Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the description of eight new species Author Colless, D. H. text Records of the Australian Museum 1998 1998-05-13 50 1 85 123 https://journals.australian.museum/colless-1998-rec-aust-mus-501-85123/ journal article 10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1275 bff05bfd-3c82-4fdb-b873-50f234f60d30 0067-1975 4652889 Amenia leonina (Fabricius) Crosskey (1965) , following Paramonov (1957) , recognised two subspecies of A. leonina , but substituted Macquart's older name albomaculata for Paramonov's enderleini. Crosskey felt that subspecific status was warranted by the degree of allopatry in the known distributions ( A. leonina in the north, A. albomaculata in the southeast), a feature which has, in this case, held up under the increase of material. Basing my concept of the two taxa on the presence ( albomaculata ) or absence ( leonina ) of at least one median marginal bristle on abdominal tergite 3, plus certain male attributes discussed in Part 2, their currently known distributions are shown in Fig. 8 . To examine any correlated morphometric differences, I selected 50 male specimens of each taxon (as identified by the bristle character) and measured Frw, Hdw, Eyh, and Gnw (as defined above); also the maximum width of the eye in half-facial view (Eyw) and the length of wing-vein R4 +S PCA of the six dimensions showed a fairly clean separation of the two taxa, but with a few highly anomalous specimens from both. There were also signs ofthe existence of yet another form, represented by several specimens from Eyre Peninsula , South Australia . The PCA results were based mainly on general size and Frw , which together accounted for 92% of variation . A second, more extensive study was therefore made, using all available males- 205 in all-and a reduced character set. The latter comprised Hdw, Frw, and (as a more easily measured, non-head character) the distance between the posterior pair of dorsocentral bristles (Pdc). PCA of the three dimensions yielded a first, "size" component on which the two taxa were distributed apparently at random and which took up only 58% of variation. However, components 2 and Table 2. Ratios (ranges and means) of selected dimensions of Amenia dubitalis and forms of A. imperialis . Numbers of specimens in brackets.

Ratio	dubitalis (20)	imperialis
"Eastern"(24)	"Cooktown"(7)	"Western"(17)
Frw/Fcl Frw/Hdw Fcl/Hdw Fcl/Eyh Gnw/Eyh	0.3-0.4,0.39 0.3-0.4,0.33 0.6-0.8,0.65 0.5-0.6,0.52 1.0-1.3,1.13	0.5-0.7,0.60 0.4-0.6,0.51 0.6-0.7,0.68 0.5-0.6,0.57 1.0-1.2,1.10	0.5-0.5,0.48 0.4-0.5,0.42 0.6-0.7,0.67 0.5-0.6,0.54 1.0-1.1,1.08	0.6-0.8,0.67 0.4-0.7,0.53 0.8-0.9,0.84 0.7-0.7,0.70 0.7-0.9,0.82

Figure 7. Ordination of 68 males of Amenia imperialis group on PCA axes 1 and 2. Open triangles-Amenia dubitalis ; others-"forms" of Amenia imperialis : open circles-typical form; filled circles-Cooktown form; filled squares-western form, Kimberleys; filled triangles-western form, NSW and Queensland; open diamonds-western form, Northern Territory. 3 (with 35% and 7% respectively) were more informative. Component 2 was dominated by Frw, and component 3 by a contrast between Hdw and Pdc. In view of this, and the small number of characters used, the ordination is more clearly presented (Fig. 9, p. 94) as a simple plot of Frw against Hdw , both scaled by division by Pdc. MDA (not shown) gives a very similar result . Figure 9 demonstrates that "normal" A. albomaculata and A. leonina are quite well separated by relative head width alone. Frons width serves mainly to distinguish certain exceptional populations of A. albomaculata (Fig. 9: "New England " and "Southern" forms). Nor does this reflect any north-south, clinal type of variation. Within each taxon, and omitting the exceptional populations, there is no detectable correlation between normalised head width and latitude. Another five exceptions are noted on Fig. 9, p. 94: four cases of A. leonina with dimensions typical of A. albomaculata and one of the converse. These "aberrant" specimens all come from the main area of overlap between A. leonina and A. albomaculata in southeastern Queensland . In Fig. 9, the 5 "marginal" specimens of A. albomaculata , near the centre of the plot, with dimensions close to those of A. leonina , also come from the vicinity of Brisbane. On the other hand, 5 other specimens from near Brisbane fall in the main body of the A. albomaculata cluster, and are perfectly typical members of that taxon. The same is true of 6 specimens from Noosa, a little north of Brisbane. Also, a further 13 specimens , all collected in the vicinity of Brisbane, came to hand later and were plotted in the foregoing Figure 8. Distributions of Amenia albomaculata (triangles) and Amenia leonina (circles) (overlapping records omitted). fashion. Seven A. albomaculata would all fall in the appropriate area of Fig. 9, but only 3 out of 6 A. leonina would do so; the other 3 would fall in the A. albomaculata area. The simplest explanation of those observations is that some degree of hybridisation is occurring between A. leonina and A. albomaculata in the general vicinity of Brisbane, with head shape and the bristle character segregating independently in the hybrids. Nonetheless, if suchhybridisationis possible it becomes difficultto explain how outliers manage to persist-such as the male A. albomaculata from Mackay, deep in the home range ofA. leonina , and the 4 female A. leonina from Sydney. Thcsc rcsults are further discussed in PaIt 2.