394 lines
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394 lines
51 KiB
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<mods:title id="463E6B1171911C8FC9BFBED214A9119A">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E27626BFFD69A73D48C6D2F68675B0C">Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="63536FAF80C434701C93CE41FE645742">Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="817F9EF4E9562732C22701DE440169D3">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="228BB18398F2252AC6B0857C34F0A1D2">Sooke, British Columbia, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="91C17E2F2026BA9B301A35B155F791F0">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="211E6674937D48D8E8E160C5308017A6">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA & Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="67A7918EE964E741D38FEBD725EFB2CB">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CB5D7366A95E230A1361ADED7F8F93EF">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="61E24B9D40437E06F53BA1B05F88B74D">2024-08-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1408B96435DA693ECF36AA829CFB7846">29 - 32</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13772908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13772908" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1130" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD5371164FF76FA96A908FA9F" box="[160,558,1365,1391]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5371164FF76FA96A908FA9F" blockId="19.[160,558,1365,1391]" box="[160,558,1365,1391]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">
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<heading id="D0EE81CCD5371164FF76FA96A908FA9F" bold="true" box="[160,558,1365,1391]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FF76FA96A908FA9F" bold="true" box="[160,558,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">
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Ants (
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FF3EFA96AAA8FA9F" ID-CoL="HYM" ID-ENA="7399" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[232,398,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FE4BFA96A902FA9F" authority="Latreille, 1809" box="[413,548,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD5371160FF76FA4AAA1EFB65" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1130" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5371161FF76FA4AA9F1FF3A" blockId="19.[160,1157,1417,1685]" lastBlockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">
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Given that both ants and spiders are amongst the most abundant arthropods, especially in tropical regions, interactions between various species of the two groups are common (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5371164FF70FA0CAA63FA18" author="Lapinski W" box="[166,325,1487,1512]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski 2019</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FE84FA0CAAFDFA18" box="[338,475,1487,1512]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7A–F</figureCitation>
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). However, reports of such interactions in the literature are very rare, with almost all of them describing a predatory behaviour by the ants (
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<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FF7EF9D7AA32F9DD" box="[168,276,1556,1581]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7F</figureCitation>
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). Three exceptions to this are mentioned here.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5371164FCEAF9D7A8CFF9DD" author="Lapinski W" box="[828,1001,1556,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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documented in detail an interaction in
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<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5371164FE07F9F4A96EF9A0" box="[465,584,1591,1616]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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between the army ants
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCBFF9F4ABC6F983" authority="(Latreille, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FCBFF9F4AF34F9A0" box="[873,1042,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Labidus coecus</emphasis>
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(Latreille, 1802)
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</taxonomicName>
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and a female
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FE45F999A87EF983" authority="(Valerio, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Valerio" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[403,856,1626,1651]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stichoplastoris" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obelix">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FE45F999A912F983" box="[403,564,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Stichoplastoris</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FDB2F999A983F983" box="[612,677,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">obelix</emphasis>
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(Valerio, 1980)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCBFF999AF30F983" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[873,1046,1626,1651]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
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) and her juveniles (
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<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FECFF9BFAA89F965" box="[281,431,1660,1685]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7C, D</figureCitation>
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). No aggressive behaviour was observed in this association. Instead, the ants were seen entering the tarantulas’ burrow to collect and remove organic material. This caused the spiders to temporarily vacate the burrow, but they returned once the ants had left the area. In another note,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5311162FCEFFA39A8F3F9E3" author="Hirschi H" box="[825,981,1530,1555]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref16778" refString="Hirschi H. 1991. Biotopstudien, Beobachtungen und Uberlegungen zur Lebensweise verschiedener Vogelspinnen-Arten in Costa Rica und Ecuador, Teil II. Arachnol Anz. 20: 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="1991">Hirschi (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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reports having observed a small species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FE08F9DEA81CF9C6" authority="Ausserer, 1871" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[478,826,1565,1590]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE08F9DEA9AAF9C6" box="[478,652,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
