treatments-xml/data/70/6E/87/706E878DFFFA4A5A57B0FB9CFDD8FD0F.xml

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<mods:title id="7AFB2767169AB70CBF082B2AAE556DAB">Plecotus macrobullaris (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="72C2A6401B2CFC5FD59AE0D14950A0BD">Alberdi, Antton</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CD5F537ADCF1D3B4653CE1D24E8E4E8F">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5 - 7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; antton.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A9E8CB80C1E395ABF393D256AE3FE501">Aizpurua, Ostaizka</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A3BDBAFBCCCDD7169AD97047DC9A9E5B">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5 - 7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; antton.</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="F878369BFFFA4A5C57B0FB9CFD59FB9E" blockId="0.[203,699,1081,1107]" box="[203,699,1081,1107]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="A33081F7FFFA4A5C57B0FB9CFD59FB9E" bold="true" box="[203,699,1081,1107]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C57B0FB9CFD59FB9E" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authority="(Kuzjakin, 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[203,699,1081,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C57B0FB9CFD59FB9E" bold="true" box="[203,699,1081,1107]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C57B0FB9CFE00FB9E" bold="true" box="[203,482,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C5688FB9CFD53FB9E" author="KUZJAKIN, A." box="[499,689,1081,1107]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref6747" refString="KUZJAKIN, A. 1965. Otrjad Rukokrylyje. Ordo Chiroptera. In Opredelitel mljekopitayushtshikh SSSR (N. Bobrinskij, B. Kuznetsov, and A. Kuzjakin, eds.). Isd. Prosveshtshenije Moscow 79 - 116." type="book chapter" year="1965">Kuzjakin, 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFA4A5C5633FBD9FDDCFB5E" box="[328,574,1148,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFA4A5C5633FBD9FDDCFB5E" blockId="0.[328,574,1148,1171]" box="[328,574,1148,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Alpine Long-eared Bat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFA4A5C5716FB61FE0CFAB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFA4A5C5716FB61FD59FB36" blockId="0.[109,792,1220,1403]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C5716FB61FD65FB16" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authority="Kuzjakin, 1965: 76" authorityName="Kuzjakin" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1965" box="[109,647,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="auritus" subSpecies="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5716FB61FE55FB16" box="[109,439,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus auritus macrobullaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C56C5FB61FD65FB16" author="KUZJAKIN, A." box="[446,647,1220,1243]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref6747" refString="KUZJAKIN, A. 1965. Otrjad Rukokrylyje. Ordo Chiroptera. In Opredelitel mljekopitayushtshikh SSSR (N. Bobrinskij, B. Kuznetsov, and A. Kuzjakin, eds.). Isd. Prosveshtshenije Moscow 79 - 116." type="book chapter" year="1965">Kuzjakin, 1965:76</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
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locality 
<quote id="8A38C189FFFA4A5C57BBFB41FD59FB36" box="[192,699,1252,1275]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">“near Vladikavikaz, North, Ossetia, Russ. Fed.”</quote>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C5716FAA1FD8BFAD6" ID-CoL="8LFZ5" authority="Kiefer and Veith, 2002: 8" authorityName="Kiefer and Veith" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2002" box="[109,617,1284,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5716FAA1FEC9FAD6" box="[109,299,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus alpinus</emphasis>
Kiefer and Veith, 2002:8
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. 
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locality 
<quote id="8A38C189FFFA4A5C57E6FA81FE18FAF6" box="[157,506,1316,1339]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">
“Ristolas, Haute-Alpes, 
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.”
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C5716FAE1FD60FA96" authority="Spitzenberger et al., 2002: 5" authorityName="Spitzenberger" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="2002" box="[109,642,1348,1371]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microdontus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5716FAE1FEB6FA96" box="[109,340,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus microdontus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C5620FAE1FD60FA96" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; E. HARING &amp; N. TVRTKOVIC" box="[347,642,1348,1371]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7079" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., E. HARING, AND N. TVRTKOVIC. 2002. Plecotus microdontus (Mammalia, Vespertilionidae), a new bat species from Austria. Natura Croatica 11: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Spitzenberger et al., 2002:5</bibRefCitation>
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. 
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locality 
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“Lienz, Eastern 
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, 
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.”
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</paragraph>
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CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order 
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, family 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C551DFA19FCF6FA1E" box="[614,788,1468,1491]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Vespertilionidae</taxonomicName>
, subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C579BFA79FE6CFA3E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[224,398,1500,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Vespertilioninae">Vespertilioninae</taxonomicName>
, tribe 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C56ACFA79FDDAFA3E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[471,568,1500,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Plecotini">Plecotini</taxonomicName>
. 
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<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C553DFA79FF7FF9DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
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is 1 of the 11 Palearctic species recognized in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C5716F9B9FE16F9FE" authority="(Spitzenberger et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Spitzenberger" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[109,500,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5716F9B9FF2AF9FE" box="[109,200,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C57A1F9B9FE08F9FE" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" box="[218,490,1564,1587]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Several authors have suggested the presence of 2 geographically separated subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C5716F9F9FEFCF9BE" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,286,1628,1651]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5716F9F9FEFCF9BE" box="[109,286,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C564BF9F9FDDDF9BE" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[304,575,1628,1651]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFA4A5C552BF9F9FCF3F9BE" author="BENDA, P. &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; V. HANAK &amp; M. VEITH" box="[592,785,1628,1651]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref6050" refString="BENDA, P., A. KIEFER, V. HANAK, AND M. VEITH. 2004. Systematic status of African populations of long-eared bats, genus Plecotus (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Folia Zoologica 53: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="2004">Benda et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; Kiefer and von Helversen 2004): 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C56ABF9D9FCFAF95E" authority="macrobullaris" box="[464,792,1660,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrobullaris" subSpecies="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C56ABF9D9FCFAF95E" box="[464,792,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">P. macrobullaris macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Eastern group) and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C562BF939FDBBF97E" box="[336,601,1692,1715]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrobullaris" subSpecies="alpinus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C562BF939FDBBF97E" box="[336,601,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">P. macrobullaris alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Western group). This division is supported by the presence of 2 geographically separated mitochondrial lineages that probably diverged more than 1 million years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D56EEFF4EFD95FECF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[405,631,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). The average mitochondrial dissimilarity between specimens of the 2 lineages is 3.4%. However, there is no information about the genomic structure of populations based on nuclear DNA, thus subspecific differentiation cannot be entirely confirmed. Additionally, the craniometric differentiation does not agree with the phylogenetic dissimilarity, as individuals from the Caucasus (Western lineage) and Alps (Eastern lineage) highly resemble each other, whereas individuals from the Balkans, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFB4A5D56DCFE4EFE11FDCF" box="[423,499,491,514]" name="Turkey" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, and 
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(Eastern lineage) occupy morphospaces of their own (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D5696FDAEFD16FDEF" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" box="[493,756,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="ACB86613FFFA4A5C5431F907FB69F919" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573469/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" startId="0.[842,877,1698,1719]" targetBox="[843,1525,1088,1684]" targetPageId="0">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFA4A5C5431F907FB69F919" blockId="0.[842,1526,1698,1748]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C5431F907FC69F97A" bold="true" box="[842,907,1698,1719]" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
—An adult female 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFA4A5C533EF907FAC6F97A" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1093,1316,1698,1719]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFA4A5C533EF907FAC6F97A" box="[1093,1316,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="26">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Aísa, Pyrenees, Spain. Photograph by A. Alberdi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFB4A5D5716FDC6FE4AFB97" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFB4A5D5716FDC6FE4AFB97" blockId="1.[109,793,611,1114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D56F4FDC6FD75FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[399,663,611,634]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D56F4FDC6FD75FDB7" box="[399,663,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first described in the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (North Ossetia) by Kuzjakin in 1965, as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5504FD06FF6EFD17" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5504FD06FF6EFD17" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, namely 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D578BFD66FD4EFD17" authority="(Kuzjakin 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[240,684,707,730]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="auritus" subSpecies="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D578BFD66FE11FD17" box="[240,499,707,730]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. auritus macrobullaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D5578FD66FD43FD17" author="KUZJAKIN, A." box="[515,673,707,730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref6747" refString="KUZJAKIN, A. 1965. Otrjad Rukokrylyje. Ordo Chiroptera. In Opredelitel mljekopitayushtshikh SSSR (N. Bobrinskij, B. Kuznetsov, and A. Kuzjakin, eds.). Isd. Prosveshtshenije Moscow 79 - 116." type="book chapter" year="1965">Kuzjakin 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In 2001– 2002, 2 research groups almost simultaneously reported the existence of a clade distinct from 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D56A3FCA6FDDCFCD7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[472,574,771,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D56A3FCA6FDDCFCD7" box="[472,574,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5508FCA6FD1EFCD7" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[627,764,771,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5508FCA6FD1EFCD7" box="[627,764,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Austrian Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D564DFC86FDA2FCF7" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; J. PIALEK &amp; E. HARING" box="[310,576,803,826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="161 - 172" refId="ref7118" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., J. PIALEK, AND E. HARING. 2001. Systematics of the genus Plecotus (Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Austria based on morphometric and molecular investigations. Folia Zoologica 50: 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="2001">Spitzenberger et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Kiefer et al. 2002). Subsequently, each research group described it as a new species (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D57DCFCC6FEF9FCB7" author="KOCK, D." box="[167,283,867,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="219 - 220" refId="ref6664" refString="KOCK, D. 2002. The publication dates of Plecotus alpinus Kiefer and Veith, 2002 and of Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002. Acta Chiropterologica 4: 219 - 220." type="journal article" year="2002">Kock 2002</bibRefCitation>
), assigning 2 different names: 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D551CFCC6FE81FC57" authority="(Kiefer and Veith 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Kiefer and Veith" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D551CFCC6FCFAFCB7" box="[615,792,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus alpinus</emphasis>
(Kiefer and Veith 2002)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D56E8FC26FF11FC77" authority="(Spitzenberger et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Spitzenberger" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microdontus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D56E8FC26FD95FC57" box="[403,631,899,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus microdontus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D55FFFC26FF0AFC77" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; E. HARING &amp; N. TVRTKOVIC" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7079" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., E. HARING, AND N. TVRTKOVIC. 2002. Plecotus microdontus (Mammalia, Vespertilionidae), a new bat species from Austria. Natura Croatica 11: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Spitzenberger et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In 2003, molecular contrast between the newly described species and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5626FC66FD82FC17" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[349,608,963,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="auritus" subSpecies="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5626FC66FD82FC17" box="[349,608,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. auritus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described nearly 40 years earlier by Kuzjakin, indicated they belong to the same clade (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D57CFFBA6FE5EFBD7" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[180,444,1027,1050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, the original nomenclature was recognized as the valid name for the species, but upgraded to the species level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFFB4A5D560AFB33FBABF860" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFB4A5D560AFB33FBABF860" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFB4A5D560AFB33FDF6FB7D" blockId="1.[369,532,1174,1200]" box="[369,532,1174,1200]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="A33081F7FFFB4A5D560AFB33FDF6FB7D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,1174,1200]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D560AFB33FDF6FB7D" bold="true" box="[369,532,1174,1200]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFB4A5D57E3FB7FFBABF860" blockId="1.[109,793,1242,1969]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1523,1526,1965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D57E3FB7FFE77FB3C" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[152,405,1242,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D57E3FB7FFE77FB3C" box="[152,405,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="60FC2A1EFFFB4A5D56D0FB7FFE1AFB3C" box="[427,504,1242,1265]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[842,877,1698,1719]" captionTargetBox="[843,1525,1088,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-415@0.[843,1525,1088,1684]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult female Plecotus macrobullaris from Aísa, Pyrenees, Spain. Photograph by A.Alberdi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573469/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="60FC2A1EFFFB4A5D5543FB7FFDA7FB3C" box="[568,581,1242,1265]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[840,875,1341,1362]" captionTargetBox="[893,1469,200,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-672@1.[893,1469,200,1328]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Plecotus macrobullaris (Natural History Museum in Belgrade 01/14) from Ćetanica plateau (Serbia), captured on 26 July 2013. Condylobasal length is 15.64 mm. Photograph by Ivana Budinski used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573471/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">2</figureCitation>
) shares high morphological similarity with the other 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5579FB5FFDBCFADC" box="[514,606,1274,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5579FB5FFDBCFADC" box="[514,606,1274,1297]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in areas where their distributions overlap, namely the brown longeared bat 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D57A2FA9FFEA0FA9C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[217,322,1338,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D57A2FA9FFEA0FA9C" box="[217,322,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gray long-eared bat 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D552CFA9FFD00FA9C" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[599,738,1338,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D552CFA9FFD00FA9C" box="[599,738,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and Kolombatovic’s long-eared bat 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D56C4FAFFFD92FABC" authorityName="Dulic" authorityYear="1980" box="[447,624,1370,1393]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolombatovici">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D56C4FAFFFD92FABC" box="[447,624,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. kolombatovici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The most conspicuous diagnostic characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D556FFADFFD28FA5C" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[532,714,1402,1425]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D556FFADFFD28FA5C" box="[532,714,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the inverted triangular-shaped chin pad that most individuals (e.g., 95% in the Swiss Alps—Ashrafi et al. 2010) exhibit below the lower lip (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D57A4FA7FFE0FFA3C" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; E. HARING &amp; N. TVRTKOVIC" box="[223,493,1498,1521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7079" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., E. HARING, AND N. TVRTKOVIC. 2002. Plecotus microdontus (Mammalia, Vespertilionidae), a new bat species from Austria. Natura Croatica 11: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Spitzenberger et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The chin pad of the other species tends to be rounded and is often darker in young individuals (Sachanowicz and Ciechanowski 2006). However, variation in color, size, and shape of the chin pad can lead to inconsistent identification. Male specimens can be identified with high reliability based on penis shape (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D56A6F9DFFD49F95C" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[477,683,1658,1681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D55BEF9DFFF34F97C" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D55BEF9DFFF34F97C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens exhibit a cylindrical penis, whereas the penis of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D57B3F91FFEB3F91C" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[200,337,1722,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D57B3F91FFEB3F91C" box="[200,337,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D56FFF91FFDD7F91C" authorityName="Dulic" authorityYear="1980" box="[388,565,1722,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolombatovici">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D56FFF91FFDD7F91C" box="[388,565,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. kolombatovici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males is club-shaped and the penis of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5652F97FFE73F93C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[297,401,1754,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5652F97FFE73F93C" box="[297,401,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
narrows toward the end (Dietz and von Helversen 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D5627F95FFDA4F8DC" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[348,582,1786,1809]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Although several authors have proposed other means of identification based on external qualitative characters such as the color of the ventral fur or the presence of hair on the hind feet (Kiefer and Veith 2002; Dietz and von Helversen 2004), most of them have not been validated across the entire geographic range of the species. Despite the large morphometric overlap between the 4 western Palearctic long-eared bats (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D53DDF9B3FA70F9E0" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[1190,1426,1558,1581]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D52DFF9B3FC2AF980" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), a multilinear combination of 8 morphometric measurements yielded an identification success rate of 97.5% among 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D54E1F9D3FC14F940" box="[922,1014,1654,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D54E1F9D3FC14F940" box="[922,1014,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFB4A5D5340F9D3FB5CF940" box="[1083,1214,1654,1677]" name="Switzerland" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
. In addition, several authors reported that the thumb length is a relatively good criterion to differentiate 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D54ABF913FB9CF900" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[976,1150,1718,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D54ABF913FB9CF900" box="[976,1150,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&gt; 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFB4A5D53D8F913FB14F900" box="[1187,1270,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
) from 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5246F913FA24F900" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1341,1478,1718,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5246F913FA24F900" box="[1341,1478,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D5433F973FC1DF920" authorityName="Dulic" authorityYear="1980" box="[840,1023,1750,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolombatovici">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5433F973FC1DF920" box="[840,1023,1750,1773]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. kolombatovici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFB4A5D534AF973FB68F920" box="[1073,1162,1750,1773]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
) where these 3 species cohabit (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D542AF953FB96F8C0" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; E. HARING &amp; N. TVRTKOVIC" box="[849,1140,1782,1805]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7079" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., E. HARING, AND N. TVRTKOVIC. 2002. Plecotus microdontus (Mammalia, Vespertilionidae), a new bat species from Austria. Natura Croatica 11: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Spitzenberger et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D53F0F953FA61F8C0" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[1163,1411,1782,1805]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). All the mentioned 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D54BEF8B3FBC3F8E0" box="[965,1057,1814,1837]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D54BEF8B3FBC3F8E0" box="[965,1057,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be unambiguously discerned using short mitochondrial molecular markers, such as the cytochrome 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D54DBF8F3FC4FF8A0" box="[928,941,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">b</emphasis>
or the control region (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D53D9F8F3FAB2F8A0" author="JUSTE, J." box="[1186,1360,1878,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1114 - 1126" refId="ref6427" refString="JUSTE, J., ET AL. 2004. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the long-eared bats (Plecotus) in the Mediterranean Palaearctic and Atlantic Islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1114 - 1126." type="journal article" year="2004">Juste et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D5224F8F3FC23F840" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), as well as the standardized COI barcode region (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFB4A5D542AF833FBDBF860" author="AGNARSSON, I., C. M. &amp; TORRELIO, N. P. &amp; SALDANA, AND L. J." box="[849,1081,1942,1965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref5329" refString="AGNARSSON, I., C. M. ZAMBRANA- TORRELIO, N. P. FLORES- SALDANA, AND L. J. MAY- COLLADO. 2011. A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia). PLoS Currents 3: RRN 1212." type="journal volume" year="2011">Agnarsson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<caption id="ACB86613FFFB4A5D5433FA98FB51FA05" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573471" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573471/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" startId="1.[840,875,1341,1362]" targetBox="[893,1469,200,1328]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFB4A5D5433FA98FB51FA05" blockId="1.[840,1523,1341,1480]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D5433FA98FC6BFA9F" bold="true" box="[840,905,1341,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFB4A5D531AFAFEFAA7FABD" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1121,1349,1371,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFB4A5D531AFAFEFAA7FABD" box="[1121,1349,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Natural History Museum in Belgrade 01/14) from Ćetanica plateau (Serbia), captured on 26 July 2013. Condylobasal length is 15.64 mm. Photograph by Ivana Budinski used with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="91482F70FFF84A5E566AFF6EFB48FE6F" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFF84A5E566AFF6EFB48FE6F" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E566AFF6EFD97FF28" blockId="2.[273,629,203,229]" box="[273,629,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="A33081F7FFF84A5E566AFF6EFD97FF28" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E566AFF6EFD97FF28" bold="true" box="[273,629,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E57E3FEAAFDA2FCCB" blockId="2.[109,793,271,1286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E57E3FEAAFE6DFEEB" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[152,399,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E57E3FEAAFE6DFEEB" box="[152,399,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a medium-sized (
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFF84A5E5511FEAAFD55FEEB" box="[618,695,271,294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="8.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.0">6–10 g</quantity>
, forearm length usually between 39 and 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFF84A5E56C0FE8AFDEAFE8B" box="[443,520,303,326]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
) Palearctic bat. It has the characteristic long ears of plecotine bats, which are fully erect and extended forward when echolocating and in flight, and folded and curled sideways when at rest. Ears and tragus are light brown, and eyes are fairly large and black. The face is dark brown, with a robust snout and a pinkish mandible where the inverted triangular-shaped pad usually stands out on the chin. The ventral fur is dense and usually looks whitish, often with pale yellowish highlights both sides of the neck and shoulders; the dorsal fur is typically pale gray. All hairs are bicolored in adult specimens, with a black base and lighter tips. There is no sexual dimorphism in fur coloration. The patagium is light brown and translucent, without fur. Coloration, morphometric measurements, and the length of the fur are subject to considerable geographical variation. Dental formula is i 2/3, c 1/1, p 2/3, m 3/3, total 36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E57E3FCAAFE66FBCB" blockId="2.[109,793,271,1286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
Mean external biometric measurements (mm; with range and 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E57E4FC8AFF4EFC8B" box="[159,172,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">n</emphasis>
) were: forearm length 41.2 (35.5–44.8, 195); length of hind foot 7.6 (6.6–9.0, 177); tragus length 17.2 (14.2–20.0, 166); tragus width 5.8 (5.0–7.0, 157); thumb length 6.9 (5.5–7.9, 192); and claw length 2.6 (0.9–3.6, 83—Kiefer and Veith 2002; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E55A0FC2AFF39FC0B" author="GARIN, I., J. L. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; U. GOITI &amp; J. JUSTE" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="243 - 250" refId="ref6256" refString="GARIN, I., J. L. GARCIA- MUDARRA, J. AIHARTZA, U. GOITI, AND J. JUSTE. 2003. Presence of Plecotus macrobullaris (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Pyrenees. Acta Chiropterologica 5: 243 - 250." type="journal article" year="2003">Garin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5793FC0AFE7EFC0B" author="TRIZIO, I." box="[232,412,943,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref7261" refString="TRIZIO, I., ET AL. 2005. First record of the alpine long-eared bat (Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965) in Lombardy (Northern Italy) revealed by DNA analysis. Natura Bresciana 34: 171 - 175." type="journal article" year="2005">Trizio et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E56D2FC0AFD67FC0B" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[425,645,943,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E55EAFC0AFF40FC2B" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Females are usually larger than males (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5514FC6AFF40FBCB" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E57D4FC4AFE96FBCB" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[175,372,1007,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E57E3FBAAFB48FE6F" blockId="2.[109,793,271,1286]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
Mean craniometric measurements (mm; with range and 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E5479FBAAFCEDFBEB" box="[770,783,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">n</emphasis>
) were: greatest length of skull 17.0 (15.9–18.3, 82); condylocanine length 15.1 (14.1–16.1, 70); condylobasal length 15.8 (14.7–16.9, 80); height of braincase 7.6 (7.1–8.1, 80); breadth of braincase 8.5 (7.7–9.3, 75); breadth of interorbital constriction 3.5 (3.1–3.9, 81); maximum bulla diameter 4.6 (4.2–4.9, 57); anterior palatal breadth 3.8 (3.4–4.2, 75); maxillary breadth 6.3 (5.9–6.7, 81); length of upper toothrow from 1st incisor to 3rd molar 6.7 (6.3–7.2, 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E5330FF6EFBBAFF2F" box="[1099,1112,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">n</emphasis>
= 51); length of upper toothrow from canine to 3rd molar 5.6 (5.3–6.3, 87—Kiefer and Veith 2002; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5433FEAEFBB8FEEF" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[840,1114,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5310FEAEFACCFEEF" author="BENDA, P. &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; V. HANAK &amp; M. VEITH" box="[1131,1326,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref6050" refString="BENDA, P., A. KIEFER, V. HANAK, AND M. VEITH. 2004. Systematic status of African populations of long-eared bats, genus Plecotus (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Folia Zoologica 53: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="2004">Benda et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The cranial and dental structures are similar across the entire geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E54CEFEEEFB8AFEAF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[949,1128,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E54CEFEEEFB8AFEAF" box="[949,1128,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the skull size and the auditory bullae tend to be smaller in the Western clade than in the Eastern clade (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E54EBFE2EFB78FE6F" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[912,1178,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFF84A5F534AFE4FFD46FDCF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFF84A5F534AFE4FFD46FDCF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E534AFE4FFAEBFDC9" blockId="2.[1073,1289,490,516]" box="[1073,1289,490,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="A33081F7FFF84A5E534AFE4FFAEBFDC9" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,490,516]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E534AFE4FFAEBFDC9" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,490,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E5408FD8BFA95FAC8" blockId="2.[840,1523,558,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E5408FD8BFB8EFD88" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[883,1132,558,581]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E5408FD8BFB8EFD88" box="[883,1132,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only bat species with a palealpine distribution (
<figureCitation id="60FC2A1EFFF84A5E535EFDEBFB8BFDA8" box="[1061,1129,590,613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1896,1917]" captionTargetBox="[336,1297,1331,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-677@2.[334,1297,1330,1883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Plecotus macrobullaris. The 2 matrilineal clades are: 1, Western clade (P. m. alpinus); 2, Eastern clade (P. m. macrobullaris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; i.e., widely distributed across the Palearctic, but limited to mountain environments—Alberdi et al. 2014). It is found in the main mountain ranges in the southwestern and central Palearctic, as well as the close surroundings (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E542AFD6BFBFEFD28" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[849,1052,718,741]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). To date, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E53E9FD6BFAA4FD28" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1170,1350,718,741]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E53E9FD6BFB40FD28" box="[1170,1186,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E53CAFD6BFAA4FD28" box="[1201,1350,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found in the Pyrenees (
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5484FD4BFBABFCC8" box="[1023,1097,750,773]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">France</collectingCountry>
and Spain—Garin et al. 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E52DAFD4BFC57FCE8" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), Alps (
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5373FCABFBB9FCE8" box="[1032,1115,782,805]" name="Austria" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Austria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E531FFCABFB4DFCE8" box="[1124,1199,782,805]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">France</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E53C2FCABFB09FCE8" box="[1209,1259,782,805]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Italy</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E538FFCABFA65FCE8" box="[1268,1415,782,805]" name="Liechtenstein" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Liechtenstein</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E52F4FCABFA0CFCE8" box="[1423,1518,782,805]" name="Slovenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
, Switzerland—Chirichella et al. 2003; Kiefer and von Helversen 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E54F2FCEBFBD8FCA8" author="TRIZIO, I." box="[905,1082,846,869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref7261" refString="TRIZIO, I., ET AL. 2005. First record of the alpine long-eared bat (Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965) in Lombardy (Northern Italy) revealed by DNA analysis. Natura Bresciana 34: 171 - 175." type="journal article" year="2005">Trizio et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E533CFCEBFAAEFCA8" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" box="[1095,1356,846,869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5223FCEBFC9FFC48" author="PRESETNIK, P. &amp; K. KOSELJ &amp; M. ZAGMAJSTER" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" refId="ref6909" refString="PRESETNIK, P., K. KOSELJ, AND M. ZAGMAJSTER. 2009. Atlas netopirjev (Chiroptera) Slovenije. Atlas of bats (Chiroptera) of Slovenia. Miklavz na Dravskem polju: Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Ljubljana, Slovenia." type="book" year="2009">Presetnik et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Mattei-Roesli 2010; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E531EFCCBFAB4FC48" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[1125,1366,878,901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), Dinaric Alps (
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5434FC2BFC4AFC68" box="[847,936,910,933]" name="Albania" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Albania</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E54D4FC2BFB6EFC68" box="[943,1164,910,933]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Bosnia-Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E53E9FC2BFB01FC68" box="[1170,1251,910,933]" name="Croatia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Croatia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5391FC2BFA81FC68" box="[1258,1379,910,933]" name="Macedonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5211FC2BFA0DFC68" box="[1386,1519,910,933]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
, Serbia—Juste et al. 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5316FC0BFAB7FC08" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[1133,1365,942,965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Sachanowicz and Ciechanowski 2006; Bekker and Boshamer 2007; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E52E9FC6BFC5FFBC8" author="BUDINSKI, I. &amp; B. KARAPANDZA, V. &amp; JOSIPOVIC, J. &amp; JOVANOVIC, AND &amp; M. PAUNOVIC" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="984 - 988" refId="ref6095" refString="BUDINSKI, I., B. KARAPANDZA, V. JOSIPOVIC, J. JOVANOVIC, AND M. PAUNOVIC. 2016. The first record of alpine long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris in Serbia. Turkish Journal of Zoology 40: 984 - 988." type="journal article" year="2016">Budinski et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), Pindos Mountains (Greece—Alberdi et al. 2013), several mountain ranges in 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5316FBABFB5AFBE8" box="[1133,1208,1038,1061]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(Kaçkar, Taurus, Guneydogu Toroslar—Karatas and Sozen 2006), Greater Caucasus (
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E52EEFB8BFA0DFB88" box="[1429,1519,1070,1093]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, Russia—Spitzenberger et al. 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E53B5FBEBFAB3FBA8" author="KIEFER, A." box="[1230,1361,1102,1125]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" refId="ref6497" refString="KIEFER, A. 2008. Phylogeny of Western Palaearctic long-eared bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Plecotus) - a molecular perspective. Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany." type="book" year="2008">Kiefer 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E521AFBEBFC9FFB48" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), Lower Caucasus (
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E5324FBCBFB23FB48" box="[1119,1217,1134,1157]" name="Armenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, Azerbaijan—Kiefer 2008), Anti-Lebanon (Syria—Benda et al. 2006), and the Iranian Alborz and Zagros Mountains (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E5333FB0BFAE0FB08" author="BENDA, P." box="[1096,1282,1198,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="163 - 582" refId="ref5957" refString="BENDA, P., ET AL. 2012. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 10. Bat fauna of Iran. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 76: 163 - 582." type="journal article" year="2012">Benda et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E5262FB0BFA2AFB08" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1305,1480,1198,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E5262FB0BFA2AFB08" box="[1305,1480,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been also found on 2 Mediterranean islands: 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF84A5E524AFB6BFA60FB28" box="[1329,1410,1230,1253]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Corsica</collectingCountry>
and Crete (Kiefer and von Helversen 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF84A5E53D6FB4BFA85FAC8" author="BENDA, P. &amp; P. GEORGIAKAKIS &amp; C. DIETZ" box="[1197,1383,1262,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="105 - 190" refId="ref5999" refString="BENDA, P., P. GEORGIAKAKIS, AND C. DIETZ. 2008. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 7. The bat fauna of Crete, Greece. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 72: 105 - 190." type="journal article" year="2008">Benda et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="ACB86613FFF84A5E5716F8CDFEDCF857" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573473" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" startId="2.[109,144,1896,1917]" targetBox="[336,1297,1331,1882]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF84A5E5716F8CDFEDCF857" blockId="2.[109,1523,1896,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E5716F8CDFF53F8B0" bold="true" box="[109,177,1896,1917]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
—Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E56A1F8CDFD5FF8B0" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[474,701,1896,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E56A1F8CDFD5FF8B0" box="[474,701,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The 2 matrilineal clades are: 1, Western clade (
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E53CFF8CDFADAF8B0" box="[1204,1336,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
P. m. 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E538AF8CDFADAF8B0" baseAuthorityName="Kiefer and Veith" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1265,1336,1896,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">alpinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); 2, Eastern clade (
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF84A5E570EF823FED2F856" box="[117,304,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
P. m. 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF84A5E57D1F823FED2F856" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[170,304,1926,1947]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">macrobullaris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F57E3FF6EFD46FDCF" blockId="3.[109,792,203,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
The elevational range of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F56CAFF6EFD85FF2F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[433,615,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F56CAFF6EFE23FF2F" box="[433,449,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F56A9FF6EFD85FF2F" box="[466,615,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spans from sea level up to about 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFF94A5F564BFF4EFE6FFECF" box="[304,397,235,258]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2800.0">2,800 m</quantity>
, even though there are considerable differences between geographic areas. Almost all records in the Pyrenees and the Zagros mountains are above 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFF94A5F551DFE8EFD23FE8F" box="[614,705,299,322]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1500.0">1,500 m</quantity>
, but the species can be found at considerably lower elevations in very steep and mountainous regions. In such regions, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5511FECEFCFAFE4F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[618,792,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5511FECEFCFAFE4F" box="[618,792,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows an extremely wide elevational distribution (e.g., in the Alps it can be found between 200 and 2,200 m—Alberdi et al. 2013), and in 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF94A5F563EFE6EFE76FE2F" box="[325,404,459,482]" name="Croatia" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Croatia</collectingCountry>
from sea level up to mountain tops (Pavlinic and Tvrtkovic 2004). No fossils are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFF94A5F565AFD9BFD6FFBF4" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFF94A5F565AFD9BFD6FFBF4" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F565AFD9BFD86FD95" blockId="3.[289,612,574,600]" box="[289,612,574,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="A33081F7FFF94A5F565AFD9BFD86FD95" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[289,612,574,600]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F565AFD9BFD86FD95" bold="true" box="[289,612,574,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F57E3FD27FD6FFBF4" blockId="3.[109,792,642,1081]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
Echolocation calls are fairly similar to other 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F55FDFD27FD00FD54" box="[646,738,642,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F55FDFD27FD00FD54" box="[646,738,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F57D2FD07FE44FD74" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[169,422,674,697]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F57D2FD07FE44FD74" box="[169,422,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emits multiharmonic, downward frequency-modulated signals consisting mostly of the 1st and the lower part of the 2nd harmonic (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F56AFFD47FD45FD34" author="DIETRICH, S. &amp; D. P. SZAMEITAT &amp; A. K IEFER &amp; H. U. SCHNITZLER &amp; AND A." box="[468,679,738,761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref6175" refString="DIETRICH, S., D. P. SZAMEITAT, A. K IEFER, H. U. SCHNITZLER, AND A. D ENZINGER. 2006. Echolocation signals of the plecotine bat, Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzyakin, 1965. Acta Chiropterologica 8: 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="2006">Dietrich et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F55C3FD47FF40FCD4" author="BARATAUD, M." pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refId="ref5852" refString="BARATAUD, M. 2014. Ecologie acoustique des chiropteres d'Europe. Biotope Editions, Meze, France." type="book" year="2014">Barataud 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The 1st harmonic starts at about 46 kHz and ends around 23 kHz, with a peak frequency around 35 kHz. The 2nd harmonic starts around 67 kHz and does not overlap with the 1st harmonic. The pulse length varies considerably depending on the surrounding environment, emitting short signals (up to 0.8 ms) when flying close to the clutter, and long signals (up to 7.3 ms) when flying far from the clutter. The longer the signal the lower the frequency band and the peak frequency. Although 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5716FBA7FEFEFBD4" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,284,1026,1049]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5716FBA7FEFEFBD4" box="[109,284,1026,1049]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is genetically more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F55D7FBA7FCF0FBD4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[684,786,1026,1049]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F55D7FBA7FCF0FBD4" box="[684,786,1026,1049]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its signal structure is closer to that of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5686FB87FD64FBF4" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[509,646,1058,1081]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5686FB87FD64FBF4" box="[509,646,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFF94A595603FB2DFB8FFEAF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="biology_ecology">
<subSection id="91482F70FFF94A595603FB2DFCE0FB4F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F5603FB2DFDECFB6F" blockId="3.[376,526,1160,1186]" box="[376,526,1160,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="A33081F7FFF94A5F5603FB2DFDECFB6F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,1160,1186]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5603FB2DFDECFB6F" bold="true" box="[376,526,1160,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F57E3FB6EFD6FFA8F" blockId="3.[109,793,1227,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F57E3FB6EFE71FB2F" box="[152,403,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F57E3FB6EFE71FB2F" box="[152,403,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Plectous macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females aggregate in small groups (5–25) to form breeding colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5694FB4EFD5DFACF" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[495,703,1259,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). These colonies may contain several nulliparous females, with an occasional presence of male bats (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F56D1FA8EFD9FFA8F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[426,637,1323,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F57E3FAEEFD27F8EF" blockId="3.[109,793,1227,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
Distribution records indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5680FAEEFD48FAAF" box="[507,682,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5680FAEEFD48FAAF" box="[507,682,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is ecologically linked to mountain environments (Kiefer and Veith 2002; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5716FA2EFED2FA6F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[109,304,1419,1442]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), although it is not restricted to high elevations (Pavlinic and Tvrtkovic 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F56D6FA0EFD92FA0F" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[429,624,1451,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Using an ecological niche modeling approach, 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F56ABFA6EFD47FA2F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[464,677,1483,1506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="77" refId="ref5489" refString="ALBERDI, A., O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2014. Unveiling the factors shaping the distribution of widely distributed alpine vertebrates, using multi-scale ecological niche modelling of the bat Plecotus macrobullaris. Frontiers in Zoology 11: 77." type="journal article" year="2014">Alberdi et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that the broad-scale distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5688FA4EFD4AF9CF" box="[499,680,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5688FA4EFDE1F9CF" box="[499,515,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F556FFA4EFD4AF9CF" box="[532,680,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly shaped by topographic factors, as it is found in areas with very steep topography but missing in flatlands. In contrast, the relative influence of climatic factors was much lower, as the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F57F0F9CEFEDBF94F" box="[139,313,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F57F0F9CEFEDBF94F" box="[139,313,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
covers a very broad climatic range, from the extremely cold and rainy Alps to the warm and dry mountains in the Middle East. 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F565BF90EFE15F90F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[288,503,1707,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="77" refId="ref5489" refString="ALBERDI, A., O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2014. Unveiling the factors shaping the distribution of widely distributed alpine vertebrates, using multi-scale ecological niche modelling of the bat Plecotus macrobullaris. Frontiers in Zoology 11: 77." type="journal article" year="2014">Alberdi et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that its fondness for steep environments might be the result of increased availability of rocky and open-space areas that would provide appropriate foraging and roosting environments for 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F556AF8AEFD5DF8EF" box="[529,703,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F556AF8AEFD5DF8EF" box="[529,703,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F57E3F88EFA8CFC8F" blockId="3.[109,793,1227,1986]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1524,203,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
However, the study of roosting and foraging preferences of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F57F7F8EEFEDEF8AF" box="[140,316,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F57F7F8EEFEDEF8AF" box="[140,316,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has yielded contrasting results. Most of the known roosting sites of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5613F8CEFDF7F84F" box="[360,533,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5613F8CEFDF7F84F" box="[360,533,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are man-made buildings (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F570DF82EFEDDF86F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[118,319,1931,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In fact, it is one of the most common species found in church attics in the Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F556FF80EFCEBF80F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[532,777,1963,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, results of a radiotracking study performed in the Pyrenees depicted a very different behavior. 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F526FFF4EFA10FECF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[1300,1522,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
captured 51 free-flying 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F533EFEAEFB17FEEF" box="[1093,1269,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F533EFEAEFB17FEEF" box="[1093,1269,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and radiotracked them to their roosting sites. Most bats sheltered in rock crevices, and many males and nulliparous females made systematic use of scree deposits as roosts. Many of those roosting sites were found in alpine environments (above the upper forest treeline). Only 3 of the 51 tracked bats, all of them breeding females, roosted in buildings. The authors considered 2 possible explanations for the contrasting results. Bats (mainly breeding females) might make use of buildings more often in the Alps than in the Pyrenees because the climatic conditions are colder (about 2°C at the same elevation). Conversely, almost all the records in the Alps come from surveys of building that were considered suitable a priori, which entails a systemic bias toward man-made buildings. Similarly, the few roosts that were known in the Pyrenees before the radiotracking study were also buildings (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F526DFD6EFA01FD2F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[1302,1507,715,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
). Bats might also use natural roosting resources in the Alps, but the previously described approaches may not be suitable for revealing the entire roosting spectrum of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F53C1FC8EFA8AFC8F" box="[1210,1384,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F53C1FC8EFA8AFC8F" box="[1210,1384,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F5408FCEEFA12FACF" blockId="3.[840,1524,203,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5408FCEEFB88FCAF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[883,1130,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5408FCEEFB88FCAF" box="[883,1130,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been also found in caves, mostly in the southeastern area of its distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F525CFCCEFA0EFC4F" author="BENDA, P. &amp; P. GEORGIAKAKIS &amp; C. DIETZ" box="[1319,1516,875,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="105 - 190" refId="ref5999" refString="BENDA, P., P. GEORGIAKAKIS, AND C. DIETZ. 2008. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 7. The bat fauna of Crete, Greece. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 72: 105 - 190." type="journal article" year="2008">Benda et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5433FC2EFC9FFC6F" author="BENDA, P." box="[840,893,907,930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="163 - 582" refId="ref5957" refString="BENDA, P., ET AL. 2012. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 10. Bat fauna of Iran. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 76: 163 - 582." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
). Probably, it was originally linked to karstic areas with high availability of rock crevices, scree slopes, and caves. In fact, this preference to limestone environments can be still seen in the Pyrenees Mountains and 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFF94A5F53DFFC4EFB11FBCF" box="[1188,1267,1003,1026]" name="Croatia" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Croatia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F527EFC4EFA09FBCF" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[1285,1515,1003,1026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5433FBAEFBF5FBEF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[840,1047,1035,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F53E4FBAEFAB6FBEF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1183,1364,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F53E4FBAEFB4DFBEF" box="[1183,1199,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F53C4FBAEFAB6FBEF" box="[1215,1364,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been able to take advantage of relatively new roosting resources such as man-made buildings. Finally, a male 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F53AAFBEEFA62FBAF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1233,1408,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F53AAFBEEFA62FBAF" box="[1233,1408,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was documented using tree hole indicating that they might occasionally use alternate 
<typeStatus id="277C8839FFF94A5F54A9FB2EFBE8FB6F" box="[978,1034,1163,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">types</typeStatus>
of roosts. These results depict a flexible roosting behavior, and suggest that depending on the environmental conditions, as well as sexual and reproductive status, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F52F0FB6EFC78FACF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F52F0FB6EFC78FACF" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bats may exhibit different roosting preferences (
<figureCitation id="60FC2A1EFFF94A5F52D9FB4EFA02FACF" box="[1442,1504,1259,1282]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1281,1302]" captionTargetBox="[336,1296,200,1268]" captionTargetId="figure-328@4.[336,1296,200,1268]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4.—Some of the most common roosting resources used by Plecotus macrobullaris. (A) Church in Kupljenik, Slovenia (632 m), where a small (5 adults) maternity colony was identified in 2012. (B) Crack (exact location indicated by the green arrow) in a large rock wall in Valle de Tena, Spain (2,250 m), where a maternity colony of&gt; 10 individuals was located in 2013. A red circle indicates the presence of a researcher. (C) Talus slope in Valle de Aísa, Spain (1,450 m), where a nulliparous female was located for several days in 2013. (D) A female P. macrobullaris and its pup in a church attic in Laas, Italy, in July 2012 (920 m). (E) A male P. macrobullaris roosted in a crack in Currundué, Spain (1,740 m), in July 2013. (F) A male P. macrobullaris roosted in a scree deposit in Valle de Añisco, Spain (2,140 m), in July 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A5F5408FAAEFC36F8CF" blockId="3.[840,1524,203,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
Roosting-site habitat selection has also produced contrasting results. 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F54E6FA8EFB45FA8F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[925,1191,1323,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
reported that 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5239FA8EFA10FA8F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1346,1522,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5239FA8EFA10FA8F" box="[1346,1522,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
chooses buildings surrounded by forest environments, although 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5433FACEFBCFFA4F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[840,1069,1387,1410]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
found that most roosts were located closer to meadows and open forests, and further away from deciduous forest and shrubbery. These conflicting results might reflect a geographical trend (i.e., bats roost closer to forest in the Alps than in the Pyrenees), or it might be due to the differences in the employed approaches and the roosting resources that were examined. 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F54C7F98EFB20F98F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[956,1218,1579,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
studied the location of manmade buildings where 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F5346F9EEFB0FF9AF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1085,1261,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F5346F9EEFB0FF9AF" box="[1085,1261,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found roosting, but 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F5433F9CEFBDBF94F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[840,1081,1643,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
analyzed the roosts spotted after radiotracking free-ranging bats, mainly natural rock cracks and scree deposits. Interestingly, the building roosts identified in the latter study were located close to or surrounded by forest (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F52DAF96EFC21F8CF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFF94A585408F8AEFD4BF86B" blockId="3.[840,1524,203,1986]" lastBlockId="4.[109,793,1487,1958]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
Regarding foraging preferences, the abundant captures performed hundreds of meters above the upper forest limit (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F52DAF88EFC20F8AF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), the roosts located far from forest environments (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F542AF8CEFBCBF84F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[849,1065,1899,1922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
), and the open-space moth species identified in its diet (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFF94A5F548AF82EFB5CF86F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[1009,1214,1931,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" pagination="35692" refId="ref5396" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2012. The foraging ecology of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris revealed with DNA mini-barcodes. PLoS One 7: e 35692." type="journal article" year="2012">Alberdi et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) suggest that, at least in the Pyrenees, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFF94A5F54C3F80EFB88F80F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[952,1130,1963,1986]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFF94A5F54C3F80EFB88F80F" box="[952,1130,1963,1986]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an open-space forager. However, this pattern largely contrasts with the observations reported from the Swiss Alps, where 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A5856E0FA4AFD96F9CB" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; M. RUTISHAUSER &amp; K. ECKER &amp; M. K. OBRIST &amp; R. ARLETTAZ &amp; F. BONTADINA" box="[411,628,1519,1542]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="2751 - 2766" refId="ref5795" refString="ASHRAFI, S., M. RUTISHAUSER, K. ECKER, M. K. OBRIST, R. ARLETTAZ, AND F. BONTADINA. 2013. Habitat selection of three cryptic Plecotus bat species in the European Alps reveals contrasting implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 22: 2751 - 2766." type="journal article" year="2013">Ashrafi et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A585716F9AAFEF8F9EB" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,282,1551,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585716F9AAFEF8F9EB" box="[109,282,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
avoids grasslands and selects its foraging habitat according to the heterogeneity of vertical vegetation structures. Similarly, Pavlinic and Tvrtkovic (2004) reported that in 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFE4A5855B1F9EAFCFBF9AB" box="[714,793,1615,1638]" name="Croatia" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Croatia</collectingCountry>
the species appears linked to deciduous forests, but 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5855EAF9CAFF7CF96B" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5855EAF9CAFF7CF96B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been observed in forests in the Pyrenees (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A5855BCF92AFF39F90B" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). To further blur the picture of foraging preferences of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A585716F96AFEFCF92B" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,286,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585716F96AFEFCF92B" box="[109,286,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another radiotracking study carried out in the Italian Alps concluded that 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5856E1F94AFDADF8CB" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[410,591,1775,1798]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5856E1F94AFE48F8CB" box="[410,426,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5856C1F94AFDADF8CB" box="[442,591,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
avoids woodlands (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A58570DF8AAFEAEF8EB" author="PREATONI, D. &amp; M. SPADA &amp; L. WAUTERS &amp; G. TOSI &amp; A. MARTINOLI" box="[118,332,1807,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="355 - 364" refId="ref6858" refString="PREATONI, D., M. SPADA, L. WAUTERS, G. TOSI, AND A. MARTINOLI. 2011. Habitat use in the female Alpine long-eared bat (Plecotus macrobullaris): does breeding make the difference? Acta Chiropterologica 13: 355 - 364." type="journal article" year="2011">Preatoni et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Two radiotracking studies indicated that the foraging range of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A585618F88AFDF7F88B" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[355,533,1839,1862]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585618F88AFDF7F88B" box="[355,533,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually below 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFE4A5855A5F88AFCFAF88B" box="[734,792,1839,1862]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
(Ashrafi 2010; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A58566FF8EAFE0EF8AB" author="PREATONI, D. &amp; M. SPADA &amp; L. WAUTERS &amp; G. TOSI &amp; A. MARTINOLI" box="[276,492,1871,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="355 - 364" refId="ref6858" refString="PREATONI, D., M. SPADA, L. WAUTERS, G. TOSI, AND A. MARTINOLI. 2011. Habitat use in the female Alpine long-eared bat (Plecotus macrobullaris): does breeding make the difference? Acta Chiropterologica 13: 355 - 364." type="journal article" year="2011">Preatoni et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
), although displacement of up to 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFE4A5857D2F8CAFF00F84B" box="[169,226,1903,1926]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
, and elevation differences of more than 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFE4A5855F2F8CAFD03F84B" box="[649,737,1903,1926]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
have been recorded in a single night (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A5856BEF82AFD7AF86B" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[453,664,1935,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="ACB86613FFFE4A585716FAA4FBD7FA64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" startId="4.[109,144,1281,1302]" targetBox="[336,1296,200,1268]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFE4A585716FAA4FBD7FA64" blockId="4.[109,1523,1281,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585716FAA4FF4FFADB" bold="true" box="[109,173,1281,1302]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
—Some of the most common roosting resources used by 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5855AEFAA4FC56FADB" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[725,948,1281,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5855AEFAA4FC56FADB" box="[725,948,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Church in Kupljenik, Slovenia (632 m), where a small (5 adults) maternity colony was identified in 2012. (B) Crack (exact location indicated by the green arrow) in a large rock wall in Valle de Tena, Spain (2,250 m), where a maternity colony of&gt; 10 individuals was located in 2013. A red circle indicates the presence of a researcher. (C) Talus slope in Valle de Aísa, Spain (1,450 m), where a nulliparous female was located for several days in 2013. (D) A female 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A58539DFAFCFA61FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1254,1411,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A58539DFAFCFA61FAA3" box="[1254,1411,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its pup in a church attic in Laas, Italy, in July 2012 (920 m). (E) A male 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5855A8FAD2FC92FA41" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[723,880,1399,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5855A8FAD2FC92FA41" box="[723,880,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
roosted in a crack in Currundué, Spain (1,740 m), in July 2013. (F) A male 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5857C2FA31FEB5FA64" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[185,343,1428,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5857C2FA31FEB5FA64" box="[185,343,1428,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
roosted in a scree deposit in Valle de Añisco, Spain (2,140 m), in July 2013.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFE4A585408FA6AFADBF96B" blockId="4.[840,1523,1487,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
The diet of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A58548EFA6AFB44FA2B" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1013,1190,1487,1510]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A58548EFA6AFB44FA2B" box="[1013,1190,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly composed of moths (Order 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5854EFFA4AFBFBF9CB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[916,1049,1519,1542]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
), although it also consumes coleopterans and dipterans (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A5854C0F9AAFB65F9EB" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; A. BECK &amp; M. RUTISHAUSER &amp; R. ARLETTAZ &amp; F. BONTADINA" box="[955,1159,1551,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="843 - 849" refId="ref5694" refString="ASHRAFI, S., A. BECK, M. RUTISHAUSER, R. ARLETTAZ, AND F. BONTADINA. 2011. Trophic niche partitioning of cryptic species of long-eared bats in Switzerland: implications for conservation. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57: 843 - 849." type="journal article" year="2011">Ashrafi et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A5853EDF9AAFA86F9EB" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[1174,1380,1551,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="35692" refId="ref5396" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2012. The foraging ecology of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris revealed with DNA mini-barcodes. PLoS One 7: e 35692." type="journal article" year="2012">Alberdi et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Most moth species identified in its diet belong to the family 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A58522AF98AFA23F98B" box="[1361,1473,1583,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
, and 96% of prey species (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A585350F9EAFB12F9AB" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[1067,1264,1615,1638]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="35692" refId="ref5396" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2012. The foraging ecology of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris revealed with DNA mini-barcodes. PLoS One 7: e 35692." type="journal article" year="2012">Alberdi et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) identified using molecular methods were tympanate moths (i.e., species that can detect bats’ echolocation calls—Goerlitz et al. 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFE4A595408F90AFD88FD2F" blockId="4.[840,1523,1487,1958]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1154]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
Multiple ecological and distribution data suggest the existence of competitive exclusion between 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A585271F96AFA5DF92B" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1290,1471,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585271F96AFA5DF92B" box="[1290,1471,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A585433F94AFC32F8CB" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[840,976,1775,1798]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A585433F94AFC32F8CB" box="[840,976,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both species use similar open and semi-open areas for foraging, and their diets are basically composed of grassland moth species (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A585359F88AFB1DF88B" author="RAZGOUR, O." box="[1058,1279,1839,1862]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="556 - 570" refId="ref6957" refString="RAZGOUR, O., ET AL. 2011. High-throughput sequencing offers insight into mechanisms of resource partitioning in cryptic bat species. Ecology and Evolution 1: 556 - 570." type="journal article" year="2011">Razgour et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A585274F88AFA01F88B" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[1295,1507,1839,1862]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="35692" refId="ref5396" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2012. The foraging ecology of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris revealed with DNA mini-barcodes. PLoS One 7: e 35692." type="journal article" year="2012">Alberdi et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Conversely, the trophic niche of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFE4A5853C5F8EAFAC8F8AB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1214,1322,1871,1894]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFE4A5853C5F8EAFAC8F8AB" box="[1214,1322,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is different, as it also includes nonflying arthropods and is basically composed of woodland prey (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A58535BF82AFB10F86B" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; A. BECK &amp; M. RUTISHAUSER &amp; R. ARLETTAZ &amp; F. BONTADINA" box="[1056,1266,1935,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="843 - 849" refId="ref5694" refString="ASHRAFI, S., A. BECK, M. RUTISHAUSER, R. ARLETTAZ, AND F. BONTADINA. 2011. Trophic niche partitioning of cryptic species of long-eared bats in Switzerland: implications for conservation. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57: 843 - 849." type="journal article" year="2011">Ashrafi et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFE4A58527EF82AFA01F86B" author="RAZGOUR, O." box="[1285,1507,1935,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" pagination="556 - 570" refId="ref6957" refString="RAZGOUR, O., ET AL. 2011. High-throughput sequencing offers insight into mechanisms of resource partitioning in cryptic bat species. Ecology and Evolution 1: 556 - 570." type="journal article" year="2011">Razgour et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). There are also large similarities in echolocation signals and flight behavior (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59566CFF4EFE01FECF" author="DIETRICH, S. &amp; D. P. SZAMEITAT &amp; A. K IEFER &amp; H. U. SCHNITZLER &amp; AND A." box="[279,483,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref6175" refString="DIETRICH, S., D. P. SZAMEITAT, A. K IEFER, H. U. SCHNITZLER, AND A. D ENZINGER. 2006. Echolocation signals of the plecotine bat, Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzyakin, 1965. Acta Chiropterologica 8: 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="2006">Dietrich et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). All these ecological resemblances likely yield a parapatric distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595519FEAEFD09FEEF" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[610,747,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595519FEAEFD09FEEF" box="[610,747,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595716FE8EFEC7FE8F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,293,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595716FE8EFEC7FE8F" box="[109,293,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many geographic areas. In 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFF4A5955E2FE8EFCFAFE8F" box="[665,792,299,322]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595716FEEEFEE3FEAF" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[109,257,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595716FEEEFEE3FEAF" box="[109,257,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies the Northern lowland areas, while 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595716FECEFECAFE4F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[109,296,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595716FECEFECAFE4F" box="[109,296,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the mountainous regions (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59570DFE2EFE69FE6F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[118,395,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). A similar geographical split is also observed in 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFF4A595642FE0EFE68FE0F" box="[313,394,427,450]" name="Croatia" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Croatia</collectingCountry>
, where 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595696FE0EFD46FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[493,676,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595696FE0EFD46FE0F" box="[493,676,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be restricted to the karstic areas (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595688FE6EFD07FE2F" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[499,741,459,482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In the southern slopes of the Pyrenees Mountains, the parapatric distribution responds to an altitudinal pattern rather than to a geographical one. In that mountain range, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5955B8FD8EFF34FDAF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5955B8FD8EFF34FDAF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies the highest open areas and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5955F2FDEEFCFAFDAF" baseAuthorityName="J.B.Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[649,792,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5955F2FDEEFCFAFDAF" box="[649,792,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. austriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in lower zones (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5956F1FDCEFDBCFD4F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[394,606,619,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). There are also exceptions where both species can be found together, such as the Swiss city of Genève (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595625FD0EFDB0FD0F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[350,594,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), or several subalpine areas in the Pyrenees (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5956E9FD6EFDBBFD2F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[402,601,715,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A5957E3FD4EFCE0FB4F" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
As occurs with the other 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5956D1FD4EFDE7FCCF" box="[426,517,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5956D1FD4EFDE7FCCF" box="[426,517,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595512FD4EFCFAFCCF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[617,792,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595512FD4EFCFAFCCF" box="[617,792,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emits very faint echolocation pulses (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595683FCAEFD26FCEF" author="DIETRICH, S. &amp; D. P. SZAMEITAT &amp; A. K IEFER &amp; H. U. SCHNITZLER &amp; AND A." box="[504,708,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref6175" refString="DIETRICH, S., D. P. SZAMEITAT, A. K IEFER, H. U. SCHNITZLER, AND A. D ENZINGER. 2006. Echolocation signals of the plecotine bat, Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzyakin, 1965. Acta Chiropterologica 8: 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="2006">Dietrich et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). These pulses attenuate rapidly, making it almost impossible for most ultrasound detectors to record 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5956C0FCEEFD89FCAF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[443,619,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5956C0FCEEFD89FCAF" box="[443,619,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even from 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFF4A595597FCEEFCFAFCAF" box="[748,792,843,866]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
of distance. In addition, differentiation from other 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5955F2FCCEFD06FC4F" box="[649,740,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5955F2FCCEFD06FC4F" box="[649,740,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is also very challenging (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5956D6FC2EFDA8FC6F" author="BARATAUD, M." box="[429,586,907,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refId="ref5852" refString="BARATAUD, M. 2014. Ecologie acoustique des chiropteres d'Europe. Biotope Editions, Meze, France." type="book" year="2014">Barataud 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Consequently, its presence and abundance can be overlooked or underestimated in biodiversity surveys solely based on echolocation detection. Additionally, 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595787FC4EFE33FBCF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[252,465,1003,1026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
reported a surprisingly meager capture success of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595640FBAEFE09FBEF" baseAuthorityName="Kuzjakin" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[315,491,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595640FBAEFE09FBEF" box="[315,491,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals in water points, suggesting that other capture techniques such as setting long netchains in open areas should be employed to increase capture efficiency and obtain a better picture of abundance of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFFF4A59560EFB11FB8FFEAF" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A59560EFB11FDF2FB03" blockId="5.[373,528,1204,1230]" box="[373,528,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="A33081F7FFFF4A59560EFB11FDF2FB03" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,1204,1230]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A59560EFB11FDF2FB03" bold="true" box="[373,528,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A5957E3FB52FDBEF8C3" blockId="5.[109,793,1271,1934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
When roosting in man-made buildings 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A59553DFB52FF7CFAE3" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A59553DFB52FF7CFAE3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plectous macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found forming monospecific colonies, although it has been occasionally observed sharing attics with other 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595716FAF2FF2BFAA3" box="[109,201,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595716FAF2FF2BFAA3" box="[109,201,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; specifically 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5956C1FAF2FD92FAA3" authorityName="Dulic" authorityYear="1980" box="[442,624,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolombatovici">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5956C1FAF2FD92FAA3" box="[442,624,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. kolombatovici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5955D6FAF2FCFAFAA3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[685,792,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5955D6FAF2FCFAFAA3" box="[685,792,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59570DFAD2FEBAFA43" author="TVRTKOVIC, N. &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; E. HARING" box="[118,344,1399,1422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref7304" refString="TVRTKOVIC, N., I. PAVLINIC, AND E. HARING. 2005. Four species of longeared bats (Plecotus, Geoffroy, 1818; Mammalia, Vespertilionidae) in Croatia: field identification and distribution. Folia Zoologica 54: 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2005">Tvrtkovic et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59561DFAD2FDCFFA43" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; A. KIEFER &amp; I. PAVLINIC &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[358,557,1399,1422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref5745" refString="ASHRAFI, S., F. BONTADINA, A. KIEFER, I. PAVLINIC, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2010. Multiple morphological characters needed for field identification of cryptic long-eared bat species around the Swiss Alps. Journal of Zoology 281: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashrafi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). In caves it has been found along with species of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5956C8FA32FDD8FA63" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[435,570,1431,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5956C8FA32FDD8FA63" box="[435,570,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A59550CFA32FF0BFA03" authority="(Benda et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Benda" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A59550CFA32FD22FA63" box="[631,704,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Myotis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5955AFFA32FF3CFA03" author="BENDA, P." pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="163 - 582" refId="ref5957" refString="BENDA, P., ET AL. 2012. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 10. Bat fauna of Iran. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 76: 163 - 582." type="journal article" year="2012">Benda et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Roost fidelity varies according to the 
<typeStatus id="277C8839FFFF4A5955FCFA12FD57FA03" box="[647,693,1463,1486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
of roosting resource used, as well as the sex and reproductive condition of the individual. Individuals roosting in man-made buildings show very high roost fidelity and bats roosting in natural rock crevices exhibit slightly less fidelity. The lowest fidelity is found in the use of scree deposits, as these bats change their roosting location almost every day (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5956C7F9D2FD70F943" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[444,658,1655,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
). Regarding sex and reproductive condition, breeding females barely change their roosting sites, nulliparous females show intermediate fidelity, although males exhibit a very labile behavior, switching their roosts almost every day (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595603F952FDAEF8C3" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[376,588,1783,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A5957E3F8B2FB8FFEAF" blockId="5.[109,793,1271,1934]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
There is no confirmed data about the hibernation behavior of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5957F7F892FEDEF883" box="[140,316,1847,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5957F7F892FEDEF883" box="[140,316,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only known information is based on 2 observations of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A59566EF8F2FE93F8A3" box="[277,369,1879,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A59566EF8F2FE93F8A3" box="[277,369,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens hibernating in caves with ice formations above&gt; 
<quantity id="3F3F9B7EFFFF4A59563EF8D2FE7FF843" box="[325,413,1911,1934]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
in the Pyrenees Mountains and the Slovenian Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595483FF6EFB7CFF2F" author="KRYsTUFEK, B." box="[1016,1182,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="399 - 401" refId="ref6697" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B. 1987. Distribution of bats in Slovenia (Yugoslavia). In European bat research 1987 (V. Hanak, I. Horacek, and J. Gaisler, eds.). Charles University Press, Praha, Czech Republic 399 - 401." type="book chapter" year="1987">Kryštufek 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5953D0FF6EFAA0FF2F" author="AIHARTZA, J." box="[1195,1346,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="25 - 27" refId="ref5377" refString="AIHARTZA, J. 1992. Ipar-belarrihandia, bitxia bezain ezezaguna. Elhuyar 60: 25 - 27." type="journal article" year="1992">Aihartza 1992</bibRefCitation>
). As both observations are prior to the description of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5953AAFF4EFA9DFECF" box="[1233,1407,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5953AAFF4EFA9DFECF" box="[1233,1407,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they were not identified as such. However, the knowledge on the ecology of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A59541EFE8EFC23FE8F" box="[869,961,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A59541EFE8EFC23FE8F" box="[869,961,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bats suggests that those observations most probably belong to 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5954C8FEEEFB87FEAF" box="[947,1125,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5954C8FEEEFC21FEAF" box="[947,963,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5954ABFEEEFB87FEAF" box="[976,1125,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFFF4A595329FE31FA94F943" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFF4A595329FE31FA94F943" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A595329FE31FB08FE63" blockId="5.[1106,1258,404,430]" box="[1106,1258,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="A33081F7FFFF4A595329FE31FB08FE63" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,404,430]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595329FE31FB08FE63" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">GENETICS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A595408FE72FA51FA43" blockId="5.[840,1524,471,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
Despite the morphological and ecological similarity to 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595433FE52FAC7FDC3" authority="(Ashrafi et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Ashrafi" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[840,1317,503,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595433FE52FBC0FDC3" box="[840,1058,503,526]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plectous austriacus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595340FE52FAF9FDC3" author="ASHRAFI, S. &amp; A. BECK &amp; M. RUTISHAUSER &amp; R. ARLETTAZ &amp; F. BONTADINA" box="[1083,1307,503,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="843 - 849" refId="ref5694" refString="ASHRAFI, S., A. BECK, M. RUTISHAUSER, R. ARLETTAZ, AND F. BONTADINA. 2011. Trophic niche partitioning of cryptic species of long-eared bats in Switzerland: implications for conservation. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57: 843 - 849." type="journal article" year="2011">Ashrafi et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595241FE52FA10FDC3" box="[1338,1522,503,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595241FE52FA10FDC3" box="[1338,1522,503,526]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the so-called “auritus group” (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595251FDB2FA09FDE3" author="JUSTE, J." box="[1322,1515,535,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1114 - 1126" refId="ref6427" refString="JUSTE, J., ET AL. 2004. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the long-eared bats (Plecotus) in the Mediterranean Palaearctic and Atlantic Islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1114 - 1126." type="journal article" year="2004">Juste et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595433FD92FBBCFD83" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" box="[840,1118,567,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). This group is divided into 2 main mitochondrial clades, between which 79.5% of the total genetic variation occurs (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59537FFDD2FB3EFD43" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[1028,1244,631,654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of these 2 matrilineal lineages was reported by the 1st molecular analyses of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595412FD12FAADFD03" authority="(Spitzenberger et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Spitzenberger" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[873,1359,695,718]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595412FD12FBF9FD03" box="[873,1051,695,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P. macrobullaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595354FD12FAA6FD03" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[1071,1348,695,718]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and was later confirmed using complete mitochondrial genomes (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595212FD72FC69FCC3" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). The 1st analyses based on short mitochondrial markers (e.g., control region) showed differences of about 2.5% between the 2 lineages (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595492FC92FB13FC83" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; E. HARING" box="[1001,1265,823,846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref7161" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, AND E. HARING. 2003. Morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences show that Plecotus alpinus Kiefer &amp; Veith, 2002 and Plecotus microdontus Spitzenberger, 2002 are synonyms of Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzjakin, 1965. Natura Croatica 12: 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Spitzenberger et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
), although the complete mitochondrial sequences exhibited larger overall differentiation, namely 3.4% (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59549FFCD2FB5AFC43" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[996,1208,887,910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). All the individuals from the Pyrenees and the Alps belong to the Western clade (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A595212FC32FC69FC03" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
), while the individuals from the other mountain ranges belong to the Eastern clade. Hence, the current contact zone involving the 2 lineages is located between the Eastern Alps and the Dinaric Alps (Eastern 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFF4A595327FBB2FB6CFBE3" box="[1116,1166,1047,1070]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFF4A5953E3FBB2FB15FBE3" box="[1176,1271,1047,1070]" name="Slovenia" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
, and Northern 
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). All molecularly characterized individuals from Eastern 
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and 
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but 1 belongs to the Western clade, while all individuals from 
<collectingCountry id="80D0760BFFFF4A5954DEFBD2FC16FB43" box="[933,1012,1143,1166]" name="Croatia" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Croatia</collectingCountry>
belong to the Eastern clade (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A59525DFBD2FC9FFB63" author="SPITZENBERGER, F. &amp; P. STRELKOV &amp; H. WINKLER &amp; E. HARING" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="187 - 230" refId="ref7214" refString="SPITZENBERGER, F., P. STRELKOV, H. WINKLER, AND E. HARING. 2006. A preliminary revision of the genus Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) based on genetic and morphological results. Zoologica Scripta 35: 187 - 230." type="journal article" year="2006">Spitzenberger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5954F6FB32FB88FB63" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[909,1130,1175,1198]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). Based on complete mitochondrial genomes, 
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5954C8FB12FB78FB03" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[947,1178,1207,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. (2015b)</bibRefCitation>
reported that both lineages split more than 1 million year ago, before the beginning of the large Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Using paleoclimatic niche reconstructions the authors estimated that the Dinarides (
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) remained ecologically unsuitable for most of the time during the Pleistocene, which could have acted as a natural ecological barrier that prevented the interbreeding between the lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A595408FA32FA94F943" blockId="5.[840,1524,471,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
The genetic structure of both populations is rather different, reflecting different paleodemographic histories. The Eastern lineage conserves considerably larger genetic diversity than the Western lineage. The Eastern lineage began to diversify around 900,000 years ago and exhibits marked population structure. Conversely, the most recent common female ancestor of the Western lineage was estimated to live about 68,000 years ago, and diversification probably occurred after the last glaciation (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5953E7F9D2FA85F943" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; M. T. P. GILBERT &amp; O. RAZGOUR &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; I. GARIN" box="[1180,1383,1655,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" pagination="1689 - 1700" refId="ref5593" refString="ALBERDI, A., M. T. P. GILBERT, O. RAZGOUR, O. AIZPURUA, J. AIHARTZA, AND I. GARIN. 2015 b. Contrasting population-level responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations in an alpine bat revealed by complete mitochondrial genomes and evolutionary history inference. Journal of Biogeography 42: 1689 - 1700." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="91482F70FFFF4A5A5351F977FDD8FD0F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="B0DD6510FFFF4A5A5351F977FDD8FD0F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A595351F977FAF3F921" blockId="5.[1066,1297,1746,1772]" box="[1066,1297,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="A33081F7FFFF4A595351F977FAF3F921" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1746,1772]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" reason="6">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595351F977FAF3F921" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFF4A5A5408F8B3FEE7FE4F" blockId="5.[840,1524,1814,1933]" lastBlockId="6.[109,792,203,706]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A595408F8B3FB8EF8E0" box="[883,1132,1814,1837]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A595408F8B3FB8EF8E0" box="[883,1132,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Plectous macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFF4A5954B8F8F3FB60F8A0" author="HUTSON, A. M. &amp; S. AULAGNIER &amp; J. JUSTE &amp; A. KARATAS &amp; J. PALMEIRIM &amp; M. PAUNOVIC" box="[963,1154,1878,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refId="ref6358" refString="HUTSON, A. M., S. AULAGNIER, J. JUSTE, A. KARATAS, J. PALMEIRIM, AND M. PAUNOVIC. 2016. Plecotus macrobullaris. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources red list of threatened species. http: // www. iucnredlist. org / details / 136229 / 0. Accessed 31 December 2017." type="url" year="2016">Hutson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), but due to its recent discovery the actual conservation status of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFF4A5953F9F8D3FAD4F840" box="[1154,1334,1910,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5953F9F8D3FB70F840" box="[1154,1170,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFF4A5953DAF8D3FAD4F840" box="[1185,1334,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still uncertain. However, the abundant captures performed in high-mountain environments (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFC4A5A566AFF4EFE01FECF" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; I. GARIN &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; J. AIHARTZA" box="[273,483,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" pagination="451 - 461" refId="ref5438" refString="ALBERDI, A., I. GARIN, O. AIZPURUA, AND J. AIHARTZA. 2013. Review on the geographic and elevational distribution of the mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris, completed by utilising a specific mistnetting technique. Acta Chiropterologica 15: 451 - 461." type="journal article" year="2013">Alberdi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), as well as the large number of roosts found in buildings in the Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFC4A5A5520FEAEFF40FE8F" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and the Dinarides (Pavlinic and Tvrtkovic 2004) suggest that it is currently a relatively abundant species in mountainous environments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F878369BFFFC4A5A57E3FE2EFDD8FD0F" blockId="6.[109,792,203,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">
Although in the Pyrenees Mountains the species has been mainly found in natural roosts (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFC4A5A569BFE0EFD25FE0F" author="ALBERDI, A. &amp; J. AIHARTZA &amp; O. AIZPURUA &amp; E. SALSAMENDI &amp; M. BRIGHAM &amp; I. GARIN" box="[480,711,427,450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" pagination="17 - 25" refId="ref5539" refString="ALBERDI, A., J. AIHARTZA, O. AIZPURUA, E. SALSAMENDI, M. BRIGHAM, AND I. GARIN. 2015 a. Living above the treeline: roosting ecology of the alpine bat Plecotus macrobullaris. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61: 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="2015">Alberdi et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
), most breeding colonies known in the Alps are in the attics of manmade structures, specifically churches (
<bibRefCitation id="9C564B6AFFFC4A5A5568FE4EFCEAFDCF" author="RUTISHAUSER, M. D. &amp; F. BONTADINA &amp; V. BRAUNISCH &amp; S. ASHRAFI &amp; R. ARLETTAZ" box="[531,776,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" pagination="1107 - 1119" refId="ref6990" refString="RUTISHAUSER, M. D., F. BONTADINA, V. BRAUNISCH, S. ASHRAFI, AND R. ARLETTAZ. 2012. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. Diversity and Distributions 18: 1107 - 1119." type="journal article" year="2012">Rutishauser et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Hence, the conservation and management of such buildings are important for the conservation of the species. Because the Alps are one of the coldest regions in the geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFC4A5A5716FDCEFEC1FD4F" box="[109,291,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFC4A5A5716FDCEFF9FFD4F" box="[109,125,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFC4A5A57F5FDCEFEC1FD4F" box="[142,291,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the availability of warm shelters suitable for breeding, such as church attics, might be essential for the conservation of 
<taxonomicName id="3FC74D18FFFC4A5A5789FD0EFE47FD0F" box="[242,421,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plectous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFC4A5A5789FD0EFEE0FD0F" box="[242,258,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CAB3EA89FFFC4A5A566BFD0EFE47FD0F" box="[272,421,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">macrobullaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>