424 lines
48 KiB
XML
424 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="B4FEF10EEB1E22900AA2718ECB4BDD16" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3681.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4ae83fa4-6182-47b0-95f0-ae08a2ae9d0d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284097" ID-ZooBank="262A4AAA-30D2-44C7-80EB-DCA59A353D46" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460639135268" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Castro, Leopoldo, Arias, Andrés & Torralba-Burrial, Antonio" docDate="2013" docId="03B887BDFFFCFFB1FF389C9BFDE1F920" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03681p092.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3681 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polistes (Aphanilopterus) major subsp. major Palisot" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="FF81FFC5FFFCFFB3FFAF993DFFF2FFE7" masterDocTitle="First European records of an alien paper wasp: Polistes (Aphanilopterus) major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in northern Spain" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1698335524216" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="951365E211C3CEF1A10D4F87318E4315">First European records of an alien paper wasp: Polistes (Aphanilopterus) major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in northern Spain</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CB3568E5B3AED598E22B3E48AAB8B41D">Castro, Leopoldo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="408D0C9BB7B234BC2FB188E8AB762F17">Arias, Andrés</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B17B78C75A945E8FB9BFEA2BD7F611C5">Torralba-Burrial, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="27E0E37B1E3605C89DD8373BA3090C87">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="091A6BBFA9F9ACE7EC2AC2A0DF6A262D">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B6743261257F7C45BDE2841B3EAF8916">3681</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B887BDFFFCFFB1FF389C9BFDE1F920" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6157613" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6157613" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B887BDFFFCFFB1FF389C9BFDE1F920" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887BDFFFCFFB1FF389C9BFDE1F920" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFCFFB3FF389C9BFC93FA59" blockId="0.[151,865,1446,1470]" box="[151,865,1446,1470]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<heading id="D0E681C7FFFCFFB3FF389C9BFC93FA59" bold="true" box="[151,865,1446,1470]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF389C9BFC93FA59" bold="true" box="[151,865,1446,1470]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFCFFB3FF389C9BFD63FA59" ID-CoL="77SQ7" authority="Palisot" authorityName="Palisot" box="[151,657,1446,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subGenus="Aphanilopterus" subSpecies="major">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF389C9BFF1EFA59" bold="true" box="[151,236,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Polistes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF549C9BFE57FA59" bold="true" box="[251,421,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Aphanilopterus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FE1B9C9BFDCFFA59" bold="true" box="[436,573,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">major major</emphasis>
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Palisot
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</taxonomicName>
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de Beauvois, 1818
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFCFFB3FF389CD1FE06F9C4" blockId="0.[151,1436,1516,1571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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Palisot de Beauvois 1818: 206, pl. 8 fig. 1;
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<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFCFFB3FD309CD1FC52F9E4" box="[671,928,1516,1539]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">República Dominicana</collectingCountry>
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: Santo
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<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFCFFB3FC559CD1FB90F9E4" box="[1018,1122,1516,1539]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Domingo</collectingCountry>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54AA8809FFFCFFB3FBDD9CD1FB55F9E4" box="[1138,1191,1516,1539]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Type</typeStatus>
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depository unknown, according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFCFFB3FEFD9F31FE03F9C4" author="Richards" box="[338,497,1548,1571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 580 pp., 4 pl." type="book" year="1978">Richards 1978</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B6520FFFCFFB3FF389F73FB5AF8F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFCFFB3FF389F73FB5AF8F4" blockId="0.[151,1436,1614,2019]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF389F73FE85F981" bold="true" box="[151,375,1614,1638]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Material examined.</emphasis>
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OVIEDO (Asturias,
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<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFCFFB3FDCF9F73FD50F982" box="[608,674,1614,1637]" name="Spain" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Spain</collectingCountry>
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): Parque del Oeste,
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<date id="FFAF106BFFFCFFB3FCD19F73FBFEF982" box="[894,1036,1614,1637]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" value="2008-08-23">23.VIII.2008</date>
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, photographs of 4 Ƥ at an immature nest with 19 cells, five of them closed and several containing one egg each (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A2EFFFCFFB3FC689F4CFBF6F96F" box="[967,1028,1649,1672]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,194,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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e),
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<date id="FFAF106BFFFCFFB3FB869F4CFB6AF96F" box="[1065,1176,1649,1672]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" value="2010-05-26">26.V.2010</date>
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, 2 Ƥ (BOS-Hym 2 [
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<figureCitation id="132A2A2EFFFCFFB3FAC09F4CFF50F94C" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,194,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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a, 1b] and BOS-Hym 3); Oviedo University: Campus del Cristo,
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<date id="FFAF106BFFFCFFB3FCC09FA9FC12F94C" box="[879,992,1684,1707]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" value="2013-02-15">
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15.II.
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<docYear id="9377DA50FFFCFFB3FC0B9FA9FC12F94C" box="[932,992,1684,1707]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">2013</docYear>
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</date>
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, 1 3 (BOS-Hym 1;
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<figureCitation id="132A2A2EFFFCFFB3FB6D9FA9FAF2F94C" box="[1218,1280,1684,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,194,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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c, 1d);
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FAFD9FA9FA80F94C" box="[1362,1394,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">leg</emphasis>
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. A. Arias,
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF4B9F8AFEF9F929" box="[228,267,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">det.</emphasis>
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L. Castro. The collected specimens are deposited in the BOS Arthropod Collection (Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas of Oviedo University). The sites are at
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<geoCoordinate id="EE25506CFFFCFFB3FC1A9FE4FBE3F917" box="[949,1041,1753,1776]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" precision="925" value="43.35">43º21’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE25506CFFFCFFB3FBB49FE4FB9FF917" box="[1051,1133,1753,1776]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" precision="925" value="-5.866667">5º52’W</geoCoordinate>
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, at an altitude of
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<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFCFFB3FA8B9FE4FA6EF917" box="[1316,1436,1753,1776]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" unit="m" value="250.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="200.0">200–300 m</quantity>
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and rather less than
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<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFCFFB3FEC39FC1FE50F8F4" box="[364,418,1788,1811]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
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from each other; they are both parks or green spaces in an urban matrix.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30B6520FFFCFFB2FF689E23FD5DF858" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFCFFB3FF689E23FA74F804" blockId="0.[151,1436,1614,2019]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FF689E23FECEF8D1" bold="true" box="[199,316,1822,1846]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFCFFB3FE199E22FDF9F8D1" box="[438,523,1823,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFCFFB3FE199E22FDF9F8D1" box="[438,523,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Polistes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is defined by the combination of the following character states: metasomal segment 1 subsessile, subconical in dorsal view; propodeal foramen very long and dorsally rather narrow; pronotum posterior angles with a pretegular carina; metasomal tergum 2 not fused with sternum 2; dorsal carina of pronotum complete, almost reaching ventral angle of propleura (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFCFFB3FDDC9EBBFCE6F87A" author="Richards" box="[627,788,1926,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 580 pp., 4 pl." type="book" year="1978">Richards 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFCFFB3FC8E9EBBFC3EF87A" author="Carpenter" box="[801,972,1926,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (2004) Synonymy of the genus Marimbonda with Leipomeles (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae), and a new key to the genera of paper wasps of the New World. American Museum Novitates, 3465, 1 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2004) 465 % 3 C 0001: sotgmr % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Carpenter 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). The genus consists mainly of primitively eusocial species, with some members living as social parasites of congeneric species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFCFFB3FB939E94FB47F827" author="Hunt" box="[1084,1205,1961,1984]" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refString="Hunt, J. H. (2007) The evolution of social wasps. Oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 260 pp." type="book" year="2007">Hunt 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Nests are built with paper made by chewing wood, and have just one comb (which typically hangs from a single pedicel) and no envelope.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6E6623FFFDFFB2FF389C0AFA76FA96" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" targetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFDFFB2FF389C0AFA76FA96" blockId="1.[151,1436,1335,1393]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FF389C0AFEE8FAA8" bold="true" box="[151,282,1335,1359]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FE8E9C05FE4EFAA8" box="[289,444,1336,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FE8E9C05FE4EFAA8" box="[289,444,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Polistes major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFDFFB2FF689C9DFBCCF9F8" blockId="1.[151,1436,1440,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
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All the native American species belong to subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FCB39C9DFBDAFA50" authority="Meunier" authorityName="Meunier" box="[796,1064,1440,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Aphanilopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FCB39C9DFC32FA50" box="[796,960,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Aphanilopterus</emphasis>
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Meunier
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</taxonomicName>
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, characterised by lateral pronotal foveae usually present; clypeus not produced posteriorly beyond the anterior tentorial pits; dorsal pronotal carina usually blunt (not lamellate) above the foveae; parastigma generally much shorter than pterostigma and apically straight; mesepisternal punctation sparse; male antennae without apical hook (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFDFFB2FCD69F35FBC0F9F8" author="Carpenter" box="[889,1074,1544,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1996 b) Phylogeny and biogeography of Polistes. In: Turillazzi, S. & West-Eberhard, M. J. (Eds.), Natural History and Evolution of Paper-Wasps. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 18 - 57." type="book chapter" year="1996" yearSuffix="b">Carpenter 1996b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFDFFB2FF689F17FD99F8D3" blockId="1.[151,1436,1440,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
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The general morphology of
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FE509F17FDAAF9A6" box="[511,600,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">P. m a j o r</emphasis>
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is similar to that of European
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FC199F17FBF8F9A6" box="[950,1034,1578,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FC199F17FBF8F9A6" box="[950,1034,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Polistes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp., but its size and colour pattern readily differentiate it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A2EFFFDFFB2FE3D9F70FE21F983" box="[402,467,1613,1636]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,194,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). This American wasp is distinctly larger than European polistines: body length =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFDFFB2FAF69F70FF31F960" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="17.0">17–22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wingspan
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FE919F4DFEA5F960" box="[318,343,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFDFFB2FEC99F4DFE44F960" box="[358,438,1648,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
; European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FD9E9F4DFD77F960" box="[561,645,1648,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FD9E9F4DFD77F960" box="[561,645,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: body length =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFDFFB2FC9A9F4DFC59F960" box="[821,939,1648,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="11.0">11–18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum wingspan
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFDFFB2FB359F4DFB15F960" box="[1178,1255,1648,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFDFFB2FB599F4DFEA3F94E" author="Richards" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 580 pp., 4 pl." type="book" year="1978">Richards 1978; LC, unpublished</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FE559FAFFD6DF94E" box="[506,671,1682,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FE559FAFFD6DF94E" box="[506,671,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">P. major major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely yellow with some brown areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A2EFFFDFFB2FBD59FAFFB49F94E" box="[1146,1211,1682,1705]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,194,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,194,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284098/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FF389F88FF1EF92B" box="[151,236,1717,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FF389F88FF1EF92B" box="[151,236,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a black and yellow pattern. Other differences involve the mesopleuron (without striae in
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FAAE9F88FAA9F92B" box="[1281,1371,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">P. ma jo r</emphasis>
|
||
, with dense irregular microstriae in the European spp.), the propodeum (ridges disappearing laterally before reaching metapleuron in
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FEEB9FC7FE6CF8F6" box="[324,414,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">P. m a j o r</emphasis>
|
||
, strong and always reaching metapleuron in European spp.) and the male antennae, without apical hooks in
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FE909E20FE67F8D3" box="[319,405,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">P. ma jo r</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFDFFB2FE099E20FDADF8D3" author="Carpenter" box="[422,607,1821,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1996 b) Phylogeny and biogeography of Polistes. In: Turillazzi, S. & West-Eberhard, M. J. (Eds.), Natural History and Evolution of Paper-Wasps. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 18 - 57." type="book chapter" year="1996" yearSuffix="b">Carpenter 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFDFFB2FF689E7DFD5DF858" blockId="1.[151,1436,1440,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The specimens belong to subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FDFB9E7DFD09F8B0" box="[596,763,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FDFB9E7DFD04F8B0" box="[596,758,1856,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">P. major major</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Small yellowish patches at the sides of the metasomal scutum and a very wide yellow apical band on metasomal tergum 1 seem to suggest some connection to ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FABB9E5EFA6EF89D" box="[1300,1436,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">colombianus</emphasis>
|
||
Bequaert, with an almost entirely yellow body. Nevertheless, many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFDFFB2FC209EB8FC11F87B" box="[911,995,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFDFFB2FC209EB8FC11F87B" box="[911,995,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. show wide variation in individual coloration without geographic patterns associated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30B6520FFFEFFB1FF6899AAFEFDFEDE" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF6899AAFEFDFEDE" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF6899AAFED0FF48" bold="true" box="[199,290,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Information about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FD2499A5FCD4FF48" box="[651,806,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FD2499A5FCD4FF48" box="[651,806,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is scarce. The nests, with a central pedicel and a maximum diameter of nearly
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFEFFB1FEC19987FE44FF36" box="[366,438,186,209]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" unit="cm" value="19.0">19 cm</quantity>
|
||
, are typically under eaves, bridges or culverts or hanging from branches or metal beams (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FF3199E0FEB0FF13" author="Richards" box="[158,322,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 580 pp., 4 pl." type="book" year="1978">Richards 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It preys mainly on caterpillars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FD1899E0FCA9FF13" author="Cameron" box="[695,859,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Cameron, S. A. (1986) Brood care by males of Polistes major (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 59, 183 - 185." type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FD1899E0FCE9FF13" box="[695,795,221,244]" name="Cameroon" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Cameron</collectingCountry>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and membracid nymphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FB2A99E0FA65FF13" author="Dowell" box="[1157,1431,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Dowell, R. V. & Johnson, M. (1986) Polistes major (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) predation of the treehopper, Umbonia crassicornis (Homoptera, Membracidae). The Pan-Pacific entomologist, 62, 150 - 152." type="journal article" year="1986">Dowell & Johnson 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FF38983DFEDEFEF0" author="Cocroft" box="[151,300,256,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Cocroft, R. B. (2002) Antipredator defense as a limited resource: unequal predation risk in broods of an insect with maternal care. Behavioral ecology, 13, 125 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / 13.1.125" type="journal article" year="2002">Cocroft 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FEEF983DFE01FEF0" author="Cameron" box="[320,499,256,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Cameron, S. A. (1986) Brood care by males of Polistes major (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 59, 183 - 185." type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FEEF983DFE50FEF0" box="[320,418,256,279]" name="Cameroon" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Cameron</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1986)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FD83983DFD3EFEF0" author="Wenzel" box="[556,716,256,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Wenzel, J. W. (1987) Male reproductive behavior and mandibular glands in Polistes major (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insectes sociaux, 34, 44 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Wenzel (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
comment on several aspects of male reproduction behaviour and brood care.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30B6520FFFEFFB1FF689879FDE1F920" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689879FF1AFE00" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF689879FEABFEBB" bold="true" box="[199,345,324,348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Its native range extends, in several subspecies, from the south of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FBD59878FAFFFEBB" box="[1146,1293,325,348]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FA969878FA98FEBB" box="[1337,1386,325,348]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FF559855FECCFE98" box="[250,318,360,383]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Caribbean islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FD059855FC93FE98" author="Carpenter" box="[682,865,360,383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1996 a) Distributional checklist of species of the genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini). American Museum Novitates, 3188, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1996" yearSuffix="a">Carpenter 1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In California and Baja California it is replaced by a close relative,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FEED98B7FD74FE46" authority="Bequaert" authorityName="Bequaert" box="[322,646,394,417]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palmarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FEED98B7FDE1FE46" box="[322,531,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes palmarum</emphasis>
|
||
Bequaert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and to the south of its range by another similar species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FAE898B7FE63FE23" authority="Bertoni" authorityName="Bertoni" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FAE898B7FEC1FE23" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
Bertoni
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which occurs in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FD689890FCF9FE23" box="[711,779,429,452]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FCB49890FC8DFE23" box="[795,895,429,452]" name="Paraguay" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FC209890FC2CFE23" box="[911,990,429,452]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FB1B9890FAECFE23" box="[1204,1310,429,452]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FA9E9890FF2EFE00" author="Carpenter" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Carpenter, J. M. (1996 a) Distributional checklist of species of the genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini). American Museum Novitates, 3188, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1996" yearSuffix="a">Carpenter 1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF6898CFFCFFFD96" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FF6898CFFE96FDEE" box="[199,356,498,521]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF6898CFFE96FDEE" box="[199,356,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found in Oviedo repeatedly between
|
||
<date id="FFAF106BFFFEFFB1FCC398CFFBE0FDEE" box="[876,1042,498,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" value="2008" valueMax="2013">2008 and 2013</date>
|
||
, suggesting its establishment in this area, but several introduction events cannot be excluded. The fact that it has nested in the area suggests that the local conditions are compatible with the wasp's bioclimatic profile and that this alien species might spread to other parts of the Cantabrian area with similar environmental characteristics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689B40FEBDFCF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The introduction pathway of this species into Europe is so far unknown, but some previous accidental vespid introductions have been linked to imported goods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FD119B9DFC73FD50" author="Beggs" box="[702,897,672,695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Beggs, J. R., Brockerhoff, E. G., Corley J. C., Kenis, M., Masciocchi, M., Muller, F., Rome, Q. & Villemant, C. (2011) Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae. Biocontrol, 56, 505 - 526. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 011 - 9389 - z" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Beggs
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FCA59B9DFCB3FD50" box="[778,833,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FB809B9DFB20FD50" box="[1071,1234,672,695]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB809B9DFB20FD50" box="[1071,1234,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. major major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FAF69B9DFA6AFD50" box="[1369,1432,672,695]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, shipping would be one of the most plausible ways of introduction, since the collecting sites are a relatively short distance (some
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B4EFFFEFFB1FF4D9BD8FED8FD1B" box="[226,298,741,764]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
) from a port area where wood and fruit arrive on a regular basis, in merchant vessels, from North and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FF439A35FEB9FCF8" box="[236,331,776,799]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689A17FF29FBD3" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF689A17FD66FCA5" bold="true" box="[199,660,810,834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Invasive potential and possible impacts.</emphasis>
|
||
Some naturalised vespids have become invasive species with negative effects in their new habitats. Impacts are mostly ecological (competition for food with, or predation on, the native fauna) and economic (damage to fruit or derived products), but there are also health risks involved.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FBDF9A4DFACEFC60" box="[1136,1340,880,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Beggs, J. R., Brockerhoff, E. G., Corley J. C., Kenis, M., Masciocchi, M., Muller, F., Rome, Q. & Villemant, C. (2011) Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae. Biocontrol, 56, 505 - 526. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 011 - 9389 - z" type="journal article">
|
||
Beggs
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB169A4DFB1DFC60" box="[1209,1263,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
consider seven vespids as invasive species: of these, the only one relevant in the European context is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FB209AAFFADEFC4E" box="[1167,1324,914,937]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB209AAFFADEFC4E" box="[1167,1324,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Vespa velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an Asian vespine that has invaded about two thirds of the French territory (Rome
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FC659A88FBF6FC2B" box="[970,1028,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011) and is currently advancing in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FF589AE5FEC6FC08" box="[247,308,984,1007]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FEC89AE5FE33FC08" box="[359,449,984,1007]" name="Portugal" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FE619AE5FCF2FC08" author="Castro" box="[462,768,984,1007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Castro, L. & Pagola-Carte, S. (2010) Vespula velutina (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), recolectada en la Peninsula Iberica. Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia, 10, 193 - 196." type="journal article" year="2010">Castro & Pagola-Carte 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FCA49AE5FBDCFC08" author="Grosso-Silva" box="[779,1070,984,1007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Grosso-Silva, J. M. & Maia, M. (2012) Vespa velutina (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), new species for Portugal. Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 6, 53 - 54." type="journal article" year="2012">Grosso-Silva & Maia 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This hornet is an active hunter of honey bees and has been inflicting serious economic damage on beekeeping since its arrival in Europe (Rome
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FACB9AC6FA6EFBF5" box="[1380,1436,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689D7DFACAFA8B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The invasive potential of alien
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FDBE9D7DFD97FBB0" box="[529,613,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FDBE9D7DFD97FBB0" box="[529,613,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FD5A9D7DFBFCFBB0" authority="Christ" authorityName="Christ" box="[757,1038,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dominula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FD5A9D7DFC47FBB0" box="[757,949,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes dominula</emphasis>
|
||
(Christ)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FBDA9D7DFB21FBB0" box="[1141,1235,1088,1111]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FB719D7DFEFEFB9E" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB719D7DFA6EFBB0" box="[1246,1436,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FE809D5FFE4CFB9E" box="[303,446,1122,1145]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FE5C9D5EFCEDFB9E" authority="Olivier" authorityName="Olivier" box="[499,799,1122,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FE5C9D5EFD49FB9D" box="[499,699,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Olivier)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Galápagos Islands, has been assessed and confirmed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FF319DB8FE91FB7B" author="Beggs" box="[158,355,1157,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Beggs, J. R., Brockerhoff, E. G., Corley J. C., Kenis, M., Masciocchi, M., Muller, F., Rome, Q. & Villemant, C. (2011) Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae. Biocontrol, 56, 505 - 526. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 011 - 9389 - z" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Beggs
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF449DB8FEE8FB7B" box="[235,282,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Impacts on insect communities, mainly on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FCE69DB8FC38FB7B" box="[841,970,1157,1180]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FC749DB8FBC2FB7B" box="[987,1072,1157,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FC749DB8FBC2FB7B" box="[987,1072,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly preys on lepidopteran larvae), have been observed where invasive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FDDC9D95FD3AFB58" box="[627,712,1192,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FDDC9D95FD3AFB58" box="[627,712,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species reach high population densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FB2E9D95FACBFB58" author="Clapperton" box="[1153,1337,1192,1215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Clapperton, B. K. (1999) Abundance of wasps and prey consumption of paper wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae) in Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 23, 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="1999">Clapperton 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FAEB9D95FEFFFB06" author="Causton" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J. & Landry, B. (2006) Alien insects: threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 121 - 143. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2006) 099 [0121: aitaif] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Causton
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF389DF6FF3CFB05" box="[151,206,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but quantification of these impacts remains unclear (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FCF99DF7FBEAFB06" author="Beggs" box="[854,1048,1226,1250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Beggs, J. R., Brockerhoff, E. G., Corley J. C., Kenis, M., Masciocchi, M., Muller, F., Rome, Q. & Villemant, C. (2011) Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae. Biocontrol, 56, 505 - 526. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 011 - 9389 - z" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Beggs
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FC0E9DF6FC2AFB05" box="[929,984,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FB229DF7FB1EFB06" box="[1165,1260,1226,1249]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, field studies on competitive interactions between the alien
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FDF09DD0FD28FAE3" box="[607,730,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. d o m i n u l a</emphasis>
|
||
and the native American paper wasps have evidenced advantages for
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FF139C2DFEC5FAC0" box="[188,311,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. d o m i n u l a</emphasis>
|
||
, which can displace the indigenous species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B5AFFFEFFB1FCBA9C2DFC12FAC0" author="Liebert" box="[789,992,1296,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" refString="Liebert, A. E., Gamboa, G. J., Stamp, N. E., Curtis, T. R., Monnet, K. M., Turillazzi, S. & Starks, P. T. (2006) Genetics, behavior and ecology of a paper wasp invasion: Polistes dominulus in North America. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43, 595 - 624." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Liebert
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FCC59C2DFC52FAC0" box="[874,928,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Europe the native
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB609C2DFAB9FAC0" box="[1231,1355,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. d o m i n u l a</emphasis>
|
||
is very abundant, and could reduce the expansion possibilities of the exotic
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FCDB9C0EFC3EFAAD" box="[884,972,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. ma jo r</emphasis>
|
||
. Finally, introduced species can also act as vectors of foreign pathogens and other associated non-native organisms which could affect native paper wasps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689C45FB06FA10" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The abundance of
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FE229C45FE16FA68" box="[397,484,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. m a j o r</emphasis>
|
||
in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FDC49C45FD5AFA68" box="[619,680,1400,1423]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
has not been investigated, but presumably it is not high, given the low number of detections since 2008, and consequently effects on local insect biodiversity do not seem likely at the moment. However, both the evolution of this population and its eventual spread in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FBBB9C80FBA3FA33" box="[1044,1105,1469,1492]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
should be monitored: learning about its biology in Europe could be useful to control the wasp in the future if
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FC749CDDFBC0FA10" box="[987,1074,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. ma jo r</emphasis>
|
||
became invasive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36ABFFFEFFB1FF689F3FFDE1F920" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Finally, another important concern is this alien species’ potential as a health hazard for humans.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FB679F3FFAEEF9FE" box="[1224,1308,1538,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB679F3FFAEEF9FE" box="[1224,1308,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can sting people, in particular when wasps’ nests are disturbed or at swimming pools, although their venom is dangerous only to allergic or hypersensitive people. A relatively big wasp like
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FCED9F75FC6BF9B8" box="[834,921,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">P. m a j o r</emphasis>
|
||
may inoculate a larger dose of venom than the native species, and medical treatments available in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F306763BFFFEFFB1FD6F9F57FD0FF966" box="[704,765,1642,1665]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
may or may not be effective, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D28FFFEFFB1FB2F9F57FB26F966" box="[1152,1236,1642,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB9FFFEFFB1FB2F9F57FB26F966" box="[1152,1236,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Polistes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venom is speciesspecific and substantial differences may exist between the composition of American wasps’ venom and that of the European species (Turillazzi 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |