355 lines
31 KiB
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355 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657268" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bff05bfd-3c82-4fdb-b873-50f234f60d30" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784133" ID-ISSN="0067-1975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657268" checkinTime="1617214857572" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Colless, D. H." docDate="1998" docId="9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.50.1.85-123.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 50 (1)" docSource="https://journals.australian.museum/colless-1998-rec-aust-mus-501-85123/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316.1:RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleId="CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316" docStyleName="RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Amenia leonina" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="6660FF80163DFFF0FFF8FF9FFFC7FFB7" masterDocTitle="Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the description of eight new species" masterLastPageNumber="123" masterPageNumber="85" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1634701921514" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the description of eight new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Colless, D. H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1998</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1998-05-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>85</mods:start>
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<mods:end>123</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://journals.australian.museum/colless-1998-rec-aust-mus-501-85123/</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1275</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bff05bfd-3c82-4fdb-b873-50f234f60d30</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0067-1975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4652889</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657268" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657268" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection box="[1510,2013,961,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1510,2013,961,999]" box="[1510,2013,961,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<heading box="[1510,2013,961,999]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1510,2013,961,999]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
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<emphasis box="[1510,1805,961,999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Amenia leonina</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1275,2259,1042,2506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<bibRefCitation author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[1276,1551,1042,1081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" pagination="33 - 140" refId="ref24684" refString="Crosskey, R. W., 1965. A systematic revision of the Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 33 - 140." type="journal article" year="1965">Crosskey (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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, following
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<bibRefCitation author="Paramonov, S. J." box="[1745,2055,1042,1081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" pagination="52 - 62" refId="ref25076" refString="Paramonov, S. J., 1957. Notes on Australian Diptera (XXIII). Notes on some Australian Ameniini (Tachinidae, Diptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 10: 52 - 62." type="journal article" year="1957">Paramonov (1957)</bibRefCitation>
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, recognised two subspecies of
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<emphasis box="[1594,1784,1088,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1594,1778,1088,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">A. leonina</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but substituted Macquart's older name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1492,1733,1134,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
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<emphasis box="[1492,1733,1134,1173]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">albomaculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for Paramonov's
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<emphasis box="[2065,2253,1134,1173]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">enderleini.</emphasis>
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Crosskey felt that subspecific status was warranted by the degree of allopatry in the known distributions
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<emphasis box="[2068,2079,1226,1265]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">(</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[2079,2255,1226,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
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<emphasis box="[2079,2255,1226,1265]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. leonina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the north,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1498,1782,1272,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
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<emphasis box="[1498,1782,1272,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the southeast), a feature which has, in this case, held up under the increase of material. Basing my concept of the two taxa on the presence
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<emphasis box="[1277,1529,1410,1449]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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(
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1288,1518,1410,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">albomaculata</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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or absence
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<emphasis box="[1731,1881,1410,1449]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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(
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1742,1870,1410,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">leonina</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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of at least one median marginal bristle on abdominal tergite 3, plus certain male attributes discussed in Part 2, their currently known distributions are shown in
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<figureCitation box="[1733,1835,1548,1587]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[399,505,1822,1858]" captionTargetBox="[391,2135,383,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. Distributions of Amenia albomaculata (triangles) and Amenia leonina (circles) (overlapping records" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652907/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1275,2259,1042,2506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066479337" collectionCode="R" county="There" location="The" municipality="Eyre Peninsula" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" specimenCode="R4" specimenCount="50" specimenCount-male="50" stateProvince="South Australia">
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To examine any correlated morphometric differences, I selected
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<specimenCount box="[1428,1565,1640,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="male">50 male</specimenCount>
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specimens of each taxon (as identified by the bristle character) and measured
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<emphasis box="[1928,2183,1685,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Frw, Hdw, Eyh,</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1277,1352,1731,1771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Gnw</emphasis>
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(as defined above); also the maximum width of the eye in half-facial view
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<emphasis box="[1673,1770,1777,1816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">(Eyw)</emphasis>
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and the length of wing-vein
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<specimenCode box="[1275,1316,1823,1862]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">R4</specimenCode>
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+S PCA of the six dimensions showed a fairly clean separation of the two taxa, but with a few highly anomalous specimens from both.
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<collectingCounty box="[1638,1735,1915,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">There</collectingCounty>
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were also signs ofthe existence of yet another form, represented by several specimens from
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1275,1539,2008,2047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Eyre Peninsula</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1566,1841,2008,2047]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6:172F6035163BFFF6F8B2F847F84DF848" box="[1866,1930,2008,2047]" county="There" municipality="Eyre Peninsula" name="The" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" stateProvince="South Australia">The</location>
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PCA results were based mainly on general size and
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<emphasis box="[1897,1974,2053,2093]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6:172F6035163BFFF6F891F79AF877F79A" box="[1897,1968,2053,2093]" county="There" municipality="Eyre Peninsula" name="Frw" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" stateProvince="South Australia">Frw</location>
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,
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</emphasis>
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which together accounted for 92% of variation
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1275,2259,1042,2506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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A second, more extensive study was therefore made, using all available males-
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<quantity box="[1604,1718,2191,2230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.207" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="205.0">205 in</quantity>
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all-and a reduced character set. The latter comprised
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<emphasis box="[1664,1849,2238,2276]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Hdw, Frw,</emphasis>
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and (as a more easily measured, non-head character) the distance between the posterior pair of dorsocentral bristles
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<emphasis box="[1879,1973,2329,2368]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">(Pdc).</emphasis>
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PCA of the three dimensions yielded a first, "size" component on which the two taxa were distributed apparently at random and which took up only 58% of variation. However, components 2 and
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="468F6666163BFFF6FE8BF5ADFC5EF5C8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F6666163BFFF6FE8BF5ADFC5EF5C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" targetBox="[402,2056,2758,3153]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[370,2104,2576,2687]" box="[371,2102,2610,2646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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Table 2. Ratios (ranges and means) of selected dimensions of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1383,1652,2610,2646]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
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<emphasis box="[1383,1652,2610,2646]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Amenia dubitalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and forms of
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<emphasis box="[1889,2102,2610,2646]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1889,2098,2610,2646]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[370,2104,2576,2687]" box="[370,921,2653,2687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Numbers of specimens in brackets.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[367,2106,2726,3167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<table box="[402,2056,2758,3153]" gridcols="5" gridrows="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<tr box="[402,2056,2758,2797]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
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<th box="[402,565,2758,2797]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[406,504,2758,2797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Ratio</emphasis>
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</th>
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<th box="[702,938,2758,2797]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[702,866,2758,2797]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">dubitalis</taxonomicName>
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(20)
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</th>
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<th box="[1422,1697,2758,2797]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1470,1646,2758,2797]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis box="[1470,1646,2758,2797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr box="[402,2056,2820,2859]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
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<td box="[1068,1315,2820,2859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">"Eastern"(24)</td>
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<td box="[1422,1697,2820,2859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">"Cooktown"(7)</td>
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<td box="[1800,2056,2820,2859]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">"Western"(17)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr box="[402,2056,2913,3153]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<th box="[402,565,2913,3153]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis box="[403,537,2913,2952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Frw/Fcl</emphasis>
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Frw/Hdw Fcl/Hdw Fcl/Eyh Gnw/Eyh
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</th>
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<td box="[702,938,2913,3153]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">0.3-0.4,0.39 0.3-0.4,0.33 0.6-0.8,0.65 0.5-0.6,0.52 1.0-1.3,1.13</td>
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<td box="[1068,1315,2913,3153]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">0.5-0.7,0.60 0.4-0.6,0.51 0.6-0.7,0.68 0.5-0.6,0.57 1.0-1.2,1.10</td>
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<td box="[1422,1697,2913,3153]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">0.5-0.5,0.48 0.4-0.5,0.42 0.6-0.7,0.67 0.5-0.6,0.54 1.0-1.1,1.08</td>
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<td box="[1800,2056,2913,3153]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">0.6-0.8,0.67 0.4-0.7,0.53 0.8-0.9,0.84 0.7-0.7,0.70 0.7-0.9,0.82</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657042/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" targetBox="[375,2181,370,2195]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[384,2114,2259,2420]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[385,490,2259,2295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Figure</emphasis>
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7. Ordination of 68 males of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[968,1253,2259,2295]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis box="[968,1253,2259,2295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Amenia imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group on PCA axes 1 and 2. Open
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
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triangles-Amenia
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[384,521,2301,2337]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">dubitalis</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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others-"forms" of
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<emphasis box="[858,1157,2301,2337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[858,1153,2301,2337]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">Amenia imperialis</taxonomicName>
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:
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</emphasis>
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open circles-typical form; filled circles-Cooktown form; filled squares-western form, Kimberleys; filled triangles-western form, NSW and Queensland; open diamonds-western form, Northern Territory.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="92" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[226,1214,2492,3175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066479353" location="Hdw" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1">
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3 (with 35% and 7% respectively) were more informative.
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[230,418,2538,2578]" country="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Component</collectingRegion>
|
|
2 was dominated by
|
|
<emphasis box="[766,838,2538,2578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Frw,</emphasis>
|
|
and component 3 by a contrast
|
|
<locationDeviation box="[366,780,2585,2623]" firstLocation="Hdw" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" secondLocation="Pdc. In">
|
|
between
|
|
<emphasis box="[509,585,2585,2623]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Hdw</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis box="[664,734,2585,2623]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Pdc.</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,780,2585,2623]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">In</emphasis>
|
|
</locationDeviation>
|
|
view of this, and the small number of characters used, the ordination is more clearly presented (Fig. 9, p. 94) as a simple plot of
|
|
<emphasis box="[928,993,2676,2715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Frw</emphasis>
|
|
against
|
|
<emphasis box="[1127,1211,2676,2715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
|
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163BFFF8FA1EFC5EFBDCF5F6:172F6035163AFFF7FB9FF5EBFB72F52C" box="[1127,1205,2676,2715]" name="Hdw" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Hdw</location>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
both scaled by division by
|
|
<emphasis box="[684,755,2722,2761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Pdc.</emphasis>
|
|
MDA (not shown) gives a very similar result
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[226,1214,2492,3175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
|
Figure 9 demonstrates that "normal"
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[874,1143,2814,2853]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[874,1143,2814,2853]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[226,400,2858,2900]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[226,400,2858,2900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are quite well separated by relative head width alone. Frons width serves mainly to distinguish certain exceptional populations of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[684,961,2952,2991]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[684,961,2952,2991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig. 9: "New
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[228,368,2998,3037]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">England</collectingCountry>
|
|
" and "Southern" forms). Nor does this reflect any north-south, clinal
|
|
<typeStatus box="[538,606,3044,3083]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
|
|
of variation. Within each taxon, and omitting the exceptional populations, there is no detectable correlation between normalised head width and latitude.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[1282,2270,2491,3174]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
|
Another five exceptions are noted on Fig. 9, p. 94: four cases of
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1531,1718,2537,2577]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1531,1718,2537,2577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with dimensions typical of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and one of the converse. These "aberrant" specimens all come from the main area of overlap between
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1438,1618,2675,2714]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1438,1618,2675,2714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1704,1994,2675,2714]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1704,1994,2675,2714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in southeastern
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1286,1494,2721,2760]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1520,1555,2721,2760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">In</emphasis>
|
|
Fig. 9, the 5 "marginal" specimens of
|
|
<emphasis box="[1282,1611,2767,2806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1282,1604,2767,2806]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">A. albomaculata</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
near the centre of the plot, with dimensions close to those of
|
|
<emphasis box="[1794,1985,2813,2852]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1794,1979,2813,2852]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">A. leonina</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
also come from the vicinity of Brisbane. On the other hand, 5 other specimens from near Brisbane fall in the main body of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1353,1653,2951,2990]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1353,1653,2951,2990]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cluster, and are perfectly typical members of that taxon. The same is true of
|
|
<specimenCount box="[2056,2266,2997,3036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|
from Noosa, a little north of Brisbane. Also, a further
|
|
<specimenCount box="[1288,1526,3089,3128]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|
, all collected in the vicinity of Brisbane, came to hand later and were plotted in the foregoing
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652907" box="[399,2126,1822,1858]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" startId="8.[399,505,1822,1858]" targetBox="[391,2135,383,1770]" targetPageId="8">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[399,2126,1822,1899]" box="[399,2126,1822,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
|
Figure 8. Distributions of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[817,1157,1822,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[817,1157,1822,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Amenia albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(triangles) and
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1409,1655,1822,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1409,1655,1822,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Amenia leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(circles) (overlapping records
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<subSubSection box="[400,540,1865,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[399,2126,1822,1899]" box="[400,540,1865,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">omitted).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[241,1229,1989,2625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
|
fashion. Seven
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[528,830,1989,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[528,830,1989,2028]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
would all fall in the appropriate area of Fig. 9, but only 3 out of 6
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1047,1226,2035,2074]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1047,1226,2035,2074]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
would do so; the other 3 would fall in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
area.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[241,1229,1989,2625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
|
The simplest explanation of those observations is that some degree of hybridisation is occurring between
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[466,757,2264,2303]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis box="[466,757,2264,2303]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the general vicinity of Brisbane, with head shape and the bristle character segregating independently in the hybrids. Nonetheless, if suchhybridisationis possible it becomes difficultto explain how outliers manage to persist-such as the male
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName=", Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albomaculata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. albomaculata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Mackay, deep in the home range ofA.
|
|
<emphasis box="[242,376,2540,2579]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[242,370,2540,2579]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">leonina</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and the
|
|
<specimenCount box="[531,678,2540,2579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="female">4 female</specimenCount>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[691,869,2540,2579]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonina">
|
|
<emphasis box="[691,869,2540,2579]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">A. leonina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Sydney.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection box="[290,1051,2586,2625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[241,1229,1989,2625]" box="[290,1051,2586,2625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Thcsc rcsults are further discussed in PaIt 2.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |