288 lines
36 KiB
XML
288 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="3450B00F702B6882A2AD5259400FDA41" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.614.8807" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7ad92243-c039-45c2-8b3b-eeff5d4962d9" ID-PMC="PMC5027655" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-614-27" ID-PubMed="27667931" ID-ZooBank="48DF2601BCB9400BB57443B5B619E3B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-614-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 614" ModsDocTitle="Revision of Partulidae (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) of Palau, with description of a new genus for an unusual ground-dwelling species" checkinTime="1472760790278" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Slapcinsky, John & Kraus, Fred" docDate="2016" docId="C8C566036B5541408D7922FEADFD94A0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 614: 27-49" docOrigin="ZooKeys 614" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.614.8807" docTitle="Palaopartula Pilsbry 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="417BE326FFE92666BE31FFE827076905" masterDocTitle="Revision of Partulidae (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) of Palau, with description of a new genus for an unusual ground-dwelling species" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1701317812145" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BD34EAC14E4654EE054B28E2230B2682">Revision of Partulidae (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) of Palau, with description of a new genus for an unusual ground-dwelling species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B23844698F343DCB50D1CDBBA895CA38">Slapcinsky, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B2036FEEE160FF8CAFB55FE402F16BC8">Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EBBB33475B53EA5950395EAF93E49053">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B5547EED4AC6EA28098FF7776E6FEE9C">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC0CB528A43D2D742D61F0BAF97EA865">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A1E3BF825F82A8054FF57BAC9D1BC2B8">614</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2CB7E202189B9B697B83D2D8E61C9B88">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.614.8807</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C8548A777F7AFC2FFDA155602D9682BD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5FF75AE1C792E4CEA595F52942EC4E1C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.614.8807</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FC3E16A3759CE5C9D711B465591E462F" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-614-27</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C8C566036B5541408D7922FEADFD94A0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127900969" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C8C566036B5541408D7922FEADFD94A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8C566036B5541408D7922FEADFD94A0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="B31E29D43E363B00B4D577F7B057E483" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="51AE3494E0BE975C62CE6E8A431C8492" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Taxon classification Animalia Stylommatophora Partulidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="692F5966E2EE8BE4AA802E7FAA4D9A87" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="69D5AE754D5C1BA6E61DBE94E9F9E4C6" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="6D40592BA493F56CCF285D895C7EDA86" ID-CoL="7PBLD" authority="Pilsbry, 1909" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1909" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula Pilsbry, 1909</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="2DCB7E476EEC511C2F84D30CB0F88113" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C36A6D26692F85DB6ACE26E69001F998" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="CD5E434AD66733B6E664B596889A840F" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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Pilsbry, 1909, in
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<bibRefCitation id="88AAC1D11A5744AFFC42776CB3B4F8E4" author="Pilsbry, HA" journalOrPublisher="Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic. Vol. 20, Caecilioides, Glessula and Partulidae." year="1909 - 1910">Pilsbry 1909-1910</bibRefCitation>
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, pages 166, 306.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E86A52AFD6E7719D82CAD4249D419EC0" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="764016506A6101BD116285D38A5843B1" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaeopartula" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Palaeopartula</taxonomicName>
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Richardson, 1990, page 6 [incorrect subsequent spelling].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E2137F88F307DAF5EFF1FF407138CFF" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="86223AD3809DB20191E3DEB8560EF501" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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Schileyko, 1999, page 271, figure 327.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DBD58651940C913690E65BB45C2F88E" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="D0CEB3724589BCEE21B8C7598F64ACD5" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3AD090ECF486730A5610FAE658D3DC8B" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="7F90B42F04FD15CCF21DA0931F0CC640" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Partula thetis</taxonomicName>
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Semper, 1865; by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="98A9B7B5EF6BA6D28BAA28FBBB73F2C7" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="content">
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<paragraph id="45657EE16419E050C6CFAA41AAC17F36" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Content.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AC51D5883D63DD694BA5A466AF3DB6C9" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="6E65AFBCC517B0868F42556520A6E652" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula calypso" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calypso">Partula calypso</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="98F867CA0EB600749FA1F359489C1602" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula leucothoe" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leucothoe">Partula leucothoe</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="23EAB988E6F8136FB253402C54690A2D" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Partula thetis</taxonomicName>
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, all
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<bibRefCitation id="3B8A1449789110FC70BE485299C1207D" author="Semper, O" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="417 - 422" title="Description de trois especes nouvelles du genre Partula." volume="13" year="1865">Semper 1865</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E1026B3E0BDC81A869B88E04213A8BC" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="B0D0FC0E0A32F6CC7889A9ED9ED6A83A" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<pageBreakToken id="364D439423756314FFA6D4358A33A0DB" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="49D1C848744A15F9E53E855305F53002" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Known only from Palau.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5D9BA5887B3468B1C76349C7DC153EC9" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="692AFBD0A844E1367C2349B1B313FC35" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="74949AAFB242A34FE042BD44332B065E" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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Shell large, elongate, with a tall, relatively flat-sided and acutely pointed spire (Fig. 4). Protoconch small, early teleoconch whorls descend rapidly, remaining tightly coiled and narrow. Aperture elongate, with a greatly expanded peristome, its palatal and parietal sides nearly parallel, palatal edge with a slight central thickening, base rounded, parietal edge joining high on the body whorl. Umbilicus very deep and not covered by the parietal callus. Penis long and narrow, divided nearly equally between a main chamber with strong pilasters running its length that are crossed by weaker pilasters and an apical chamber with narrow pilasters or pustules (
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<bibRefCitation id="EDF354EFC3297B111E9D9DE819556781" author="Kondo, Y" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Harvard University" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="A revision of the family Partulidae" year="1955">Kondo 1955</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 118-123).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="75E8F3FAF8F2C5D5BD0C291655224C15" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<paragraph id="1032FF65F7BDBE9BFBE809DF8E6796C7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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Figure 4. Shells of
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<taxonomicName id="E554CDBA8A40F2E7551F3E31AFBFB773" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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: A
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<taxonomicName id="C3A06527A56B2109DDA9A0D92BB64270" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula calypso" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calypso">Palaopartula calypso</taxonomicName>
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, ANSP 191976 B
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<taxonomicName id="30288D2AF160C3997D06297387C074A2" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula leucothoe" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leucothoe">Palaopartula leucothoe</taxonomicName>
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, ANSP 294471 C
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<taxonomicName id="E28ADF73B00920A70ACC2F1FCAC7D96C" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Palaopartula thetis</taxonomicName>
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, FK 2840. Scale bar: 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5F125534735ED8BBDDC858B2744E8E28" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph id="14D698EBA49352324FECEC64BBA8CCEA" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Comparisons with other genera.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="81C6EFA0FA00B25E1D08B18A0B122790" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="F7A8C0519F47F1B1F3F30B2EEE8162CD" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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has historically been grouped with
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<taxonomicName id="23C9A66EF64EA461E06A6E923B7F4BAC" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
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. It differs from
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<taxonomicName id="296EAF17FC9FADC39D22F9C9E184980F" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="0A9FA9E640DC03AEF3C48F76950B1EAB" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="E132A9BC58F0D4859B0E90716505DDCE" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
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in having a relatively large and more elongate shell with a high and rapidly descending spire (Fig. 5
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<normalizedToken id="20229DA385A155ED121C851EBFFE4309" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
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). In contrast,
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<taxonomicName id="09C2695082A36A56070B879314B159CA" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5
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<normalizedToken id="4BE46F57B3E7061236CBB517810B6CC9" originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="53ADBCB99938EB0EDE4D827D6A78785C" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5E), and
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<taxonomicName id="B6098FF6E006759994279765F3C35919" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5F) have relatively blunt apices, with rounded whorls that expand relatively rapidly and descend slowly. The height/width ratio range of the three
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<taxonomicName id="09A4F27922141C17A7E817DCBDDAAAD6" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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species is 2.0-2.3, versus 1.5-1.9 for the
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<taxonomicName id="47F9AFB2A6AF3AFB0914F09D83BAFE13" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CF2CF4967B05AD3E209FB653D0F19464" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2B03822D90C35D82FF24DF6599782CDC" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
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species listed in Appendix 1. The early teleoconch whorls of
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<taxonomicName id="E2E3ED1831ABB4423025AAC0C68C4D78" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
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are variable in sculpture:
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<taxonomicName id="CCC56A1F482D62F9B23E339F38898986" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula calypso" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calypso">Palaopartula calypso</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5B) and
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<taxonomicName id="CD732CCD451D60FDD61BB9BD8E790E98" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula leucothoe" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leucothoe">Palaopartula leucothoe</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5C) have pitted spiral striae like most
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<taxonomicName id="07A3F31D20BD8B1838BCC3E55D3ADDFB" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A9531A1948EE5B2CF79515FDCDA44BD9" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
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, although the spiral striae are much weaker;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBEF421D10527659CD40990B9E5A4C09" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Palaopartula thetis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5D) is unlike any other partulid in being sculptured with raised axial and spiral sculpture that join to form nodules. The peristome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F557A94220A768D1CDAE4C273634DA3" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is more widely reflected than in any other genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E075F6D4E2C1FD1DECC86B4F07B7BA60" family="Partulidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" rank="family">Partulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the parietal edge attaches to the shell higher on the body whorl and does not obstruct the umbilicus, making the umbilicus look particularly deep.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54F2719BC0E03E2610EB5824B09853A8" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AC3AEE1945250E30AB2F0D9964C9CB2" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a long thin penis (Fig. 6D), unlike the short broad penis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B9B1F4C53E341A75EEE0C018B8BDC42" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 6A). Internally the penis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F959B23C9F5ABA8967865A7000D5708F" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is divided into two chambers, a main penial chamber and an apical chamber, each with 5-15 longitudinal pilasters; this contrasts with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF8C74D05E95490E8A321D86ACCD6031" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has only one chamber with one large fleshy pilaster (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="99E77DF6F59EC0D2543ACA7A6995A80C" author="Kondo, Y" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Harvard University" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="A revision of the family Partulidae" year="1955">Kondo 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The vas deferens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC106F5D0C081F5880C2CD2C1564E4CC" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
joins the apical chamber laterally rather than joining the penial chamber apically, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B28478F96C76BD3F943FEE64A3199422" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The penial and apical chambers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BA6C0A2A6053CB8771EF2F31E95ADA4" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in width and length and both contain 5-15 longitudinal pilasters, whereas the penial chamber of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79DE910D6FE4195BB49A40154983E179" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
is short and bulbous with only two large pilasters that fuse to form a V (Fig. 6B), and the apical chamber is long and narrow and contains 5-10 longitudinal rows of nodules.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AC065C883C47FB4761E8A892505DF8F" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an unbranched penial retractor muscle that attaches apically as opposed to the retractor muscle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9032EC5B573FF6C3A82415EA2876503" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
which also has a secondary branch that attaches to the penial chamber (Fig. 6B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="638020E2DF7A9A76B24025B7C99D468E" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0925937224B1B13640B48F9CD2DBF7EE" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a narrow and usually tapering penis, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F76ACE06DE4BACA252DFBEB7AF104F" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more variable penis that is usually apically inflated and strongly curved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD038FD4D24D3F9F37E49E45B73C4BB6" author="Kondo, Y" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Harvard University" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="A revision of the family Partulidae" year="1955">Kondo 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="952C61E68F2EB5C9FFE1CFEE3559057C" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pilasters in both chambers fuse to form a ridge between the chambers, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5D98041845808FB46F5469CC9E32749" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has pilasters that do not fuse to form a ridge between the two chambers (Fig. 6E). The vas deferens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A11823A2662D767F56E6CF4DCE091013" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains narrow for its entire length whereas the vas deferens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4E6A4DE3F59FE8E9D3AC76BCB4BDBA6" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
broadens before entering the apical chamber. Molecular data also do not support placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7711E4238D2531C0202BE341469363E6" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6B5B8012E8F46BF056BB448B88DA1B7" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="92B2A974E8634CE9FDD31C6DBB04CAE5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8FB2DC930C3C3290DA04EEAC937A64C7" author="Lee, T" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="Evolutionary history of a vanishing radiation: isolation-dependent persistence and diversification in Pacific Island partulid tree snails." url="10.1186/s12862-014-0202-3" volume="14" year="2014">Lee et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but link it instead with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="252A7CEEFE59FBFD16252E60EB3BAD13" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs radically in shell and genital morphology. Accordingly, we here resurrect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93F6085F6128A0C76CC4FADA0145C59E" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1625D645F1A7A6C74C6BCAE89C62968C" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="06A3817662839DD585CA0E8144008949" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 5. Apical sculpture of partulid genera: A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE7215AF58E23EDE2BEC47374456B876" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Sphendone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphendone insolita" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="insolita">Sphendone insolita</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype, UF 425857 B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B30069A5F186403020CBFAC347D7A735" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula calypso" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calypso">Palaopartula calypso</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ANSP 191976 C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE9F151CF2E2C4E7091E1BBF5F2970C4" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula leucothoe" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leucothoe">Palaopartula leucothoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ANSP 294471 D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CFFFE1086FC3E4C92A19E73054B0F37" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Palaopartula thetis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, FK 2840 E
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF986E0E875A0650167DAAE461305DE0" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua zebrina" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zebrina">Eua zebrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gould, 1847), UF 158688 F
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D002267FB2B5688200CBD667D4678E72" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana strigata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="strigata">Samoana strigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Reeve, 1850), UF 192725 G
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A749550192DDF860377AABCC8C8CC1FA" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula gibba" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gibba">Partula gibba</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ferussac, 1821, UF 195878 H
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7930AEDE31DAEBF58FB9A92316595CB5" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula varia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="varia">Partula varia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broderip, 1832, UF 158682. Scale bar: 5 mm except 2.5 mm for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B26B3A8FFD3971CFA0C61A0B3175EBAB" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3C723E4932757D4D7CEF4B95C0A45CEF" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="08CA8E58768C3948833F759E63F9B32B" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 6. Schematic summary of penial anatomy of partulid genera, from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740EB8F2909DEB084F91E8A7D91B0522" author="Kondo, Y" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Harvard University" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="A revision of the family Partulidae" year="1955">Kondo (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9933A793C849498E0C411BC2DE437C32" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="262 - 436" title="Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs, Part 3. Partulidae, Aillyidae, Bulimulidae, Orthalicidae, Megaspiridae, Urocoptidae." volume="2" year="1999">Schileyko (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C598AF39028A4234BDC26E90CA13D14" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Eua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eua" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Eua</taxonomicName>
|
||
B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3BC21EC1B6529C274B7F83C1326FAC8" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Samoana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samoana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Samoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A36A05BBCB94A8B051766F0CD116F05E" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Sphendone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphendone" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Sphendone</taxonomicName>
|
||
D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63D6B282BAFF2A0D87960F9992B967FB" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
E
|
||
<taxonomicName id="862D3FBB6C1560F4D9748E3DFC8A5CB2" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. AC = apical chamber; EP = epiphallus; F = flagellum, PP = penial pilasters; PR = penial retractor muscle; and VD = vas deferens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="72D454364585952B0A0D7AB930935072" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F8FC1FF8E567DB25BFC46C1AB58F247" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ACE1E72D23572AC625B25880A8C15EEC" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
This genus is isolated to the west of all previously named partulid genera (Fig. 7). The species are arboreal, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFCB5A5DDC0627A76CE6F75036DFA1D" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula thetis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thetis">Palaopartula thetis</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically being found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72C718ACA09B110B357044DF15F65826" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pandanus" order="Pandanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf axils (FK, pers. obs.). Judging by genetic distances,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8236FC82C21270C567ED68498C7B54" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Palaopartula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaopartula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Palaopartula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distantly related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="655BF06EA3EE3100CC96E6AEE61DFAF2" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Partula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Partula</taxonomicName>
|
||
but clusters more closely to the other partulid genera (Fig. 8), although we are unable to polarize this network to determine directionality of evolution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BFFA24CF8A69C85CD7E6C9ECA7656638" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="D23B15B2A56F6B10D6C618748E6379BF" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 7. Geographic ranges of the five partulid genera. Map modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E3965B8D51745F72BAF0A6C8982458A0" author="Lee, T" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" title="Evolutionary history of a vanishing radiation: isolation-dependent persistence and diversification in Pacific Island partulid tree snails." url="10.1186/s12862-014-0202-3" volume="14" year="2014">Lee et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="ABF71CBA1432EFD4E2F064AA8929CB7D" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="D3691FC2CD5D7B289BB9169EDF7637CF" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 8. An unrooted network of partial COI sequences (540 bp for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F68F6378F6E7962B6C8D5C8326DF5D2B" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Sphendone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphendone" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Sphendone</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 655 bp for the other species) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FDB668BA015115AAF324988CD27AC30" family="Partulidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" rank="family">Partulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
constructed using MrBayes as implemented in Geneious version 6.1.7. Node labels are posterior probabilities. The scale bar is equal to 2% sequence divergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |