First European records of an alien paper wasp: Polistes (Aphanilopterus) major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in northern Spain Author Castro, Leopoldo Author Arias, Andrés Author Torralba-Burrial, Antonio text Zootaxa 2013 3681 1 89 92 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.1.7 4ae83fa4-6182-47b0-95f0-ae08a2ae9d0d 1175-5326 284097 262A4AAA-30D2-44C7-80EB-DCA59A353D46 Polistes ( Aphanilopterus ) major major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 Palisot de Beauvois 1818: 206, pl. 8 fig. 1; República Dominicana : Santo Domingo . Type depository unknown, according to Richards 1978 . Material examined. OVIEDO (Asturias, Spain ): Parque del Oeste, 23.VIII.2008 , photographs of 4 Ƥ at an immature nest with 19 cells, five of them closed and several containing one egg each ( Fig. 1 e), 26.V.2010 , 2 Ƥ (BOS-Hym 2 [ Fig. 1 a, 1b] and BOS-Hym 3); Oviedo University: Campus del Cristo, 15.II. 2013 , 1 3 (BOS-Hym 1; Fig. 1 c, 1d); leg . A. Arias, det. L. Castro. The collected specimens are deposited in the BOS Arthropod Collection (Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas of Oviedo University). The sites are at 43º21’N , 5º52’W , at an altitude of 200–300 m and rather less than 1 km from each other; they are both parks or green spaces in an urban matrix. Diagnosis. The genus Polistes is defined by the combination of the following character states: metasomal segment 1 subsessile, subconical in dorsal view; propodeal foramen very long and dorsally rather narrow; pronotum posterior angles with a pretegular carina; metasomal tergum 2 not fused with sternum 2; dorsal carina of pronotum complete, almost reaching ventral angle of propleura ( Richards 1978 ; Carpenter 2004 ). The genus consists mainly of primitively eusocial species, with some members living as social parasites of congeneric species ( Hunt 2007 ). Nests are built with paper made by chewing wood, and have just one comb (which typically hangs from a single pedicel) and no envelope. FIGURE 1. Polistes major from northern Spain. A. Lateral view; B. Frontal view; C. Dorsal view; D. Ventral view; E. Nest photographed in 2008, showing several females and eggs. A & B female BOS-Hym 2; C & D male BOS-Hym 1. All the native American species belong to subgenus Aphanilopterus Meunier , characterised by lateral pronotal foveae usually present; clypeus not produced posteriorly beyond the anterior tentorial pits; dorsal pronotal carina usually blunt (not lamellate) above the foveae; parastigma generally much shorter than pterostigma and apically straight; mesepisternal punctation sparse; male antennae without apical hook ( Carpenter 1996b ). The general morphology of P. m a j o r is similar to that of European Polistes spp., but its size and colour pattern readily differentiate it ( Fig. 1 ). This American wasp is distinctly larger than European polistines: body length = 17–22 mm , wingspan ca . 45 mm ; European Polistes : body length = 11–18 mm , maximum wingspan 30 mm ( Richards 1978; LC, unpublished ). Furthermore, P. major major is largely yellow with some brown areas ( Fig. 1 ), whereas European Polistes have a black and yellow pattern. Other differences involve the mesopleuron (without striae in P. ma jo r , with dense irregular microstriae in the European spp.), the propodeum (ridges disappearing laterally before reaching metapleuron in P. m a j o r , strong and always reaching metapleuron in European spp.) and the male antennae, without apical hooks in P. ma jo r ( Carpenter 1996b ). The specimens belong to subspecies P. major major . Small yellowish patches at the sides of the metasomal scutum and a very wide yellow apical band on metasomal tergum 1 seem to suggest some connection to ssp. colombianus Bequaert, with an almost entirely yellow body. Nevertheless, many Polistes spp. show wide variation in individual coloration without geographic patterns associated. Biology. Information about the biology of Polistes major is scarce. The nests, with a central pedicel and a maximum diameter of nearly 19 cm , are typically under eaves, bridges or culverts or hanging from branches or metal beams ( Richards 1978 ). It preys mainly on caterpillars ( Cameron 1986 ) and membracid nymphs ( Dowell & Johnson 1986 ; Cocroft 2002 ). Cameron (1986) and Wenzel (1987) comment on several aspects of male reproduction behaviour and brood care. Distribution. Its native range extends, in several subspecies, from the south of the United States to Peru and southern Brazil , including the Caribbean islands ( Carpenter 1996a ). In California and Baja California it is replaced by a close relative, Polistes palmarum Bequaert , and to the south of its range by another similar species, Polistes paraguayensis Bertoni , which occurs in southern Brazil , Paraguay , Bolivia and north-eastern Argentina ( Carpenter 1996a ). Polistes major has been found in Oviedo repeatedly between 2008 and 2013 , suggesting its establishment in this area, but several introduction events cannot be excluded. The fact that it has nested in the area suggests that the local conditions are compatible with the wasp's bioclimatic profile and that this alien species might spread to other parts of the Cantabrian area with similar environmental characteristics. The introduction pathway of this species into Europe is so far unknown, but some previous accidental vespid introductions have been linked to imported goods ( Beggs et al. 2011 ). In the case of P. major major in northern Spain , shipping would be one of the most plausible ways of introduction, since the collecting sites are a relatively short distance (some 25 km ) from a port area where wood and fruit arrive on a regular basis, in merchant vessels, from North and Central America . Invasive potential and possible impacts. Some naturalised vespids have become invasive species with negative effects in their new habitats. Impacts are mostly ecological (competition for food with, or predation on, the native fauna) and economic (damage to fruit or derived products), but there are also health risks involved. Beggs et al. (2011) consider seven vespids as invasive species: of these, the only one relevant in the European context is Vespa velutina , an Asian vespine that has invaded about two thirds of the French territory (Rome et al. 2011) and is currently advancing in northern Spain and Portugal ( Castro & Pagola-Carte 2010 ; Grosso-Silva & Maia 2012 ). This hornet is an active hunter of honey bees and has been inflicting serious economic damage on beekeeping since its arrival in Europe (Rome et al. 2011). The invasive potential of alien Polistes species, like Polistes dominula (Christ) in North America , Polistes chinensis (Fabricius) in New Zealand and Polistes versicolor (Olivier) in the Galápagos Islands, has been assessed and confirmed ( Beggs et al . 2011 ). Impacts on insect communities, mainly on Lepidoptera ( Polistes commonly preys on lepidopteran larvae), have been observed where invasive Polistes species reach high population densities ( Clapperton 1999 ; Causton et al. 2006 ), but quantification of these impacts remains unclear ( Beggs et al. 2011 ). In North America , field studies on competitive interactions between the alien P. d o m i n u l a and the native American paper wasps have evidenced advantages for P. d o m i n u l a , which can displace the indigenous species ( Liebert et al. 2006 ). In Europe the native P. d o m i n u l a is very abundant, and could reduce the expansion possibilities of the exotic P. ma jo r . Finally, introduced species can also act as vectors of foreign pathogens and other associated non-native organisms which could affect native paper wasps. The abundance of P. m a j o r in northern Spain has not been investigated, but presumably it is not high, given the low number of detections since 2008, and consequently effects on local insect biodiversity do not seem likely at the moment. However, both the evolution of this population and its eventual spread in northern Spain should be monitored: learning about its biology in Europe could be useful to control the wasp in the future if P. ma jo r became invasive. Finally, another important concern is this alien species’ potential as a health hazard for humans. Polistes species can sting people, in particular when wasps’ nests are disturbed or at swimming pools, although their venom is dangerous only to allergic or hypersensitive people. A relatively big wasp like P. m a j o r may inoculate a larger dose of venom than the native species, and medical treatments available in Spain may or may not be effective, since Polistes venom is speciesspecific and substantial differences may exist between the composition of American wasps’ venom and that of the European species (Turillazzi 2006).