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Ausserer, 1871
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</taxonomicName>
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(Psalmopoeinae) in
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<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5311162FBF7F9DEAFA7F9C6" box="[1057,1153,1565,1590]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, exclusively in association with an unidentified, aggressive species of ant that inhabits abandoned termitaria. The author notes that despite provocation, the tarantula remained unharmed by the ants, which otherwise attacked the author himself. Finally,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5311162FF76F964A932F930" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[160,532,1703,1728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
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Chomphuphuang
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FEA8F964AA91F930" box="[382,439,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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briefly noted that some specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311161FBDFF964A9A5FF57" authority="Chomphuphuang et al., 2017" authorityName="Chomphuphuang" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipalpus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311161FBDFF964AA07FF57" italics="true" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Phlogiellus longipalpus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5321161FEFAFF4DA9A5FF57" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[300,643,142,167]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
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||
Chomphuphuang
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FDD7FF4DA912FF57" box="[513,564,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">et al</emphasis>
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., 2017
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD45FF4DA871FF57" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[659,855,142,167]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Selenocosmiinae">Selenocosmiinae</taxonomicName>
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) described in their paper were collected from retreats built in ant colonies.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF666628D5301163FF76FAF8AAABF9AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" startId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5301163FF76FAF8AAABF9AA" blockId="20.[160,1156,1339,1626]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF76FAF8ABDCFAA2" bold="true" box="[160,250,1339,1362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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Interactions between tarantulas and ants.
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD75FAF8A994FAA2" bold="true" box="[675,690,1339,1362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">A</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FD68FAF8A85CFAA2" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1990" box="[702,890,1339,1362]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD68FAF8A85CFAA2" box="[702,890,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Avicularia purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FC56FA9AAF1AFA80" authority=", Tena" authorityName="Tena" box="[896,1084,1369,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC56FA9AA8DFFA80" box="[896,1017,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Camponotus</emphasis>
|
||
, Tena
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Napo, Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF2BFAB5AA2DFA7D" bold="true" box="[253,267,1398,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FECFFAB5A926FA7D" box="[281,512,1398,1421]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FECFFAB5A926FA7D" box="[281,512,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Tapinauchenius cupreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
living with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FDADFAB5A87AFA7D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[635,860,1398,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FDADFAB5A87AFA7D" box="[635,860,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Camponotus femoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEF3FA50AA15FA5A" bold="true" box="[293,307,1427,1450]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FEE9FA50A900FA5A" baseAuthorityName="Valerio" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[319,550,1427,1450]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stichoplastoris" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obelix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEE9FA50AAEFFA5A" box="[319,457,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Stichoplastoris</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FE38FA50A900FA5A" box="[494,550,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">obelix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, spiderlings, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FD00FA50A840FA5A" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[726,870,1427,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD00FA50A840FA5A" box="[726,870,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Labidus coecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants not being interested in the spiders, Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC9EFA72A87EFA38" bold="true" box="[840,856,1457,1480]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Same, spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC8DFA0DA841FA15" bold="true" box="[859,871,1486,1509]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FCA4FA0DAF3FFA15" authorityName="Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz and Schmidt" authorityYear="2006" box="[882,1049,1486,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirschii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCA4FA0DAF3FFA15" box="[882,1049,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Avicularia hirschii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displaying an escape strategy against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FE6EFA28A927F9F2" authorityName="Jurine" authorityYear="1807" box="[440,513,1515,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FE6EFA28A927F9F2" box="[440,513,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Labidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants, Madre de Dios, Peru.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCF7FA28A80BF9F2" bold="true" box="[801,813,1515,1538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FCEAFA28AF17F9F2" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[828,1073,1515,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCEAFA28AF17F9F2" box="[828,1073,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Tapinauchenius plumipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caught, killed and carved up by the army ants
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FDF1F9CAAF10F9D0" authority=", Montsinery-Tonnegrande Commune" authorityName="Montsinery-Tonnegrande Commune" box="[551,1078,1545,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FDF1F9CAA9E6F9D0" box="[551,704,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Eciton burchellii</emphasis>
|
||
, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, French Guiana.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF39F9E5ABD9F9CD" bold="true" box="[239,255,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">D</emphasis>
|
||
reproduced from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5301163FE79F9E5A965F9CD" author="Lapinski W" box="[431,579,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Photo credits: Rick C. West (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC8FF9E5A8BCF9CD" bold="true" box="[857,922,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">A, B, F</emphasis>
|
||
), Witold Lapinski (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FB98F9E5AF51F9CD" bold="true" box="[1102,1143,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">C, D</emphasis>
|
||
), and Emanuele Biggi (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEA2F980AAA6F9AA" bold="true" box="[372,384,1603,1626]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">E</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF666628D5311162FF77FB63AA83FA97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" startId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5311162FF77FB63AA83FA97" blockId="21.[160,1157,1184,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF77FB63ABDBFB47" bold="true" box="[161,253,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Tarantulas living in termitaria.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FDEBFB63A96AFB47" bold="true" box="[573,588,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FD8DFB63A830FB47" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[603,790,1184,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FD8DFB63A830FB47" box="[603,790,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Avicularia juruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBF7FB63AF09FB47" bold="true" box="[1057,1071,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FBEBFB63AA84FB24" authority=", Dona Amelia Farm" authorityName="Dona Amelia Farm" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Vitalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBEBFB63ABF9FB24" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Vitalius dubius</emphasis>
|
||
, Dona Amélia Farm
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC80FB7EA842FB24" bold="true" box="[854,868,1213,1236]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FCB9FB7EAF72FB24" box="[879,1108,1213,1236]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FCB9FB7EAF72FB24" box="[879,1108,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE27FB18A927FB02" bold="true" box="[497,513,1243,1266]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FDD8FB18A81EFB02" authority=", Peixe" authorityName="Peixe" box="[526,824,1243,1266]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FDD8FB18A9D2FB02" box="[526,756,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
|
||
, Peixe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Tocantins, Brazil.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC3BFB18A8DFFB02" bold="true" box="[1005,1017,1243,1266]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FBD0FB18AABCFAFF" authority=", Tamana Hill" authorityName="Tamana Hill" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambridgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBD0FB18AA2AFAFF" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Psalmopoeus cambridgei</emphasis>
|
||
, Tamana Hill
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC55FB3BA8A9FAFF" bold="true" box="[899,911,1272,1295]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FC76FB3BAF6BFAFF" box="[928,1101,1272,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachionopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC76FB3BAF02FAFF" box="[928,1060,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Brachionopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FF76FAD6AA6AFADC" box="[160,332,1301,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF76FAD6AA00FADC" box="[160,294,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE9AFAF0AA7DFABA" bold="true" box="[332,347,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">A</emphasis>
|
||
), Ivan Sazima (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE26FAF0AAD8FABA" bold="true" box="[496,510,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">B</emphasis>
|
||
), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FCE7FAF0A819FABA" bold="true" box="[817,831,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">C</emphasis>
|
||
), Danté Fenolio (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC3EFAF0A8DEFABA" bold="true" box="[1000,1016,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">D</emphasis>
|
||
), Sarah Crews (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF71FA93AB95FA97" bold="true" box="[167,179,1360,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">E</emphasis>
|
||
), and Luke Goddard (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE5AFA93AABEFA97" bold="true" box="[396,408,1360,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">F</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321161FF16FF17A86FFBDD" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
||
Here, we report on a few cases of non-agonistic interactions between tarantulas and ants, mostly based on observations of RCW and WWL in South America. The first cases involve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FF2EFEDAA9B4FEC2" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[248,658,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avicularia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FF2EFEDAAAF2FEC2" box="[248,468,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Avicularia avicularia</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD48FEDAA817FEC2" box="[670,817,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aviculariinae">Aviculariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FCA6FEDAAA7DFEA5" authority="(C. L. Koch, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FCA6FEDAAFA5FEC2" box="[880,1155,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Tapinauchenius plumipes</emphasis>
|
||
(C.L. Koch, 1842)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FE54FEFFAADEFEA5" box="[386,504,316,341]" name="Venezuela" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, juveniles of the two aforementioned theraphosid species were observed cohabiting with the arboreal ant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD13FE9DAFA5FE87" authority="(Fabricius, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[709,1155,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FD13FE9DA8E3FE87" box="[709,965,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Camponotus femoratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1804)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in ‘ant gardens’. Ant gardens are an association between ants and plants, consisting of soil and decayed organic matter, with living epiphytic plants growing out of it and the ant colony itself living inside (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5321161FE1FFE05A9E1FE2F" author="Orivel J & Leroy C" box="[457,711,454,479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" pagination="73 - 85" refId="ref17715" refString="Orivel J, Leroy C. 2011. The diversity and ecology of ant gardens (Hymenoptera: formicidae; Spermatophyta: angiospermae). Myrmecol News. 14: 73 - 85." type="journal article" year="2011">Orivel and Leroy 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When the ant garden with a juvenile tarantula living on it was bumped, the spider retreated to the protection of its self-made silken retreat while the ants readily swarmed over the garden’s exterior, attacking in defence by biting and spraying formic acid. In about 30 minutes, the ant swarming subsided and the tarantula emerged and resumed its hunting position. By day, the spiders were secure in their individual retreats which, in part, bore into the ant garden. The foraging ants avoided the spider’s silken retreat, the entrance of which was not always silked over to prevent an ant from entering. At night, worker ants were more visibly active and going about their cultivating and food gathering activities on the exterior of the garden and surrounding vegetation. At the same time, the juvenile theraphosid would be out of its silken retreat and stretched out on the side of the ant garden waiting for passing prey. The ants were observed scurrying around the theraphosid, but never interacting with it nor trying to enter its retreat. Additionally, the juvenile theraphosid was never observed trying to predate a passing ant. The ant gardens observed were not large enough or located in such a place that they could support the needs of a subadult or adult-sized arboreal theraphosid of the aforementioned species. As observed in the past, as arboreal theraphosids and their prey demands and sizes grow, they relocate higher towards the canopy of the same tree or on an adjacent tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321161FF16FBF5A980FA5A" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FF0DFBF5AA10FBBF" box="[219,310,1078,1103]" name="Ecuador" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FEBAFBF5AA84FBBF" box="[364,418,1078,1103]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, small arboreal termite mounds were observed constructed on the sides of spiny palm trees and in the fork of living trees that had been taken over by colonies of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FEB3FBBFAACBFB65" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[357,493,1148,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FEB3FBBFAACBFB65" box="[357,493,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">C. femoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or stinging ants, possibly of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC4CFBBFABFFFB47" authority="Lund, 1831" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC4CFBBFAF19FB65" box="[922,1087,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pseudomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
Lund, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Juveniles of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FE6FFB5DA829FB47" authority="Kirk, 1990" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1990" box="[441,783,1182,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FE6FFB5DA9B5FB47" box="[441,659,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Avicularia purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
Kirk, 1990
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5321161FCF7FB5DA8B6FB47" box="[801,912,1182,1207]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC0EFB5DA902FB2A" authority="Schmidt and Bauer, 1996" authorityName="Schmidt and Bauer" authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC0EFB5DABD2FB2A" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Tapinauchenius cupreus</emphasis>
|
||
Schmidt and Bauer, 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5321161FDE0FB02A982FB2A" box="[566,676,1217,1242]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
) were observed in their self-made silken retreats in cracks or crevices of the abandoned termite mound. By day, each juvenile theraphosid remained concealed in its retreat. Small numbers of worker ants foraged on the living tree. At night, the tarantulas would emerge from their retreat and position themselves on the support tree or palm to wait for passing prey. As noted above, ant activity on the side of the support tree or palm was busier at night with passing ants ignoring the juvenile tarantula and vice versa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321160FF16FA77AA0BFF3A" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1130" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
||
<location id="8EC6607BD5321161FF16FA77ABC7FA3D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65:8EC6607BD5321161FF16FA77ABC7FA3D" box="[192,225,1460,1485]" country="Peru" name="On" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">On</location>
|
||
another occasion in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FE0AFA77A934FA3D" box="[476,530,1460,1485]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, WWL and RCW noticed a large active mound of the leafcutter ant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FEEBFA15A9A3FA1F" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[317,645,1494,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FEEBFA15AAE0FA1F" box="[317,454,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Atta sexdens</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D5321161FCE1FA15A844FA1F" box="[823,866,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0034D193D5321161FCE1FA15A844FA1F" box="[823,866,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
across and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D5321161FC31FA15AF34FA1F" box="[999,1042,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0034D193D5321161FC31FA15AF34FA1F" box="[999,1042,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in height. There were multiple entry holes into the mound made by the ants, some actively being used by the ants while some of the earlier-made holes in the mound were no longer being used by the ants and were now being utilised as retreats by an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FF76F9A2AA64F98A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[160,322,1633,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pamphobeteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FF76F9A2AA64F98A" box="[160,322,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pamphobeteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On this particular leafcutter ant mound, 12 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC13F9A2AF41F98A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[965,1127,1633,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pamphobeteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC13F9A2AF41F98A" box="[965,1127,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pamphobeteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of varying sizes were found individually occupying unused entry holes into the mound as their retreat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FF17A98FFCE7" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||
One another occasion, while photographing an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC56FF17AAA6FEFF" authority="Schmidt, 1995" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC56FF17ABFDFEFF" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Megaphobema velvetosoma</emphasis>
|
||
Schmidt, 1995
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE5DFF35A912FEFF" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[395,564,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) eating a bush cricket at its fossorial burrow entrance in rainforest near the Río Nanay,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D5331160FDFCFEDAA953FEC2" box="[554,629,281,306]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD52FEDAA99CFEC2" box="[644,698,281,306]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, long columns of the army ants
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FB97FEDAAAE5FEA5" authority="Westwood, 1842" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FB97FEDAAA25FEA5" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Eciton burchellii</emphasis>
|
||
Westwood, 1842
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed swarming over the ground and low vegetation, hunting for invertebrates and small vertebrates. Sensing the foraging army ants’ approach, the tarantula retreated to the rear of its short ground burrow while still grasping the bush cricket in its chelicerae. By flashlight, the spider was observed pressed against the rear of its blind end retreat; it had dropped its partially consumed prey and drew its legs up and remained still at the back of its retreat. The army ants entered the burrow and swarmed over the dead bush cricket and tarantula. The ants quickly carved up and carried off pieces of the bush cricket from the retreat. Several ants tried to bite the tarantula but were unsuccessful due to the hirsuteness of the tarsal scopula, palps, legs and abdomen. The majority of ants that entered the burrow, however, appeared disinterested in the large tarantula that would, potentially, have been a major food source for them. The ants eventually gave up trying to subdue the tarantula and left the retreat while the spider remained motionless for about another 20 minutes, before returning to a hunting stance at the entrance of its retreat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FCE2AF0EFBDD" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||
During recent fieldwork in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D5331160FDCDFCE2A9AAFCCA" box="[539,652,801,826]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Pará State</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD67FCE2A9D6FCCA" box="[689,752,801,826]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, R. Bertani documented an instance of cohabitation involving a subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FD94FC87AF07FCAD" authority="(C. L. Koch, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[578,1057,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FD94FC87A879FCAD" box="[578,863,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Acanthoscurria geniculata</emphasis>
|
||
(C.L. Koch, 1841)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
residing within a subterranean ant colony, likely of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FCD4FCA5AF1CFC8F" authority="Westwood, 1840" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[770,1082,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FCD4FCA5A855FC8F" box="[770,883,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Solenopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Westwood, 1840
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Upon disturbing the colony, the ants aggressively swarmed the observer’s legs, preventing him from capturing photographs (Bertani, pers. comm.). Typically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FCABFC6FA8C9FC35" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[893,1007,940,965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FCABFC6FA8C9FC35" box="[893,1007,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Solenopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants exhibit defensive behaviours and will attack and sting any intruding animal to protect their colony. However, in this particular observation, the theraphosid spider was not attacked by the ants, suggesting a possible association or tolerance between the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FBF5AA1EFB65" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||
Finally, we also found four photographs on iNaturalist illustrating a potential association between theraphosids and ants in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD84FB9AA9AFFB82" box="[594,649,1113,1138]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD16FB9AA806FB82" box="[704,800,1113,1138]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69B031BD5331160FCF8FB9AA858FB82" box="[814,894,1113,1138]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
), which warrant further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |