Cairns 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The current Order
<taxonomicName id="3A8FEBE558F4E813E7C78DBE51912694" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
was, however, originally divided into four orders (
<taxonomicName id="B629A624DB5F14C76828DFBD008B475A" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3F1D14E6C9932CDD54A6431A45BE71F7" lsidName="Octocorallia" order="Gorgonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="order">Gorgonacea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2C67CAEBE25E595AEF1680BDFEF08822" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="D7DA8D20C44B4FEB3BAB4E12CCF02F9D" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Telestacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="order">Telestacea</taxonomicName>
). Current coral taxonomy now divides Order
<taxonomicName id="0C99136291311DC50BA8A40FD7635750" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
into five nominal groups:
<taxonomicName id="96825240C2C40B8D4916BF35E19BF574" lsidName="Calcaxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Calcaxonia">Calcaxonia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72A6CDBFB02B1A320370488F30677EAE" lsidName="Holaxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Holaxonia">Holaxonia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="20B67515448C98D6BD5727B9C0E49634" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9579877566A553AC7B487DDD505076F0" lsidName="Alcyoniina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Alcyoniina">Alcyoniina</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4E3C01C99159DBDB134849B9B4DD959F" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="054215791D4468623D9A349F0782FBF6" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981 c">Bayer 1981c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2D8ADB2E7897BA39E3C9C5474FED3BFE" author="Fabricius, KE" journalOrPublisher="Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A Comprehensive Guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea." year="2001">Fabricius and Alderslade 2001</bibRefCitation>
). While the Family
<taxonomicName id="873B2827BB4BCFF5E66F08771ECCDCC2" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
is today recognized as valid in the Order
<taxonomicName id="29B4DC79A0311BE5409A4EC2DAB3E10B" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="6284A3D5E12833FE193F989CC166AE34" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
], a number of species in the family were originally placed in the older Order
<taxonomicName id="0046592681612369EC89EFBB6D262520" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
, often within the Family
<taxonomicName id="83C7649BB0A076903B57F0754B0FDA54" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clavulariidae</taxonomicName>
. A few researchers may still group some of the families of soft corals in an Order
<taxonomicName id="1A76E86DBACD3201A1F30CC22AF04716" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
, but since then, a number of genera and several species have been moved out of
<taxonomicName id="B9DA769D288AE24C2FC27838201C338F" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="DC03CFB990BC44E77FF33D163338D9F3" author="Fabricius, KE" journalOrPublisher="Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A Comprehensive Guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea." year="2001">Fabricius and Alderslade (2001)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the &quot;decision whether to categorize a particular genus as a stoloniferan becomes so subjective that the name plainly has limited classificatory value.....&quot; Use of the Order
<taxonomicName id="0504F28FB7E2254A235880ACCE02F1AB" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
, and placement of the Family
<taxonomicName id="800FAC171E381FBC66846C6FA4AA271B" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
in it, or the nominal group,
<taxonomicName id="D5C9C821C2B9AC78B6C477954A8FCA33" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
(as opposed to
<taxonomicName id="C391F54CCF18F1FC607EBBFAA7C752D7" lsidName="Stolonifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Stolonifera">Stolonifera</taxonomicName>
), has had a continued, tumultuous history (
<bibRefCitation id="4BAEC28C40C2AD084767EC063C4F026C" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="541 - 557" title="Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" volume="37" year="1915">Hickson 1915</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7C43827FE8C055FFE62C68F442DE9" author="Molander, AR" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv for Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 12" title="Der Kelch als systematischer Charakter bei den Alcyonaceen." volume="11" year="1918">Molander 1918</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="57407F6B77EF92FD14B43935BF5A7077" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="45411D11EEDF56DD64FFC0C3D463937B" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5F9D989451AF14D2B1E9BE06F7A64E07" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter &amp; Company, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">1924</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3939654EB7B48D3C664CA38ECFA71041" author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf-Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 65" title="Octocorallia." volume="5" year="1944">Madsen 1944</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F008CB11C02C381BB5BBAFB5ABB814B" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="924689B417194D907EF8323134D02F7A" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Academia Brasileira de Ciencia, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Status of Knowledge of Octocorals of World Seas. Seminarios de Biologia Marinha, Sao Paulo, 9 - 15 Fevereiro de 1980." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/1237" year="1981 a">Bayer 1981a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9438E0C400AC548366F2454E655B3AE4" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="878 - 901" title="On some genera of stoloniferous Octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with descriptions of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/971" volume="94" year="1981 b">b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="15C819776322BB87F79A94D0319BEDD8" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981 c">c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7729CD6182CB0A20765C915E3714A139" author="Hochberg, FG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Taxonomic Standardization Program" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="17 - 29" title="Southern California Stoloniferans, Telestaceans, Alcyonaceans." volume="7" year="1979">Hochberg 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Currently, the classification of species in the family is determined by the presence of a membranous colony form, presence, or absence of coenenchyme layers surrounding an axis, and the way in which polyps arise from the membranous base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFC25D1371EBBADAF158AE376753ADBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Any membranous octocoral colony currently held in the SBMNH collection (few in number, small in size, deteriorated due to early formalin storage) could be a member of either the genus
<taxonomicName id="B7B21C396A7ACF59A5064B42BDFC6B0C" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
or the genus
<taxonomicName id="752149E2316173CD0BD46ECA6385F59C" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
(the latter, a genus within the Order
<taxonomicName id="36A4B094204C809845CA48858A4E13C6" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stolonifera" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Alcyonacea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54BD3BED9DB62636D5C51FBF5CF61627" lsidName="Scleraxonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="suborder" suborder="Scleraxonia">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
). A detailed examination of the few colonies held in the SBMNH collection, in comparison with material housed elsewhere is needed; that necessitates a separate project, to be undertaken at some future date. Most of the material in the SBMNH collection with membranous colony form is present in a very fragile state; a more detailed description for each will not be easy, in some instances, not possible at all. It is likely that even with a more thorough examination of the material held at SBMNH, the results will necessarily be inconclusive. A complete revision of the genus
<taxonomicName id="03AE25B32D61C3674D2C09856DEA8C40" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
was recently completed by
<bibRefCitation id="7EF33B97A0E3850DB39D64A4A83D3E96" author="Moore, KM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 1" title="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" volume="4304" year="2017">Moore et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
, utilized here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>