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@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Hübner, 1810
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Haworth, 1811
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162
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<mods:titleInfo id="3071929D400EE5F24ADD57AC2C957476">
|
||||
<mods:title id="CD4D59B10663AB7661F42C6E74E1B55F">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="62D141393B0DC2AAB679DC7B614A9E51" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="B6D54776CC9DBAF6A87EB08B5F98EEFB">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="95C675B6DF462F1C0E91667E43C4EF75">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="CDF8C275FA2C11F8BB26DA08E1215BE1">Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="3B39A6D57C4FC1BDA197F9405A37A748">Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="7A31E925E482AE43E0F4A10192845969" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="825BD48691719F30D607D73F9A9B4F6A">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="B49B53DF9FB0AF1E5931BBA4C461F39D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="E3C32CB5753BE0F87818712B4A5B14C6">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="7B89E4975B03CD3D4E3935841A4AE1A3">Sooke, British Columbia, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="31C1B2323E5F44E51AE6D5806094B194" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="9CD8393B5571EFFA563CAFC3E72AAFA8">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="A1E7B6C4EAEFDE4F520E818637EB3170">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="EBE7B1B206D4B8C6E6EF4B26B7C27F56">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="84BE395B02E3C210C8B7B4BB9CEF1868">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA & Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="38503A895B061DED613B7D0EB83E07C3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem id="A0B9796B32FAE6417B1DA795861DB617" type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="9A534D341BC66D9299D95050E1D8BDF1">
|
||||
<mods:title id="655250649CEEAEBD978546B40267ADC0">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="E9EBD703E67451F603E0D2F71D924EC8">
|
||||
<mods:date id="6B682254D9F9DF69CBA753722B5FFC6E">2024</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="75A5F7B14AA6B001E24EB1E6C907D399" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="F7C376ACECAEED3C03900AD827EC0614">2024-08-06</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="4E20C89BEE877909257E435D4A496A22" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="74D48A289F2DE710DEF3B3F68C9572BA">58</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="BB489D9AD615C8ECD99981689FD7191A" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="18A86ADA0AA06F3461F1B6A3A661E4A4">29 - 32</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="B041707F2A2BE95C4AF6B52B19AB2A3B" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="2C0E6F5845177EC1A6571B997D4DD086">1107</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="530768391C63137C456CD417A85162D9">1143</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location id="A7F11A1572B0EBB7924896FF9B5100B1">
|
||||
<mods:url id="ECC3AC99C4CA08BA13A0CFFE6F21C3F0">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="1DE6B9D6B715EAD9D9657E50E4FE8C52">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="D7D5F7BA166ADBF523415B12867DBAC6" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="20F2584FC4510652CD634AA810AD4BA9" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="408D961347A383DA7338E0C11B30EB02" type="Zenodo-Dep">13758139</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13772906" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13772906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1121" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C303652BD52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" box="[160,531,914,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" blockId="14.[160,531,914,940]" box="[160,531,914,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
<heading id="D0EE81CCD52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" bold="true" box="[160,531,914,940]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" reason="3">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" bold="true" box="[160,531,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
Snakes (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FEDEFC51AAA3FC5C" authority="Oppel, 1811" box="[264,389,914,940]" class="Squamata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Squamata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE45FC51A92CFC5C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[403,522,914,940]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Serpentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Serpentes</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C303652BD52A1164FF76FC04AA9FFDD5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1126" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF76FC04AF55FB05" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
Herein, we report three potential cases of mutualistic interactions involving tarantulas sharing their retreats with snakes (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C69B031BD52A1179FDF5FC2AA953FBF2" box="[547,629,1001,1026]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The first case was observed in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FC36FC2AAFA5FBF2" box="[992,1155,1001,1026]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Guerrero State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FF17FBCFAA1EFBD5" box="[193,312,1036,1061]" country="Mexico" name="Distrito Federal" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Mexico by</collectingRegion>
|
||||
the second author. While turning over large angular rocks lying on the ground in search of theraphosids, one rock was turned to expose the burrow of a large female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FF21FB92A835FB9A" authority="Schmidt and Klaas, 1993" authorityName="Schmidt and Klaas" authorityYear="1993" box="[247,787,1105,1130]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boehmei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FF21FB92AACAFB9A" box="[247,492,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Brachypelma boehmei</emphasis>
|
||||
Schmidt and Klaas, 1993
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCF5FB92A8EAFB9A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[803,972,1105,1130]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) standing mere centimetres away from a coiled
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FDD2FBB7A958FB7D" box="[516,638,1140,1165]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||||
ground snake,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCFFFBB7ABF8FB40" authority="(Duges, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Duges" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Sonora" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FCFFFBB7AF0FFB7D" box="[809,1065,1140,1165]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Sonora michoacanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Duges, 1884)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FF3DFB54AA4DFB40" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[235,363,1175,1200]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). No predation attempt was made by the tarantula on the snake. While preparing the camera to record this event, the exposed snake, approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D52A1179FBC9FB7AAF43FB22" box="[1055,1125,1209,1234]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||||
in length, started to burrow into the soft soil surrounding the spider’s burrow (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D52A1179FC28FB1FAF41FB05" box="[1022,1127,1244,1269]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1289,1312]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-47@18.[163,1153,142,1257]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 6. Associations between tarantulas and whip spiders, a harvestman and a snake. A. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), La Chorrera, Panama. B. Megaphobema velvetosoma sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. C. Sericopelma sp. and Paraphrynus laevifrons, Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica. D. Phormictopus cautus sharing its burrow with an unidentified whip spider, Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. E. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified harvestman (marked with an arrow), Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. F. Brachypelma boehmei sharing its retreat with Sonora michoacanensis (marked with an arrow), Guerrero State, Mexico. Photo credits: John G. Phillips (A), Aidan Craner (B), Johnson Jou (C), José Garrido (D), Dan MacNeal (E), and Rick C. West (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758153/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Figure 6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF16FB3CAA19FA18" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
The second and third observations are sourced from iNaturalist. One of them details an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE6BFAE2A9FEFACA" authority="Karsch, 1884" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1884" box="[445,728,1313,1338]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phoneyusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE6BFAE2A910FACA" box="[445,566,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Phoneyusa</emphasis>
|
||||
Karsch, 1884
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Eumenophorinae) cohabiting with a ‘small blue snake’ in Banalia,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FDCDFA87A89CFAAD" box="[539,954,1348,1373]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The other, from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FF76FAA4ABC7FA70" box="[160,225,1383,1408]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FF26FAA4AA04FA70" box="[240,290,1383,1408]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, describes
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE72FAA4A9B9FA70" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[420,671,1383,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE72FAA4A9B9FA70" box="[420,671,1383,1408]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Aphonopelma armada</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FD66FAA4A87CFA70" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[688,858,1383,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) cohabiting with a
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FB93FAA4AFA5FA70" box="[1093,1155,1383,1408]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
blind snake,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FEF9FA4AA989FA52" authority="Baird and Girard, 1853" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[303,687,1417,1442]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dulcis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FEF9FA4AAA8CFA52" box="[303,426,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Rena dulcis</emphasis>
|
||||
Baird and Girard, 1853
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FD6AFA4AA8AFFA52" box="[700,905,1417,1442]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Further observations and research are needed to better understand the dynamics and frequency of these cohabitations.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1164FF16FA32AA9FFDD5" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" lastBlockId="19.[160,1156,142,549]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1126" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
|
||||
Additionally, we report observations of tarantulas actively removing snakes from the vicinity of their burrows. In
|
||||
<date id="FFA71060D52A1179FE3FF9D7A985F9DD" box="[489,675,1556,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" value="1993-11">November 1993</date>
|
||||
, RCW and WWL attempted to document a predation interaction between a large female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCD2F9F4AF6EF9A0" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" box="[772,1096,1591,1616]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FCD2F9F4AF6EF9A0" box="[772,1096,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Megaphobema velvetosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and a Catesby’s snail-eater snake,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE22F999A875F983" authority="(Sentzen, 1796)" baseAuthorityName="Sentzen" baseAuthorityYear="1796" box="[500,851,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE22F999A9BDF983" box="[500,667,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Dipsas catesbyi</emphasis>
|
||||
(Sentzen, 1796)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCB4F999A8C4F983" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[866,994,1626,1651]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), for a wildlife photographer near the village of Nueve de Octubre on the Río Marañón,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FC11F9BFAF34F965" box="[967,1042,1660,1685]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FBCDF9BFAF77F965" box="[1051,1105,1660,1685]" name="Peru" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52B1178F9CAFABAAD5BFA60" box="[1564,1661,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1122">Continued</emphasis>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5341167F9CAFAB8AD5BFA62" box="[1564,1661,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1123">Continued</emphasis>
|
||||
) snake was released and approached the tarantula, which was lying in wait at the entrance of its ground retreat. The tarantula grabbed the snake with its chelicerae, causing the snake to expel an odorous liquid musk from its anal glands. The tarantula transported the uninjured snake approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D5371164FE29FF4DA965FF57" box="[511,579,142,167]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||||
away from the retreat entrance and then released it before returning to its retreat. This behaviour was repeated, with the tarantula again capturing, carrying, and releasing the snake, which appeared unharmed. To determine whether this behaviour was specific to the individual tarantula, a similar predation attempt was conducted with a different adult female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCD3FEDAA896FEC2" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" box="[773,944,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FCD3FEDAA896FEC2" box="[773,944,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">M. velvetosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, located earlier by a guide. The observed behaviour was consistent with the previous event, with the tarantula immediately grasping the snake, carrying it to the edge of the clearing in front of its ground retreat, and releasing it unharmed. We hypothesise that the odorous liquid expelled by the snake may render it unpalatable to these tarantulas, thereby providing a protective mechanism for the snake. Alternatively, the snake may simply not have represented suitable prey and the spider’s behaviour therefore involved mere removal from its burrow.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
274
data/03/B0/87/03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5.xml
Normal file
274
data/03/B0/87/03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="EF84B66C0E94CAA9F47DDB8A51D64441">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6CAFA4B6B892095A8801C419C46F9C0B">Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="09EC5CA49D918BC4ED63F6653C5290FC">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CEA72816187E3D9B87BFC9117C1429B3">Sooke, British Columbia, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4A64F802DBA65D50EB9A6CB55A9283B2">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1ED5791337FD0E6D9CE5345DF8D2038D">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA & Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="FC877DFA57853A4CD040EBDB0CF15629">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2134834AAD4699E864A81094BD422649">2024-08-06</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" blockId="23.[160,526,1257,1283]" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" bold="true" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
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Termites (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FECDFB2AAAB4FAF3" ID-CoL="TM" authority="Wattenwyl, 1882 " box="[283,402,1257,1283]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE77FB2AA922FAF3" authorityName="Okamura" authorityYear="1901" box="[417,516,1257,1283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Isoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Isoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD533116EFF76FADDA91BFDD5" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1132" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D533116FFF76FADDAF19FEA5" blockId="23.[160,1156,1310,1682]" lastBlockId="24.[160,1155,142,479]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="1131" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||||
There are a few records of associations between tarantulas and termites in the literature.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76FA82AA7FFAAA" author="LourenCo WR" box="[160,345,1345,1370]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref17289" refString="LourenCo WR. 1978. Notas sobre a biologia de Acanthoscurria atrox Vellard, 1924 (Araneae: theraphosidae). Rev Bras Biol. 38: 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1978">LourenÇo (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FDD4FA82A8CAFAAA" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[514,1004,1345,1370]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FDD4FA82A834FAAA" box="[514,786,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Acanthoscurria paulensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Mello-Leitão, 1923
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(sub
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FBFBFA82AA12FA8D" authority="Vellard, 1924" authorityName="Vellard" authorityYear="1924" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FBFBFA82AFA5FAAA" box="[1069,1155,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">A. atrox</emphasis>
|
||||
Vellard, 1924
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) inhabits the mounds of an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC5CFAA7ABF1FA6F" authority="Wasmann, 1897" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Armitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC5CFAA7AF20FA8D" box="[906,1030,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Armitermes</emphasis>
|
||||
Wasmann, 1897
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Nasutitermitidae), while its diet primarily consists of orthopterans and small spiders and vertebrates.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FEB1FA6AA97AFA32" author="Canning G & Reilly BK & Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[359,604,1449,1474]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="293 - 298" refId="ref15598" refString="Canning G, Reilly BK, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2014. Burrow structure and microhabitat characteristics of Nesiergus insulanus (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles. J Arachnol. 42 (3): 293 - 298. doi: 10.1636 / J 13 - 59.1." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Canning
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FE06FA6AA922FA32" box="[464,516,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2014)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
found that some individuals of the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FBD9FA6AAFA5FA32" box="[1039,1155,1449,1474]" name="Seychelles" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||||
endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FEDCFA0FA950FA15" authority="Simon, 1903" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[266,630,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nesiergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEDCFA0FAAC7FA15" box="[266,481,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Nesiergus insulanus</emphasis>
|
||||
Simon, 1903
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Ischnocolinae) construct their retreats within arboreal and terrestrial termitaria (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5331160FDCAFA2DA987F9F7" box="[540,673,1518,1543]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="24.[160,225,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,563,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-141@24.[163,1153,563,1573]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 9. Nesiergus insulanus living in drywood termite frass (Kalotermitidae) on Frégate Island, Seychelles. A. Decaying palm tree with a retreat (marked by an arrow). B. Same, detailed view of the retreat. C, E. Fallen decayed palm tree with retreats (marked by arrows). D, F. Same, detailed views of the retreats. A and F reproduced from Canning et al. (2014). Photo credits: Greg Canning." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758161/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Figure 9A–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and feed on termites as a part of their diet.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76F9D2AAD1F9DA" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[160,503,1553,1578]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Chomphuphuang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEA6F9D2AA84F9DA" box="[368,418,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported that some individuals of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC5EF9D2AAC8F9BD" authority="Chomphuphuang et al., 2017" authorityName="Chomphuphuang" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipalpus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC5EF9D2AFA5F9DA" box="[904,1155,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Phlogiellus longipalpus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76F9F7AAC8F9BD" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[160,494,1588,1613]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Chomphuphuang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEA7F9F7AA84F9BD" box="[369,418,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
., 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were found in their retreats built in colonies of ants and termites, which were preyed upon by the tarantulas. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54A28802D5331160FCE7F995A8B3F99F" box="[817,917,1622,1647]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and the only known specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE97F9BAA8A4F962" authority="Sherwood and Gabriel, 2020" authorityName="Sherwood and Gabriel" authorityYear="2020" box="[321,898,1657,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Umbyquyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gurleyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FE97F9BAA93DF962" box="[321,539,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Umbyquyra gurleyi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FDFFF9BAA8A4F962" author="Sherwood D & Gabriel R" box="[553,898,1657,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref18015" refString="Sherwood D, Gabriel R. 2020. A new species of Umbyquyra Gargiulo, Brescovit & Lucas, 2018 from Goias, Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18 (6): 619 - 622. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2020.18.6. 619." type="journal article" year="2020">Sherwood and Gabriel, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC40F9BAAF62F962" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[918,1092,1657,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) was collected from termite mounds (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFDDBFF4DA86CFF57" author="Sherwood D & Gabriel R" box="[525,842,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref18015" refString="Sherwood D, Gabriel R. 2020. A new species of Umbyquyra Gargiulo, Brescovit & Lucas, 2018 from Goias, Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18 (6): 619 - 622. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2020.18.6. 619." type="journal article" year="2020">Sherwood and Gabriel 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFC47FF4DABC0FF3A" author="Cifuentes Y & Bertani R" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref15705" refString="Cifuentes Y, Bertani R. 2022. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the tarantula genera Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1985, and Amazonius n. gen. (Theraphosidae, Psalmopoeinae). Zootaxa. 5101 (1): 1 - 123. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5101.1.1." type="journal article" year="2022">Cifuentes and Bertani (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
listed a female specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFDF0FF72A8D4FF3A" authority="Petrunkevitch, 1925" authorityName="Petrunkevitch, Psalmopoeinae" authorityYear="1925" box="[550,1010,177,202]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulcher">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFDF0FF72A82AFF3A" box="[550,780,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Psalmopoeus pulcher</emphasis>
|
||||
Petrunkevitch, 1925
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected off a termitarium in San José Island,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFDE6FF17A9ABFF1D" box="[560,653,212,237]" name="Panama" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Inhabitation of termite mounds has been further reported for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFE59FF35A8B5FEFF" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[399,915,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gomesiana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFE59FF35A990FEFF" box="[399,694,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Acanthoscurria gomesiana</emphasis>
|
||||
Mello-Leitão, 1923
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFEC5FEDAA979FEC2" authority="Ausserer, 1871" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[275,607,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC5FEDAAA90FEC2" box="[275,438,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Acanthoscurria</emphasis>
|
||||
Ausserer,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D53C116FFDFEFEDAA979FEC2" box="[552,607,281,306]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75234" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" unit="in" value="1871.0">1871</quantity>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFD56FEDAA99AFEC2" box="[640,700,281,306]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFD11FEDAA858FEC2" author="Costa D & Carvalho RA & de Lima Filho GF & Brandao D" box="[711,894,281,306]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="443 - 453" refId="ref15931" refString="Costa D, Carvalho RA, de Lima Filho GF, Brandao D. 2009. Inquilines and invertebrate fauna associated with termite nests of Cornitermes cumulans (Isoptera, Termitidae) in the Emas National Park, Mineiros, Goias, Brazil. Sociobiology. 53 (2 B): 443 - 453." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||||
Costa
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFCDBFEDAA81AFEC2" box="[781,828,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2009
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFC5FFEDAAF7FFEC2" author="Macedo KWR & Costa LJ & Costa LJ & Souza JO & Vasconcelos IA & Castro JS & Santana CJ & Magalhaes AC & Castro MD & Pires OR" box="[905,1113,281,306]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" refId="ref17387" refString="Macedo KWR, Costa LJ, Costa LJ, Souza JO, Vasconcelos IA, Castro JS, Santana CJ, Magalhaes AC, Castro MD, Pires OR. 2021. Brazilian Theraphosidae: a toxicological point of view. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 27: e 20210004. doi: 10.1590 / 1678 - 9199 - jvatitd- 2021 - 0004." type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
Macedo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC3EFEDAAF31FEC2" box="[1000,1047,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), as well as an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFDCBFEFFA9FFFEA5" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[541,729,316,341]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Selenocosmiinae">Selenocosmiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFD28FEFFA84DFEA5" box="[766,875,316,341]" name="Indonesia" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFCAEFEFFAF15FEA5" author="Hood ASC & Pashkevich MD & Dahlsjo CAL & Advento AD & Agung Ketut Aryawan A & Caliman JP & Naim M & Head JJ & Turner EC" box="[888,1075,316,341]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="345 - 350" refId="ref16810" refString="Hood ASC, Pashkevich MD, Dahlsjo CAL, Advento AD, Agung Ketut Aryawan A, Caliman JP, Naim M, Head JJ, Turner EC. 2020. Termite mounds house a diversity of taxa in oil palm plantations irrespective of understory management. Biotropica. 52 (2): 345 - 350. doi: 10.1111 / btp. 12754." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Hood
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC69FEFFA8C9FEA5" box="[959,1007,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53C116EFF16FE9DAF72FEFF" blockId="24.[160,1155,142,479]" lastBlockId="25.[160,1156,142,549]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1132" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">
|
||||
Herein, we also report on a few observations of theraphosids living in association with termites (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C69B031BD53C116FFEDFFE42AA7CFE6A" box="[265,346,385,410]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). These include one observation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFD37FE42AFA5FE6A" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[737,1155,385,410]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juruensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD37FE42A897FE6A" box="[737,945,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Avicularia juruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Mello-Leitão, 1923
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFF09FE67AA34FE4D" box="[223,274,420,445]" name="Peru" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53C116FFEF2FE67AAB5FE4D" box="[292,403,420,445]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), one observation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFD58FE67AF3FFE4D" authority="(Mello-Leitao, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Mello-Leitao" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[654,1049,420,445]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Vitalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubius">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD58FE67A809FE4D" box="[654,815,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Vitalius dubius</emphasis>
|
||||
(Mello-Leitão, 1923)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and two observations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFE85FE05A828FE2F" authority="(Schmidt, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[339,782,454,479]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFE85FE05A97FFE2F" box="[339,601,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Schmidt, 1998)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFC8EFE05A8D9FE2F" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[856,1023,454,479]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFB91FE05AFA5FE2F" box="[1095,1155,454,479]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFF7EFF4DAA14FF57" box="[168,306,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8B–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), one observation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDFEFF4DA8FEFF57" authority="Pocock, 1895" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" box="[552,984,142,167]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambridgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDFEFF4DA81FFF57" box="[552,825,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Psalmopoeus cambridgei</emphasis>
|
||||
Pocock, 1895
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the West Indies (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFF2EFF72AA4FFF3A" box="[248,361,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), one observation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDA4FF72A845FF3A" authorityName="Petrunkevitch, Psalmopoeinae" authorityYear="1925" box="[626,867,177,202]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulcher">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDA4FF72A845FF3A" box="[626,867,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Psalmopoeus pulcher</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53D116EFC65FF72AF34FF3A" box="[947,1042,177,202]" name="Panama" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and one observation of an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDBDFF17A8B1FF1D" authority="Pocock, 1897" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1897" box="[619,919,212,237]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachionopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDBDFF17A9D9FF1D" box="[619,767,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Brachionopus</emphasis>
|
||||
Pocock, 1897
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and one observation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFF68FF35A93EFEFF" authority="Purcell, 1902" authorityName="Purcell" authorityYear="1902" box="[190,536,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Harpactira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marksi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFF68FF35AAA6FEFF" box="[190,384,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Harpactira marksi</emphasis>
|
||||
Purcell, 1902
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(both Harpactirinae) from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53D116EFC93FF35A8E9FEFF" box="[837,975,246,271]" name="South Africa" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFC08FF35AF61FEFF" box="[990,1095,246,271]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF666628D53C116FFF76F986AF13F944" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758161/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" startId="24.[160,225,1605,1628]" targetBox="[163,1153,563,1573]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53C116FFF76F986AF13F944" blockId="24.[160,1157,1605,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFF76F986ABD8F9AC" bold="true" box="[160,254,1605,1628]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFEDCF986AAECF9AC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[266,458,1605,1628]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nesiergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEDCF986AAECF9AC" box="[266,458,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Nesiergus insulanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
living in drywood termite frass (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFCF0F986A89CF9AC" box="[806,954,1605,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Kalotermitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalotermitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) on Frégate Island, Seychelles.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC5F9A1AA04F989" bold="true" box="[275,290,1634,1657]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. Decaying palm tree with a retreat (marked by an arrow).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFCA9F9A1A8ABF989" bold="true" box="[895,909,1634,1657]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Same, detailed view of the retreat.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC4F943AA11F967" bold="true" box="[274,311,1664,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">C, E</emphasis>
|
||||
. Fallen decayed palm tree with retreats (marked by arrows).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC52F943A88AF967" bold="true" box="[900,940,1664,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">D, F</emphasis>
|
||||
. Same, detailed views of the retreats.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEEFF95EAA6EF944" bold="true" box="[313,328,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">A</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEAAF95EAAAEF944" bold="true" box="[380,392,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">F</emphasis>
|
||||
reproduced from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFDE8F95EA82AF944" author="Canning G & Reilly BK & Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[574,780,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="293 - 298" refId="ref15598" refString="Canning G, Reilly BK, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2014. Burrow structure and microhabitat characteristics of Nesiergus insulanus (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles. J Arachnol. 42 (3): 293 - 298. doi: 10.1636 / J 13 - 59.1." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Canning
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD40F95EA9E7F944" box="[662,705,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2014)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Photo credits: Greg Canning.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53D116EFF16FEDAA91BFDD5" blockId="25.[160,1156,142,549]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">
|
||||
Most, if not all, of these associations are likely not mutualistic, given that termite alates and workers are typically preyed upon by the spider and its young. Indeed, the use of termite mounds as retreats is common for a large number of vertebrate and invertebrate species (eg
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFEF0FE42A9CAFE6A" author="Haddad CR & Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[294,748,385,410]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" pagination="403 - 408" refId="ref16682" refString="Haddad CR, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. J Arachnol. 30 (2): 403 - 408. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2006.17.1.28." type="journal article" year="2002">Haddad and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFD2FFE42A8D4FE6A" author="Costa C & Vanin SA" box="[761,1010,385,410]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" refId="ref15886" refString="Costa C, Vanin SA. 2010. Coleoptera larval fauna associated with termite nests (Isoptera) with emphasis on the " bioluminescent termite nests " from Central Brazil. Psyche. 2010: 723947. doi: 10.1155 / 2010 / 723947." type="journal volume" year="2010">Costa and Vanin 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFBD6FE42AA12FE4D" author="Duleba S & Ferreira VL" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" pagination="10 - 16" refId="ref16215" refString="Duleba S, Ferreira VL. 2014. Herpetofauna associated with termite mounds in a pasture, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Herpetol Bull. 127: 10 - 16." type="journal article" year="2014">Duleba and Ferreira 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Nonetheless, we opted to include them in the manuscript owing to their prevalence and the poorly understood dynamics of these interactions. Termitaria may be chosen by certain theraphosids as an optimal retreat due to prey availability for the young and the stability of the burrow itself.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
394
data/03/B0/87/03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65.xml
Normal file
394
data/03/B0/87/03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
|
|||
<document id="A4D14A2C287D5598841487DA28263AA3" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758139" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726223362900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zamani, Alireza, West, Rick C. & Lamar, William W." docDate="2024" docId="03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.29-32.1107-1143.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (29 - 32)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hymenoptera" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1130" masterDocId="FF89FFCED5241177FFD6FFC3AB26FFF0" masterDocTitle="An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness" masterLastPageNumber="1143" masterPageNumber="1107" pageNumber="1126" updateTime="1726577934635" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="463E6B1171911C8FC9BFBED214A9119A">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="817F9EF4E9562732C22701DE440169D3">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="91C17E2F2026BA9B301A35B155F791F0">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="211E6674937D48D8E8E160C5308017A6">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA & Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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Ants (
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FF3EFA96AAA8FA9F" ID-CoL="HYM" ID-ENA="7399" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[232,398,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FE4BFA96A902FA9F" authority="Latreille, 1809" box="[413,548,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5371161FF76FA4AA9F1FF3A" blockId="19.[160,1157,1417,1685]" lastBlockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">
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Given that both ants and spiders are amongst the most abundant arthropods, especially in tropical regions, interactions between various species of the two groups are common (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5371164FF70FA0CAA63FA18" author="Lapinski W" box="[166,325,1487,1512]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FE84FA0CAAFDFA18" box="[338,475,1487,1512]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7A–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, reports of such interactions in the literature are very rare, with almost all of them describing a predatory behaviour by the ants (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FF7EF9D7AA32F9DD" box="[168,276,1556,1581]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Three exceptions to this are mentioned here.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5371164FCEAF9D7A8CFF9DD" author="Lapinski W" box="[828,1001,1556,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
documented in detail an interaction in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5371164FE07F9F4A96EF9A0" box="[465,584,1591,1616]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
between the army ants
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCBFF9F4ABC6F983" authority="(Latreille, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FCBFF9F4AF34F9A0" box="[873,1042,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Labidus coecus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Latreille, 1802)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and a female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FE45F999A87EF983" authority="(Valerio, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Valerio" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[403,856,1626,1651]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stichoplastoris" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obelix">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FE45F999A912F983" box="[403,564,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Stichoplastoris</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FDB2F999A983F983" box="[612,677,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">obelix</emphasis>
|
||||
(Valerio, 1980)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCBFF999AF30F983" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[873,1046,1626,1651]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and her juveniles (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5371164FECFF9BFAA89F965" box="[281,431,1660,1685]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">Figure 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No aggressive behaviour was observed in this association. Instead, the ants were seen entering the tarantulas’ burrow to collect and remove organic material. This caused the spiders to temporarily vacate the burrow, but they returned once the ants had left the area. In another note,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5311162FCEFFA39A8F3F9E3" author="Hirschi H" box="[825,981,1530,1555]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref16778" refString="Hirschi H. 1991. Biotopstudien, Beobachtungen und Uberlegungen zur Lebensweise verschiedener Vogelspinnen-Arten in Costa Rica und Ecuador, Teil II. Arachnol Anz. 20: 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="1991">Hirschi (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reports having observed a small species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FE08F9DEA81CF9C6" authority="Ausserer, 1871" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[478,826,1565,1590]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE08F9DEA9AAF9C6" box="[478,652,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Tapinauchenius</emphasis>
|
||||
Ausserer, 1871
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Psalmopoeinae) in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5311162FBF7F9DEAFA7F9C6" box="[1057,1153,1565,1590]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, exclusively in association with an unidentified, aggressive species of ant that inhabits abandoned termitaria. The author notes that despite provocation, the tarantula remained unharmed by the ants, which otherwise attacked the author himself. Finally,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5311162FF76F964A932F930" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[160,532,1703,1728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Chomphuphuang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FEA8F964AA91F930" box="[382,439,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
briefly noted that some specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311161FBDFF964A9A5FF57" authority="Chomphuphuang et al., 2017" authorityName="Chomphuphuang" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipalpus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311161FBDFF964AA07FF57" italics="true" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1129" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Phlogiellus longipalpus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5321161FEFAFF4DA9A5FF57" author="Chomphuphuang N & Smith D & Wongvilas S & Sivayyapram V & Songsangchote C & Warrit N" box="[300,643,142,167]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Chomphuphuang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FDD7FF4DA912FF57" box="[513,564,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
., 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD45FF4DA871FF57" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[659,855,142,167]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Selenocosmiinae">Selenocosmiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) described in their paper were collected from retreats built in ant colonies.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF666628D5301163FF76FAF8AAABF9AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" startId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5301163FF76FAF8AAABF9AA" blockId="20.[160,1156,1339,1626]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF76FAF8ABDCFAA2" bold="true" box="[160,250,1339,1362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Interactions between tarantulas and ants.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD75FAF8A994FAA2" bold="true" box="[675,690,1339,1362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">A</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FD68FAF8A85CFAA2" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1990" box="[702,890,1339,1362]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD68FAF8A85CFAA2" box="[702,890,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Avicularia purpurea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FC56FA9AAF1AFA80" authority=", Tena" authorityName="Tena" box="[896,1084,1369,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC56FA9AA8DFFA80" box="[896,1017,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Camponotus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Tena
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Napo, Ecuador.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF2BFAB5AA2DFA7D" bold="true" box="[253,267,1398,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">B</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FECFFAB5A926FA7D" box="[281,512,1398,1421]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FECFFAB5A926FA7D" box="[281,512,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Tapinauchenius cupreus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
living with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FDADFAB5A87AFA7D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[635,860,1398,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FDADFAB5A87AFA7D" box="[635,860,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Camponotus femoratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEF3FA50AA15FA5A" bold="true" box="[293,307,1427,1450]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">C</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FEE9FA50A900FA5A" baseAuthorityName="Valerio" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[319,550,1427,1450]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Stichoplastoris" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obelix">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEE9FA50AAEFFA5A" box="[319,457,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Stichoplastoris</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FE38FA50A900FA5A" box="[494,550,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">obelix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, spiderlings, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FD00FA50A840FA5A" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[726,870,1427,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FD00FA50A840FA5A" box="[726,870,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Labidus coecus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ants not being interested in the spiders, Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC9EFA72A87EFA38" bold="true" box="[840,856,1457,1480]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. Same, spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC8DFA0DA841FA15" bold="true" box="[859,871,1486,1509]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">E</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FCA4FA0DAF3FFA15" authorityName="Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz and Schmidt" authorityYear="2006" box="[882,1049,1486,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirschii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCA4FA0DAF3FFA15" box="[882,1049,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Avicularia hirschii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
displaying an escape strategy against
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FE6EFA28A927F9F2" authorityName="Jurine" authorityYear="1807" box="[440,513,1515,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FE6EFA28A927F9F2" box="[440,513,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Labidus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ants, Madre de Dios, Peru.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCF7FA28A80BF9F2" bold="true" box="[801,813,1515,1538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">F</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FCEAFA28AF17F9F2" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[828,1073,1515,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FCEAFA28AF17F9F2" box="[828,1073,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Tapinauchenius plumipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
caught, killed and carved up by the army ants
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5301163FDF1F9CAAF10F9D0" authority=", Montsinery-Tonnegrande Commune" authorityName="Montsinery-Tonnegrande Commune" box="[551,1078,1545,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FDF1F9CAA9E6F9D0" box="[551,704,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">Eciton burchellii</emphasis>
|
||||
, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, French Guiana.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FF39F9E5ABD9F9CD" bold="true" box="[239,255,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">D</emphasis>
|
||||
reproduced from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5301163FE79F9E5A965F9CD" author="Lapinski W" box="[431,579,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref17218" refString="Lapinski W. 2019. The army ants and the tarantula - a rare encounter in a neotropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Araneae: Theraphosidae). Entomol Z. 129: 51 - 56." type="journal article" year="2019">Lapinski (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Photo credits: Rick C. West (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FC8FF9E5A8BCF9CD" bold="true" box="[857,922,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">A, B, F</emphasis>
|
||||
), Witold Lapinski (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FB98F9E5AF51F9CD" bold="true" box="[1102,1143,1574,1597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">C, D</emphasis>
|
||||
), and Emanuele Biggi (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5301163FEA2F980AAA6F9AA" bold="true" box="[372,384,1603,1626]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1127">E</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF666628D5311162FF77FB63AA83FA97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" startId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5311162FF77FB63AA83FA97" blockId="21.[160,1157,1184,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF77FB63ABDBFB47" bold="true" box="[161,253,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Tarantulas living in termitaria.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FDEBFB63A96AFB47" bold="true" box="[573,588,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">A</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FD8DFB63A830FB47" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[603,790,1184,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juruensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FD8DFB63A830FB47" box="[603,790,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Avicularia juruensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBF7FB63AF09FB47" bold="true" box="[1057,1071,1184,1207]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">B</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FBEBFB63AA84FB24" authority=", Dona Amelia Farm" authorityName="Dona Amelia Farm" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Vitalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubius">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBEBFB63ABF9FB24" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Vitalius dubius</emphasis>
|
||||
, Dona Amélia Farm
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC80FB7EA842FB24" bold="true" box="[854,868,1213,1236]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">C</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FCB9FB7EAF72FB24" box="[879,1108,1213,1236]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FCB9FB7EAF72FB24" box="[879,1108,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE27FB18A927FB02" bold="true" box="[497,513,1243,1266]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">D</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FDD8FB18A81EFB02" authority=", Peixe" authorityName="Peixe" box="[526,824,1243,1266]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FDD8FB18A9D2FB02" box="[526,756,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Peixe
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Tocantins, Brazil.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC3BFB18A8DFFB02" bold="true" box="[1005,1017,1243,1266]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">E</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FBD0FB18AABCFAFF" authority=", Tamana Hill" authorityName="Tamana Hill" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambridgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FBD0FB18AA2AFAFF" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Psalmopoeus cambridgei</emphasis>
|
||||
, Tamana Hill
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC55FB3BA8A9FAFF" bold="true" box="[899,911,1272,1295]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">F</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FC76FB3BAF6BFAFF" box="[928,1101,1272,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachionopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC76FB3BAF02FAFF" box="[928,1060,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Brachionopus</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5311162FF76FAD6AA6AFADC" box="[160,332,1301,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF76FAD6AA00FADC" box="[160,294,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE9AFAF0AA7DFABA" bold="true" box="[332,347,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">A</emphasis>
|
||||
), Ivan Sazima (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE26FAF0AAD8FABA" bold="true" box="[496,510,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">B</emphasis>
|
||||
), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FCE7FAF0A819FABA" bold="true" box="[817,831,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">C</emphasis>
|
||||
), Danté Fenolio (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FC3EFAF0A8DEFABA" bold="true" box="[1000,1016,1331,1354]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">D</emphasis>
|
||||
), Sarah Crews (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FF71FA93AB95FA97" bold="true" box="[167,179,1360,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">E</emphasis>
|
||||
), and Luke Goddard (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5311162FE5AFA93AABEFA97" bold="true" box="[396,408,1360,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1128">F</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321161FF16FF17A86FFBDD" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
||||
Here, we report on a few cases of non-agonistic interactions between tarantulas and ants, mostly based on observations of RCW and WWL in South America. The first cases involve
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FF2EFEDAA9B4FEC2" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[248,658,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avicularia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FF2EFEDAAAF2FEC2" box="[248,468,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Avicularia avicularia</emphasis>
|
||||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD48FEDAA817FEC2" box="[670,817,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aviculariinae">Aviculariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FCA6FEDAAA7DFEA5" authority="(C. L. Koch, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FCA6FEDAAFA5FEC2" box="[880,1155,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Tapinauchenius plumipes</emphasis>
|
||||
(C.L. Koch, 1842)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FE54FEFFAADEFEA5" box="[386,504,316,341]" name="Venezuela" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, juveniles of the two aforementioned theraphosid species were observed cohabiting with the arboreal ant
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FD13FE9DAFA5FE87" authority="(Fabricius, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[709,1155,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FD13FE9DA8E3FE87" box="[709,965,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Camponotus femoratus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Fabricius, 1804)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in ‘ant gardens’. Ant gardens are an association between ants and plants, consisting of soil and decayed organic matter, with living epiphytic plants growing out of it and the ant colony itself living inside (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5321161FE1FFE05A9E1FE2F" author="Orivel J & Leroy C" box="[457,711,454,479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" pagination="73 - 85" refId="ref17715" refString="Orivel J, Leroy C. 2011. The diversity and ecology of ant gardens (Hymenoptera: formicidae; Spermatophyta: angiospermae). Myrmecol News. 14: 73 - 85." type="journal article" year="2011">Orivel and Leroy 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). When the ant garden with a juvenile tarantula living on it was bumped, the spider retreated to the protection of its self-made silken retreat while the ants readily swarmed over the garden’s exterior, attacking in defence by biting and spraying formic acid. In about 30 minutes, the ant swarming subsided and the tarantula emerged and resumed its hunting position. By day, the spiders were secure in their individual retreats which, in part, bore into the ant garden. The foraging ants avoided the spider’s silken retreat, the entrance of which was not always silked over to prevent an ant from entering. At night, worker ants were more visibly active and going about their cultivating and food gathering activities on the exterior of the garden and surrounding vegetation. At the same time, the juvenile theraphosid would be out of its silken retreat and stretched out on the side of the ant garden waiting for passing prey. The ants were observed scurrying around the theraphosid, but never interacting with it nor trying to enter its retreat. Additionally, the juvenile theraphosid was never observed trying to predate a passing ant. The ant gardens observed were not large enough or located in such a place that they could support the needs of a subadult or adult-sized arboreal theraphosid of the aforementioned species. As observed in the past, as arboreal theraphosids and their prey demands and sizes grow, they relocate higher towards the canopy of the same tree or on an adjacent tree.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321161FF16FBF5A980FA5A" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
||||
In
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FF0DFBF5AA10FBBF" box="[219,310,1078,1103]" name="Ecuador" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FEBAFBF5AA84FBBF" box="[364,418,1078,1103]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, small arboreal termite mounds were observed constructed on the sides of spiny palm trees and in the fork of living trees that had been taken over by colonies of either
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FEB3FBBFAACBFB65" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[357,493,1148,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FEB3FBBFAACBFB65" box="[357,493,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">C. femoratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or stinging ants, possibly of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC4CFBBFABFFFB47" authority="Lund, 1831" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC4CFBBFAF19FB65" box="[922,1087,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pseudomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||||
Lund, 1831
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Juveniles of both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FE6FFB5DA829FB47" authority="Kirk, 1990" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1990" box="[441,783,1182,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FE6FFB5DA9B5FB47" box="[441,659,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Avicularia purpurea</emphasis>
|
||||
Kirk, 1990
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5321161FCF7FB5DA8B6FB47" box="[801,912,1182,1207]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC0EFB5DA902FB2A" authority="Schmidt and Bauer, 1996" authorityName="Schmidt and Bauer" authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Tapinauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC0EFB5DABD2FB2A" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Tapinauchenius cupreus</emphasis>
|
||||
Schmidt and Bauer, 1996
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5321161FDE0FB02A982FB2A" box="[566,676,1217,1242]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1339,1362]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[163,1153,142,1308]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same,spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) were observed in their self-made silken retreats in cracks or crevices of the abandoned termite mound. By day, each juvenile theraphosid remained concealed in its retreat. Small numbers of worker ants foraged on the living tree. At night, the tarantulas would emerge from their retreat and position themselves on the support tree or palm to wait for passing prey. As noted above, ant activity on the side of the support tree or palm was busier at night with passing ants ignoring the juvenile tarantula and vice versa.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5321160FF16FA77AA0BFF3A" blockId="22.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1130" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">
|
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<location id="8EC6607BD5321161FF16FA77ABC7FA3D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D5371160FF76FA96AA1EFB65:8EC6607BD5321161FF16FA77ABC7FA3D" box="[192,225,1460,1485]" country="Peru" name="On" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">On</location>
|
||||
another occasion in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5321161FE0AFA77A934FA3D" box="[476,530,1460,1485]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, WWL and RCW noticed a large active mound of the leafcutter ant
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FEEBFA15A9A3FA1F" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[317,645,1494,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FEEBFA15AAE0FA1F" box="[317,454,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Atta sexdens</emphasis>
|
||||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D5321161FCE1FA15A844FA1F" box="[823,866,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="0034D193D5321161FCE1FA15A844FA1F" box="[823,866,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
across and
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE19B45D5321161FC31FA15AF34FA1F" box="[999,1042,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="0034D193D5321161FC31FA15AF34FA1F" box="[999,1042,1494,1519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
in height. There were multiple entry holes into the mound made by the ants, some actively being used by the ants while some of the earlier-made holes in the mound were no longer being used by the ants and were now being utilised as retreats by an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FF76F9A2AA64F98A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[160,322,1633,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pamphobeteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FF76F9A2AA64F98A" box="[160,322,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pamphobeteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. On this particular leafcutter ant mound, 12 individuals of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5321161FC13F9A2AF41F98A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1901" box="[965,1127,1633,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pamphobeteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5321161FC13F9A2AF41F98A" box="[965,1127,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1129">Pamphobeteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of varying sizes were found individually occupying unused entry holes into the mound as their retreat.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FF17A98FFCE7" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||||
One another occasion, while photographing an adult female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC56FF17AAA6FEFF" authority="Schmidt, 1995" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC56FF17ABFDFEFF" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Megaphobema velvetosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
Schmidt, 1995
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE5DFF35A912FEFF" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[395,564,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) eating a bush cricket at its fossorial burrow entrance in rainforest near the Río Nanay,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D5331160FDFCFEDAA953FEC2" box="[554,629,281,306]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD52FEDAA99CFEC2" box="[644,698,281,306]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, long columns of the army ants
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FB97FEDAAAE5FEA5" authority="Westwood, 1842" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FB97FEDAAA25FEA5" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Eciton burchellii</emphasis>
|
||||
Westwood, 1842
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were observed swarming over the ground and low vegetation, hunting for invertebrates and small vertebrates. Sensing the foraging army ants’ approach, the tarantula retreated to the rear of its short ground burrow while still grasping the bush cricket in its chelicerae. By flashlight, the spider was observed pressed against the rear of its blind end retreat; it had dropped its partially consumed prey and drew its legs up and remained still at the back of its retreat. The army ants entered the burrow and swarmed over the dead bush cricket and tarantula. The ants quickly carved up and carried off pieces of the bush cricket from the retreat. Several ants tried to bite the tarantula but were unsuccessful due to the hirsuteness of the tarsal scopula, palps, legs and abdomen. The majority of ants that entered the burrow, however, appeared disinterested in the large tarantula that would, potentially, have been a major food source for them. The ants eventually gave up trying to subdue the tarantula and left the retreat while the spider remained motionless for about another 20 minutes, before returning to a hunting stance at the entrance of its retreat.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FCE2AF0EFBDD" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||||
During recent fieldwork in the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D5331160FDCDFCE2A9AAFCCA" box="[539,652,801,826]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Pará State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD67FCE2A9D6FCCA" box="[689,752,801,826]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, R. Bertani documented an instance of cohabitation involving a subadult
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FD94FC87AF07FCAD" authority="(C. L. Koch, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[578,1057,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FD94FC87A879FCAD" box="[578,863,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Acanthoscurria geniculata</emphasis>
|
||||
(C.L. Koch, 1841)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
residing within a subterranean ant colony, likely of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FCD4FCA5AF1CFC8F" authority="Westwood, 1840" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[770,1082,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FCD4FCA5A855FC8F" box="[770,883,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Solenopsis</emphasis>
|
||||
Westwood, 1840
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Upon disturbing the colony, the ants aggressively swarmed the observer’s legs, preventing him from capturing photographs (Bertani, pers. comm.). Typically,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FCABFC6FA8C9FC35" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[893,1007,940,965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FCABFC6FA8C9FC35" box="[893,1007,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Solenopsis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ants exhibit defensive behaviours and will attack and sting any intruding animal to protect their colony. However, in this particular observation, the theraphosid spider was not attacked by the ants, suggesting a possible association or tolerance between the species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF16FBF5AA1EFB65" blockId="23.[160,1156,142,1173]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
|
||||
Finally, we also found four photographs on iNaturalist illustrating a potential association between theraphosids and ants in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD84FB9AA9AFFB82" box="[594,649,1113,1138]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FD16FB9AA806FB82" box="[704,800,1113,1138]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C69B031BD5331160FCF8FB9AA858FB82" box="[814,894,1113,1138]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
), which warrant further investigation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
459
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFEFFFCADFB7FCF14DC110D8.xml
Normal file
459
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFEFFFCADFB7FCF14DC110D8.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
|
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|
||||
<mods:identifier id="C4FE7565AC3827806E1C988A64EFFB10" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="D1FF9A4CB6DC48FDEB6EEB1D7AFCAA5C" type="Zenodo-Dep">13758516</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="1945CB04FFEFFFCADFB7FCF14DC110D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFEFFFCADFB7FCF14DC110D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1945CB04FFEFFFCADFB7FCF14DC110D8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1445" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" box="[469,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" blockId="15.[469,846,790,817]" box="[469,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
|
||||
<heading id="CA1BCD7EFFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" box="[469,846,790,817]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" reason="5">
|
||||
Genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFEFFFD4DC49FCF14C621626" ID-CoL="7P4MX" authority="Verrill, 1884" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[555,846,790,817]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DC49FCF14D981626" box="[555,692,790,817]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFEFFFD4DCDEFCF14C621626" author="Verrill AE" box="[700,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" pagination="139 - 294" refId="ref17806" refString="Verrill AE. 1884. Second Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the Fauna of the New England coast. Trans Conn Acad. vi: 139 - 294." type="book chapter" year="1884">Verrill, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4E1D16B2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4E1D16B2" blockId="15.[160,1156,873,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4FD41695" box="[192,248,873,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFEFFFD4DF0CFC8E4D7B1695" box="[366,599,873,898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DF0CFC8E4D7B1695" box="[366,599,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Gymnobela engonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, 1884 by subsequent designation,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFEFFFD4DA6FFC8E4BA81695" author="Cossmann M" box="[1037,1156,873,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" refId="ref15497" refString="Cossmann M. 1896. Essais de paleoconchologie comparee. Vol. 2. Paris: Chez l'auteur, [a la Societe d'editions et autres]." type="book" year="1896">Cossmann</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(1896, p. 63).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074D5513B8" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074E3816ED" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" box="[160,276,992,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074E3816ED" bold="true" box="[160,276,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEC2FBE34DDB108D" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Shell biconical to biconical-fusiform, moderately thick. Protoconch multispiral, with diagonally cancellate sculpture. Teleoconch white or cream (with or without pale orange bands), suture impressed. Whorl profile moderately to very broad, with wide, oblique subsutural ramp, clearly demarcated from whorl periphery. Lower portion of whorl convex or subcylindrical. Subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate growth lines, reflecting shape of anal sinus. Teleoconch axial sculpture of strongly prosocline ribs below subsutural ramp; spiral sculpture of fine, sometimes flattened cords or shallow grooves; microsculpture of growth lines. Last adult whorl markedly shouldered to rather convex, clearly to very clearly demarcated from rather straight, subcylindrical siphonal canal. Aperture elongated, from about 2/5 to half of total shell length; outer lip thin, unsculptured. Inner lip with distinct whitish callus, with or without orange vertical band. Anal sinus wide, moderately deep to deep, L-shaped.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2FA434EF31332" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Animal white or pale blue. Cephalic tentacles cylindrical, blunt, eyes very small; penis large, rather long, coiling clockwise. Venom apparatus: proboscis long, coiled; venom gland long to very long, convoluted; muscular bulb moderate to large, elongated to elongate-ovate, pearlescent.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2F9C94D5513B8" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Radular teeth hypodermic, relatively straight, tightly rolled; approximately 150 µm in length; ventral barb absent, adapical opening long; ventral blade approximately 1/5 of length of tooth; base wide, angular, with lateral process; basal opening large, subcircular, unrestricted. Ligament rather long, broad.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF0FFCADEC2FF694DC110D8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1446" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF0FFCBDEC2FF694E2A15BF" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,1728]" box="[160,262,142,168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FF694E2A15BF" bold="true" box="[160,262,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF0FFCADEC2FF554DC110D8" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,1728]" lastBlockId="17.[160,1156,1289,1487]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1446" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
This study adopts the concept of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC52FF554D8615DC" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[560,682,178,203]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC52FF554D8615DC" box="[560,682,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, delimited by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD35FF554B4C15DC" author="Criscione F & Hallan A & Puillandre N & Fedosov A" box="[855,1120,178,203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDA5FF554CD715DC" box="[967,1019,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2021b)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
as a genus-level clade strongly supported by molecular data, whose members share the following combination of morpho-anatomical characters: (a) a broadly biconical to biconical-fusiform shell with angulate whorl profile; (b) shell sculpture of axial ribs more prominent than spirals; (c) subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate riblets; and (d) straight, unbarbed hypodermic teeth with a ventral blade. Our results indicate that, along with the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF0FFCBDEC2FE654FFD148C" box="[160,209,386,411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4DFE654E88148C" box="[303,420,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4DFE654E88148C" box="[303,420,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. engonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, these features are shared by
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC93FE654CF8148C" box="[753,980,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC93FE654C5F148C" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1988" box="[753,883,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angulosa">G. angulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD1CFE654CF8148C" authorityName="AMS C." baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[894,980,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="frielei">G. frielei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDA6FFE654B51148C" baseAuthorityName="A.E.Verrill & S.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1037,1149,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA6FFE654B51148C" box="[1037,1149,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. agassizi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, thus supporting their inclusion in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC75FE434DBD14AA" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[535,657,420,445]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC75FE434DBD14AA" box="[535,657,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Unlike these four, none of the remaining 65 currently accepted
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFE5FE204D4814F7" box="[391,612,455,480]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFE5FE204D2814F7" box="[391,516,455,480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be studied via an integrative taxonomy approach, due to the absence of molecular data and generally insufficient morpho-anatomical evidence. However, for some of these species, the information, extracted from the literature and photographs, allowed us to (at least) test for presence/absence of the aforementioned typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFCEFDB54D0A177C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[428,550,594,619]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFCEFDB54D0A177C" box="[428,550,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shell and radular features and to revise their generic placement. Along with the three species mentioned above, nine further species exhibited typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDE8DFD704E4517A7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[239,361,663,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE8DFD704E4517A7" box="[239,361,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shells and (when studied) radulae: namely,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD2DFD704BAF17A7" authority="(Locard, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Locard" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[847,1155,663,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD2DFD704CCC17A7" box="[847,992,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. abyssorum</emphasis>
|
||||
(Locard, 1897)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF63FD5D4E5D17C4" box="[257,369,698,723]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
|
||||
; radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF8CFD5D4DA217C4" author="Bouchet P" box="[494,654,698,723]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref15277" refString="Bouchet P. 1990. Turrid genera and mode of development: the use and abuse of protoconch morphology. Malacologia. 32: 69 - 77." type="journal article" year="1990">Bouchet 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 19),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD61FD5D4C9A17C4" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" box="[771,950,698,723]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bairdii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD61FD5D4C4617C4" box="[771,874,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. bairdii</emphasis>
|
||||
Verrill
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF0FFCBDD98FD5D4B1217C4" box="[1018,1086,698,723]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 1884 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDECAFD3B4E3217E2" box="[168,286,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF5FFD3B4D4817E2" authority="(Watson, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[317,612,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chyta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF5FFD3B4E6217E2" box="[317,334,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF06FD3B4E8C17E2" box="[356,416,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">chyta</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFDAFD3B4D7017E2" author="Watson RB" box="[440,604,732,757]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDC1EFD3B4DD817E2" box="[636,756,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8D</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD71FD3B4BA817E2" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[787,1156,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="glaucocreas">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD71FD3B4C0817E2" box="[787,804,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD58FD3B4C9017E2" box="[826,956,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">glaucocreas</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDB6FD3B4B5717E2" author="Barnard KH" box="[980,1147,732,757]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5FD184E3B160F" box="[167,279,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,953,976]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,921]" captionTargetId="figure-163@8.[163,1153,142,921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G. frielei (Verril, 1885), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 44653; (B) G4/ G. frielei Australian Museum (AMS) C.571666; (C) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571702; (D) G4/G. frielei AMS C.482314; (E) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571812; (F) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571677;(G) G4/G. glaucocreas (Barnard, 1963), holotype Iziko South African Museum (ISAM) A9821; (H) G3/G. angulosa Sysoev, 1988, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc-22363 (I) G3/G. angulosa AMS C.571649; (J) G3/ G. angulosa AMS C.571648; (K) G3/G. angulosa, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM) mol 20070770. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758524/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4DFD184D9E160F" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[303,690,767,792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulisculpturata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4DFD184E6C160F" box="[303,320,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF33FD184D38160F" box="[337,532,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">granulisculpturata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC42FD184D9E160F" author="Sysoev AV" box="[544,690,767,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDCA4FD184C1D160F" box="[710,817,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD28FD184BAF160F" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[842,1155,767,792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laticaudata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD28FD184C77160F" box="[842,859,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD09FD184CC8160F" box="[875,996,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">laticaudata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD92FD184BAF160F" author="Sysoev AV" box="[1008,1155,767,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5FCC54E39162C" box="[167,277,802,827]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8H</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4EFCC54D62162C" authority="Sysoev, 1997" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1997" box="[300,590,802,827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mitrodeta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4EFCC54E11162C" box="[300,317,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF29FCC54E98162C" box="[331,436,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">mitrodeta</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFDFFCC54D62162C" author="Sysoev AV" box="[445,590,802,827]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="325 - 355" refId="ref17603" refString="Sysoev AV. 1997. Mollusca Gastropoda: new deep-water turrid gastropods (Conoidea) from eastern Indonesia. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 172: 325 - 355." type="journal article" year="1997">Sysoev, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDCD0FCC54C0C162C" box="[690,800,802,827]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||||
; radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDF7FCC54B0D162C" author="Sysoev AV" box="[917,1057,802,827]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="325 - 355" refId="ref17603" refString="Sysoev AV. 1997. Mollusca Gastropoda: new deep-water turrid gastropods (Conoidea) from eastern Indonesia. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 172: 325 - 355." type="journal article" year="1997">Sysoev 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 19),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FCA34EEC164A" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[160,448,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rotundata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FCA34E05164A" box="[160,297,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. rotundata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF53FCA34EEC164A" author="Sysoev AV" box="[305,448,836,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFB2FCA34D15164A" box="[464,569,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC19FCA34C9B164A" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[635,951,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verecunda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC19FCA34DA0164A" box="[635,652,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCFAFCA34C2A164A" box="[664,774,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">verecunda</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD76FCA34C83164A" author="Barnard KH" box="[788,943,836,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDA74FCA34B51164A" box="[1046,1149,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
; radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDE9CFC804EA31697" author="Barnard KH" box="[254,399,871,896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFF8FC804D2C1697" box="[410,512,871,896]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1496,1519]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,851,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-276@6.[163,1153,850,1464]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML, left) tree and Bayesian consensus phylogram (BI, right) based on analyses of the concatenated sequence dataset. Numbers above branches indicate nodal support by Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and ML bootstrap (BS). BPP values of 1 and BS values of 100% are represented by asterisks. Sequences of samples collected outside Australian waters are underlined. Samples whose shells are figured (scale bar = 10 mm) are in bold. The shell image of P1 has been digitally edited (grey area) to simulate an intact spire. Vertical bars mark distinct primary species hypotheses (PSHs) as delimited by the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758520/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 2e</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sixteen species, currently assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDCCFC804B041697" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[942,1064,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDCCFC804B041697" box="[942,1064,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, did not possess one or more of its typical features but instead showed typical combined characters of other raphitomid genera, to which they are therefore formally re-assigned. A large elongate-fusiform shell with axial opisthocline ribs (usually weak and/or confined to early whorls), typical of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF04FC154E9C111C" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[358,432,1010,1035]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF04FC154E9C111C" box="[358,432,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Spergo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Criscione, Hallan, Fedosov,
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC86FC154C3E111C" box="[740,786,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021) is possessed by:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDA71FC154E12113A" authority="(Sysoev, 1996)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="africana" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA71FC154BAF111C" box="[1043,1155,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. africana</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDEC7FBF34E1A113A" author="Sysoev AV" box="[165,310,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="22 - 29" refId="ref17564" refString="Sysoev AV. 1996. Taxonomic notes on South African deep-sea conoidean gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea) described by K. H. Barnard, 1963. Nautilus. 110 (1): 22 - 29." type="journal article" year="1996">Sysoev, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF27FBF34E87113A" bold="true" box="[325,427,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF27FBF34E87113A" box="[325,427,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFD8FBF34D09113A" box="[442,549,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and S.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCE4FBF34BAF113A" authority="(Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[646,1155,1044,1069]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bululi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCE4FBF34DED113A" box="[646,705,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">bululi</emphasis>
|
||||
(Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FBD04E2B1147" bold="true" box="[160,263,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDEC2FBD04E2B1147" box="[160,263,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF7AFBD04EAE1147" box="[280,386,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In addition to a similar shell,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC82FBD04BA81147" authority="(Kantor and Sysoev, 1986)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Kantor and Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[736,1156,1079,1104]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oculifera" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC82FBD04C7A1147" box="[736,854,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. oculifera</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD07FBD04B501147" author="Kantor YI & Sysoev AV" box="[869,1148,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FBBD4E241164" bold="true" box="[160,264,1114,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDEC2FBBD4E241164" box="[160,264,1114,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF7BFBBD4EA91164" box="[281,389,1114,1139]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) also has typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC2FFBBD4DBB1164" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[589,663,1114,1139]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC2FFBBD4DBB1164" box="[589,663,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Spergo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
hypodermic teeth with no barbs or blades (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDEC4FB9B4EE61182" author="Kantor YI & Sysoev AV" box="[166,458,1148,1173]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 2a). This latter species is also an earlier synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FB784CAF11AF" authority="Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov, 2020" authorityName="Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov" authorityYear="2020" box="[160,899,1183,1208]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuiconcha">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FB784E6A11AF" box="[160,326,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. tenuiconcha</emphasis>
|
||||
Criscione,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFAEFB784CAF11AF" author="Hallan A & Criscione F & Fedosov AE & Puillandre N" box="[460,899,1183,1208]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="86 - 92" refId="ref16167" refString="Hallan A, Criscione F, Fedosov AE, Puillandre N. 2020. Bouchetispira ponderi n. sp. (Conoidea: Bouchetispiridae), a new deep-sea gastropod from temperate Australia. Molluscan Res. 40 (1): 86 - 92. doi: 10.1080 / 13235818.2019.1681626." type="journal article" year="2020">Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD9DFB784B1811AF" box="[1023,1076,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021, Figure 11B). A fusiform ribbed shell, typical of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCCDFB254B3F11CC" authority="(Criscione et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Criscione" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[687,1043,1218,1243]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCCDFB254C0D11CC" box="[687,801,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Austrobela</emphasis>
|
||||
(Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDF7FB254CEA11CC" box="[917,966,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, is shown by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEA7FB034EC511EA" authority="(Watson, 1881)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[197,489,1252,1277]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gypsata" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEA7FB034E1B11EA" box="[197,311,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">A. gypsata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF25FB034ECD11EA" author="Watson RB" box="[327,481,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF90FB034D7611EA" bold="true" box="[498,602,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF90FB034D7611EA" box="[498,602,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDC0EFB034DF711EA" box="[620,731,1252,1277]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9G</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD7DFB034E161037" authority="(Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dautzenberg and Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulvotincta" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD7DFB034C0211EA" box="[799,814,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">A</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD5FFB034C8211EA" box="[829,942,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">fulvotincta</emphasis>
|
||||
(Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF27FAE04E821037" bold="true" box="[325,430,1287,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF27FAE04E821037" box="[325,430,1287,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFA2FAE04D031037" box="[448,559,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), which also exhibit the double-barbed hypodermic teeth characteristic of the genus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC69FACD4C0C1054" author="Bouchet P & Waren A" box="[523,800,1322,1347]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 24). A broadly fusiform shell with axial sculpture (often limited to the whorl upper portion) and double-barbed hypodermic teeth, that are typical of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC68FA884DF9109F" authority="Clarke, 1959" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[522,725,1391,1416]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC68FA884D6A109F" box="[522,582,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Theta</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2CFA884DF9109F" author="Clarke AH" box="[590,725,1391,1416]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="231 - 238" refId="ref15466" refString="Clarke AH. 1959. New abyssal mollusks from off Bermuda collected by the lamont geological observatory research vessels. Proc Malacol Soc Lond. 38: 231 - 238." type="journal article" year="1959">Clarke, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, are shared by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDE1FA884FF210BC" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chrysopelex" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDE1FA884B34109F" box="[899,1048,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. chrysopelex</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA44FA884FFA10BC" author="Barnard KH" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE84FA754E6110BC" bold="true" box="[230,333,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE84FA754E6110BC" box="[230,333,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFCDFA754D3610BC" box="[431,538,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9E</figureCitation>
|
||||
, radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCE8FA754C3310BC" author="Barnard KH" box="[650,799,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig.
|
||||
<quantity id="5614D7F7FFF0FFCBDD3AFA754C5A10BC" box="[856,886,1426,1451]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" unit="g" value="3.0">3g</quantity>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDEBFA754FF310DA" authority="(Watson, 1886)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="homeotata" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDEBFA754B3610BC" box="[905,1050,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. homeotata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA4BFA754FFB10DA" author="Watson RB" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" refId="ref17962" refString="Watson RB 1886. Report on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 [article]. Zool Chall Expedition. 15 (42): 756." type="journal volume" year="1886">Watson, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE8EFA534E7510DA" bold="true" box="[236,345,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE8EFA534E7510DA" box="[236,345,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFAAFA534D1410DA" box="[456,568,1460,1485]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9F</figureCitation>
|
||||
, radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCDAFA534CCA10DA" author="Bouchet P & Waren A" box="[696,998,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 18) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FA304D7C10E7" authority="(Kantor and Sysoev, 1986)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Kantor and Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[160,592,1495,1520]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latistriata" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FA304E0C10E7" box="[160,288,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. latistriata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF4DFA304D6410E7" author="Kantor YI & Sysoev AV" box="[303,584,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC3BFA304DEC10E7" bold="true" box="[601,704,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDC3BFA304DEC10E7" box="[601,704,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(shell –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDD46FA304CB810E7" box="[804,916,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
|
||||
, radula –
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA64FA304E071304" author="Kantor YI & Sysoev AV" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 2b). While its radula is unknown,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC87FA1D4B1E1304" authority="(Thiele, 1925)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[741,1074,1530,1555]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="camerunensis" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC87FA1D4CBD1304" box="[741,913,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. camerunensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDC3FA1D4B061304" author="Thiele J" box="[929,1066,1530,1555]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA59FA1D4F9A1322" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDA59FA1D4F9A1322" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
also exhibits a typical shell for the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCE5F9FB4DEF1322" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[647,707,1564,1589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCE5F9FB4DEF1322" box="[647,707,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Theta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCB2F9FB4C7D1322" author="Thiele J" box="[720,849,1564,1589]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 28, fig. 20). Five species exhibit a small shell with a tuberculate girdle and a moniliform subsutural fold, which is typical of the fossil
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF0FFCBDFE3F9854E9E136C" box="[385,434,1634,1659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC57F9854C6C136C" authority="Vella, 1953" authorityName="Vella" authorityYear="1953" box="[565,832,1634,1659]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC57F9854D97136C" box="[565,699,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Mioawateria</emphasis>
|
||||
Vella, 1953
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD2CF9854BA8136C" authority="(Powell, 1942)" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[846,1156,1634,1659]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="personata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD2CF9854CF1136C" box="[846,989,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M. personata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD8EF9854B50136C" author="Powell AWB" box="[1004,1148,1634,1659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref16971" refString="Powell AWB. 1942. The New Zealand recent and fossil mollusca of the family turridae with general notes on turrid nomenelature and systematics [article]. Bull Auckl Inst and Museum. 2: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1942">Powell, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5F9634E0D138A" box="[167,289,1668,1693]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFD3F9634DEC138A" authority="(Dall, 1881)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[433,704,1668,1693]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="blakeana" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFD3F9634D1B138A" box="[433,567,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M. blakeana</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2AF9634D94138A" author="Dall WH" box="[584,696,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="33 - 144" refId="ref15768" refString="Dall WH. 1881. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea (1877 - 78), by the United States Coast Survey Steamer " Blake ", Lieutenant-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XV. Preliminary report on the Mollusca. Bull Museum Comp Zool Harvard Coll. 9 (2): 33 - 144." type="journal article" year="1881">Dall, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCABF9634C1D138A" bold="true" box="[713,817,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDCABF9634C1D138A" box="[713,817,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDD21F9634C97138A" box="[835,955,1668,1693]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10B</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDB0F9634FF213D7" authority="(Dall, 1919)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brachis" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDB0F9634CCB138A" box="[978,999,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD94F9634B6E138A" box="[1014,1090,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">brachis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA30F9634FFA13D7" author="Dall WH" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref16037" refString="Dall WH. 1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent regions. Proc US Natl Mus. 56 (2288): 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1919">Dall, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE84F9404E6113D7" bold="true" box="[230,333,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE84F9404E6113D7" box="[230,333,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF3CF9404EFB13D7" box="[350,471,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF8EF9404DFF13D7" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[492,723,1703,1728]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clara" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF8EF9404D2D13D7" box="[492,513,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC72F9404D6913D7" box="[528,581,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">clara</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2FF9404DFF13D7" author="Thiele J" box="[589,723,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCBEF9404C6813D7" bold="true" box="[732,836,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDCBEF9404C6813D7" box="[732,836,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD31F9404CF913D7" author="Thiele J" box="[851,981,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 29, fig. 11),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADEC2FAEE4E8E1035" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[160,418,1289,1314]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="erronea" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADEC2FAEE4E381035" box="[160,276,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">M. erronea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADF7EFAEE4E8E1035" author="Thiele J" box="[284,418,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADFC8FAEE4D3C1035" bold="true" box="[426,528,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF1FFCADFC8FAEE4D3C1035" box="[426,528,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADC7DFAEE4D8D1035" author="Thiele J" box="[543,673,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 29, fig. 11) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADDE3FAEE4BA81035" authority="(Dall, 1908)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[897,1156,1289,1314]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isogonia" status="comb. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADDE3FAEE4CD21035" box="[897,1022,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">M. isogonia</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADA6FFAEE4B501035" author="Dall WH" box="[1037,1148,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="203 - 487" refId="ref15869" refString="Dall WH. 1908. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. (Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. fish commission steamer " Albatross, " during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. 37. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U, S. fish commission steamer " Albatross " from October 1904, to March, 1906, Lieut Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. 14). Cambridge [Article]. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harvard Coll. 43: 203 - 487 + 222 l." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADEC2FACB4E291052" bold="true" box="[160,261,1324,1349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF1FFCADEC2FACB4E291052" box="[160,261,1324,1349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF1FFCADF71FACB4EA61052" box="[275,394,1324,1349]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) are assigned to this genus. Most of the remaining 41 species do not possess morpho-anatomica l features characteristic of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADC9AFAA94C5E1070" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[760,882,1358,1383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADC9AFAA94C5E1070" box="[760,882,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">Gymnobela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and their current placement in this genus appears untenable. However, a revision of their generic placement is presently not feasible, due to the scarcity of freshly collected topotypical material and the tentative status of raphitomid genus-level taxonomy.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
|
|||
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|
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@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to
|
|||
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|
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</emphasis>
|
||||
, syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E)
|
||||
, syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV-18461; (E)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF2FFC9DF6EFB734D7611BC" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" authorityName="Criscione & Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[268,602,1172,1195]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chrysopelex" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A398A600FFF2FFC9DF6EFB734E9411BC" box="[268,440,1172,1195]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Theta chrysopelex</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||||
|
|
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to
|
|||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF2FFC9DEC2FA1E4E531304" bold="true" box="[160,383,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF2FFC9DEC2F9FA4E281321" box="[160,260,1565,1590]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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|
|
@ -226,48 +226,52 @@ CMR (
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|
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|
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_099, 3825–
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3825–
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C.482287);
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<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF2FFC9DEC2F9624ECC1389" box="[160,480,1669,1694]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Territory of Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
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||||
,
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||||
<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF2FFC9DDE3F9854C9B136C" box="[897,951,1634,1659]" collectionName="Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">AMS</collectionCode>
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C.482287);
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AIOT, Territory of Christmas Island,
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<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF2FFC9DF88F9624D8D1389" box="[490,673,1669,1694]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
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SE (
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), IN2021_
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<specimenCode id="C14AD269FFF2FFC9DA79F9624B6A1389" box="[1051,1094,1669,1694]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447" type="Museum">V04</specimenCode>
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_007,
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</quantity>
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, 1 wet (
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF2FFC9DFC1F9404EF413D7" box="[419,472,1703,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">AMS</collectionCode>
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C.593510), 1 wet (
|
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF2FFC9DCDAF9404DC113D7" box="[696,749,1703,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">AMS</collectionCode>
|
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C.571816);
|
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF2FFC9DCDAF9404DC113D7" box="[696,749,1703,1728]" collectionName="Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">AMS</collectionCode>
|
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C.571816);
|
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</materialsCitation>
|
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<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF2FFC8DD1BF9404E7F163B" collectionCode="AMS" country="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" elevation="3998" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1448" latitude="-13.437" location="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" longLatPrecision="76" longitude="96.305" municipality="Jervis" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447" specimenCode="V08" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
|
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<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF2FFC9DD1BF9404BAF13D7" box="[889,1155,1703,1728]" name="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" pageId="18" pageNumber="1447">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||||
Territory, Muirfield Seamount (
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF3FFC8DF94FD164D76161D" box="[502,602,753,778]" degrees="13.437" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" precision="55" value="-13.437">13.437°S</geoCoordinate>
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|
|
@ -280,7 +284,7 @@ _183,
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<elevation id="1AC19D21FFF3FFC8DDC2FD164B16161D" box="[928,1082,753,778]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9975" metricValueMax="4.047" metricValueMin="3.948" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" unit="m" value="3997.5" valueMax="4047.0" valueMin="3948.0">3948–4047 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, 1 wet (
|
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF3FFC8DEC7FCF44FF6163B" box="[165,218,787,812]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">AMS</collectionCode>
|
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF3FFC8DEC7FCF44FF6163B" box="[165,218,787,812]" collectionName="Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Museum" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">AMS</collectionCode>
|
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C.594980)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
|
@ -339,15 +343,10 @@ holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B)
|
|||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF3FFC8DEC2FC8F4E001695" bold="true" box="[160,300,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">Distribution</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="91537A12FFF3FFC8DEC2FC6C4D5E16D0" blockId="19.[160,1155,872,967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">
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<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF3FFC8DEC2FC6C4D4216D0" collectionCode="NSW" collectorName="Atlantic Ocean, E & Cocos & SW Pacific Ocean" country="Australia" location="Christmas Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
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<collectorName id="3C191FC4FFF3FFC8DEC2FC6C4E7116B3" box="[160,349,907,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">Atlantic Ocean, E</collectorName>
|
||||
Indian Ocean, off
|
||||
<collectorName id="3C191FC4FFF3FFC8DC45FC6C4D4616B3" box="[551,618,907,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">Cocos</collectorName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF3FFC8DEC2FC6C4D4216D0" collectionCode="NSW" country="Australia" location="Christmas Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
|
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Atlantic Ocean, E Indian Ocean, off Cocos and
|
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<location id="94332CC9FFF3FFC8DCC0FC6C4C4A16B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF1FFC8DFF0F9FE4DE5135B:94332CC9FFF3FFC8DCC0FC6C4C4A16B3" box="[674,870,907,932]" country="Australia" name="Christmas Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" stateProvince="New South Wales">Christmas Islands</location>
|
||||
;
|
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<collectorName id="3C191FC4FFF3FFC8DD0DFC6C4B1C16B3" box="[879,1072,907,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">SW Pacific Ocean</collectorName>
|
||||
, off the
|
||||
; SW Pacific Ocean, off the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF3FFC8DEC2FC494E4A16D0" box="[160,358,942,967]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF3FFC8DF10FC494E8716D0" box="[370,427,942,967]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="19" pageNumber="1448" type="Herbarium">NSW</collectionCode>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
|
|||
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<treatment id="1945CB04FFF4FFCEDFE6FB1A4B2C17E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758506" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758506" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF4FFCEDFE6FB1A4B2C17E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1945CB04FFF4FFCEDFE6FB1A4B2C17E0" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="1450" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
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|
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@ -114,13 +114,11 @@ Lc-22363.
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Other material:
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDC0BF9D84DEC134F" box="[617,704,1599,1624]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
/Victoria,
|
||||
<location id="94332CC9FFF4FFCFDCBAF9D84C77134F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF4FFCEDFE6FB1A4B2C17E0:94332CC9FFF4FFCFDCBAF9D84C77134F" box="[728,859,1599,1624]" country="Australia" latitude="0.63" longLatPrecision="57" longitude="-6.43" name="Bass Strait" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" stateProvince="Tasmania">Bass Strait</location>
|
||||
(−
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF4FFCFDDE1F9D84CC2134F" box="[899,1006,1599,1624]" degrees="39.552" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" precision="55" value="-39.552">39.552°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +134,10 @@ _030, 4197–
|
|||
<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF4FFCFDC0EF9854D8D136C" box="[620,673,1634,1659]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">AMS</collectionCode>
|
||||
C.571648), 1 wet (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF4FFCFDD1DF9854C98136C" box="[895,948,1634,1659]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">AMS</collectionCode>
|
||||
C.571649); Africa,
|
||||
C.571649);
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF4FFCFDA5CF9854DBF13D7" collectionCode="AMS, ZSM" collectorName="Basin, M" country="Australia" elevation="4133" latitude="0.63" location="Bass Strait" longLatPrecision="57" longitude="-6.43" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" specimenCode="V03" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania">
|
||||
Africa,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF4FFCFDEC2F9624FDE1389" box="[160,242,1669,1694]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, Guinea
|
||||
<collectorName id="3C191FC4FFF4FFCFDF34F9624E981389" box="[342,436,1669,1694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Basin, M</collectorName>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
184
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6.xml
Normal file
184
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
|
|||
<document id="D381EE2D23D4E6616336D4D7A7D59202" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2383786" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758516" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1726224088441" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Criscione, Francesco & Hallan, Anders" docDate="2024" docId="1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.37-40.1429-1459.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (37 - 40)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2383786" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gymnobela agassizi" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1449" masterDocId="E57CB37CFFE0FFDBDE62FFE74F2C1517" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods" masterLastPageNumber="1459" masterPageNumber="1429" pageNumber="1449" updateTime="1726577957045" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A154D66C7FC3904AC94C2F3ACE35A1D6">Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="049B80A5A33179221937AD5325CAB0AB">Criscione, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="742D4669C0CF3E04D696CD62FEA36E10">Hallan, Anders</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CB70D7DC83EB406B7BD0AF8F18F1692E">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6A0EE62E12DCDB3A9CE9B4EB68635BBB">
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<mods:date id="516DF3F74B4A6BAF054A2E0748F3D67D">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="68A99D3960C5B87CF2FACD8660FBB637">2024-08-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="AAC44A5242570D98F85F95E2679FC067" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="895B1F46954B76CDEE8EC8DC5940D5DE">58</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="767D1602A27776C0C0DFD616AB1B1D87" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="3844015119EC5860CBC42B1F301D34DA">37 - 40</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="50A4F3CE3E18411A0F7E9BED6D1BE0AA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A5C27BFB45F505278B73DA3113494CC1" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9AA76A83BAD243D157DD96276625BCE0" type="Zenodo-Dep">13758516</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6" lastPageNumber="1449" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
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<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694CF715BE" box="[328,987,142,169]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694CF715BE" blockId="20.[328,987,142,169]" box="[328,987,142,169]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
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<heading id="CA1BCD7EFFF4FFCFDF2AFF694CF715BE" box="[328,987,142,169]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694D1915BE" ID-CoL="3HQG7" authority="(Verrill and Smith, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="A.E.Verrill & S.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[328,565,142,169]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694D1915BE" box="[328,565,142,169]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Gymnobela agassizi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Verrill and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDCAFFF694C3415BE" box="[717,792,142,169]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 1880) (PSH G1)
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDC46FF5C4DD315C1" box="[548,767,187,214]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDC46FF5C4DD315C1" blockId="20.[548,767,187,214]" box="[548,767,187,214]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF4FFCFDC4EFF5C4DB015C1" box="[556,668,187,214]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,978,1001]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetId="figure-178@7.[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G. agassizii (Verrill and S. Smith, 1880), holotype UNSM 37828; (C) G. engonia (Verrill, 1884), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 3483; (D) G2/G. engonia AMS C.594980; (E) G2/G. engonia AMS C.593510; (F) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482287; (G) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482286; (H) G2/G. engonia AMS C.571816. Scale bar: A–D, F–H = 10 mm; E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758522/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Figures 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
A-B, 6A)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74EE5142C" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74EE5142C" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74DB8140E" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" box="[192,660,256,281]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi" subGenus="Pleurotomella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74E12140E" box="[192,318,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotoma</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2CFEE74EC8140E" box="[334,484,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF97FEE74D66140E" box="[501,586,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">agassizi</emphasis>
|
||||
Verrill
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDCB2FEE74C38140E" box="[720,788,256,281]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 1880 – Verrill 1880: 394; Verrilll 1882: 454, pl. 57,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF4FFCFDF06FEC54EE5142C" box="[356,457,290,315]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,978,1001]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetId="figure-178@7.[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G. agassizii (Verrill and S. Smith, 1880), holotype UNSM 37828; (C) G. engonia (Verrill, 1884), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 3483; (D) G2/G. engonia AMS C.594980; (E) G2/G. engonia AMS C.593510; (F) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482287; (G) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482286; (H) G2/G. engonia AMS C.571816. Scale bar: A–D, F–H = 10 mm; E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758522/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Fig. 3–3a</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24CA014D1" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="synonymic_list">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24FF41496" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B1FC5D3CFFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24FF41496" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24DF11449" ID-CoL="4KDRX" authority="Watson, 1881" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1881" box="[192,733,325,350]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brychia" subGenus="Pleurotomella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24E121449" box="[192,318,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotoma</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2EFEA24ECE1449" box="[332,482,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF92FEA24D6C1449" box="[496,576,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">brychia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC24FEA24DF11449" author="Watson RB" box="[582,733,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
–
|
||||
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDC95FEA24C931449" author="Watson RB" box="[759,959,325,350]" page="451" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1881">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC95FEA24C931449" author="Watson RB" box="[759,959,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson 1881: 451</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDDABFEA24B141449" author="Watson RB" box="[969,1080,325,350]" page="335" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1886">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDDABFEA24B141449" author="Watson RB" box="[969,1080,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" refId="ref17962" refString="Watson RB 1886. Report on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 [article]. Zool Chall Expedition. 15 (42): 756." type="journal volume" year="1886">1886: 335</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 19, fig. 4
|
||||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4CAB14B4" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" box="[192,903,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B1FC5D3CFFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4CAB14B4" box="[192,903,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4D0B14B4" ID-CoL="6VS9X" authority="Verrill, 1885" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1885" box="[192,551,394,419]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitrea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4EB714B4" box="[192,411,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella vitrea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDFC0FE6D4D0B14B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[418,551,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="395 - 452" refId="ref17836" refString="Verrill AE. 1885. Third catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species with notes on others previously recorded. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci. 6: 395 - 452." type="journal article" year="1885">Verrill, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
–
|
||||
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDC21FE6D4DD614B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[579,762,394,419]" page="414" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1885">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC21FE6D4DD614B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[579,762,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="395 - 452" refId="ref17836" refString="Verrill AE. 1885. Third catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species with notes on others previously recorded. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci. 6: 395 - 452." type="journal article" year="1885">Verrill 1885: 414</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 44, fig. 6
|
||||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4CA014D1" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" box="[192,908,429,454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4DFC14D1" ID-CoL="7MFVX" authority="Dall, 1890" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1890" box="[192,720,429,454]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="agassizi" variety="permagna">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4E9F14D1" box="[192,435,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella agassizi</emphasis>
|
||||
var.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF88FE4A4D7614D1" box="[490,602,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">permagna</emphasis>
|
||||
Dall, 1890
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
– Dall 1890: 308
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEC2FE154E861746" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FE154E53171B" blockId="20.[160,1155,498,593]" box="[160,383,498,524]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FE154E53171B" bold="true" box="[160,383,498,524]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E861746" blockId="20.[160,1155,498,593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E611746" collectionCode="V" country="Australia" elevation="2636" latitude="-35.333" location="Jervis" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="151.258" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" specimenCode="V03" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E281739" box="[160,260,533,558]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDF72FDF24EF71739" box="[272,475,533,558]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="94332CC9FFF4FFCFDF85FDF24D091739" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694C6511D6:94332CC9FFF4FFCFDF85FDF24D091739" box="[487,549,533,558]" country="Australia" latitude="-35.333" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="151.258" name="Jervis" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" stateProvince="New South Wales">Jervis</location>
|
||||
CMR (−
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF4FFCFDC1FFDF24DC81739" box="[637,740,533,558]" degrees="35.333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" precision="55" value="-35.333">35.333°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF4FFCFDC92FDF24C4E1739" box="[752,866,533,558]" degrees="151.258" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" precision="55" value="151.258">151.258°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
), IN2017_
|
||||
<specimenCode id="C14AD269FFF4FFCFDDB3FDF24CD61739" box="[977,1018,533,558]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="Museum">V03</specimenCode>
|
||||
_056, 2650–
|
||||
<quantity id="5614D7F7FFF4FFCFDEC2FDDF4FDA1746" box="[160,246,568,593]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.636" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" unit="m" value="2636.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="1AC19D21FFF4FFCFDEC2FDDF4FDA1746" box="[160,246,568,593]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.636" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" unit="m" value="2636.0">2636 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
, AMS C
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.519355.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4DCA17AE" box="[160,742,636,697]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4E001781" blockId="20.[160,742,636,697]" box="[160,300,636,662]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4E001781" bold="true" box="[160,300,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD474DCA17AE" blockId="20.[160,742,636,697]" box="[160,742,672,697]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">North Atlantic and Jervis CMR off the coast of NSW.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024C6511D6" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024E2A17E8" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" box="[160,262,741,767]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024E2A17E8" bold="true" box="[160,262,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FCEF4CAC1653" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
This species was previously known from its shell only and some minor details of the external anatomy of the animal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC6DFCCC4C021653" author="Bouchet P & Waren A" box="[527,814,811,836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 50).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FCAA4D47114E" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">We provide below some further anatomical details. Animal white. Penis large, coiling clockwise, cylindrical to slightly tapering distally. Cephalic tentacles short, somewhat cylindrical, tip blunt; eyes minute. Venom apparatus: proboscis extremely long, coiled; venom gland convoluted, long; muscular bulb elongated, pearlescent. Radula of hypodermic teeth, relatively straight, tightly rolled; approximately 150 µm in length; barbs absent; adapical opening long; ventral side forming blade approximately 1/6 of length of tooth; base wide, angular, with lateral process; texture rugose; basal opening large, subcircular. Ligament long, rather broad.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FB844C6511D6" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
|
||||
Apart from its slightly more rounded whorl profile and its weaker ribs, the shell of this species is very similar to that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDF9DFB624D5F1189" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[511,627,1157,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF9DFB624D5F1189" box="[511,627,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">G. engonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDCC8FB624C1A1189" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[682,822,1157,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verecunda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDCC8FB624C1A1189" box="[682,822,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">G. verecunda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
– from which, however, it can be easily distinguished by its dark orange-stained columella.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
323
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFF6FFCCDFCBFCBF4DBE136D.xml
Normal file
323
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFF6FFCCDFCBFCBF4DBE136D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="3DA843086892D989744BEED762BA9038">Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="403664EBB3F3C1527C7D2250ECE3256D">Hallan, Anders</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="1DD32781B29F531A1D5627680A567578">
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<mods:classification id="435DCAFBE08C0BC45AA6973ADCD1C2F9">journal article</mods:classification>
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</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="1945CB04FFF6FFCCDFCBFCBF4DBE136D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF6FFCCDFCBFCBF4DBE136D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1945CB04FFF6FFCCDFCBFCBF4DBE136D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1451" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" box="[425,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" blockId="22.[425,890,856,883]" box="[425,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<heading id="CA1BCD7EFFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" box="[425,890,856,883]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" reason="5">
|
||||
Genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDF9DFCBF4D871664" ID-CoL="7PD58" authority="E.A. Smith, 1895" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[511,683,856,883]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF9DFCBF4D871664" box="[511,683,856,883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDC8AFCBF4C561664" author="Smith EA" box="[744,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF6FFCDDC8AFCBF4C1F1664" box="[744,819,856,883]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 1895
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4C9516A1" box="[192,953,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4C9516A1" blockId="22.[192,953,925,950]" box="[192,953,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4FDA16A1" box="[192,246,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDF3EFC7A4D7B16A1" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[348,599,925,950]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF3EFC7A4D7B16A1" box="[348,599,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma mirabile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDCEDFC7A4C3916A1" author="Smith EA" box="[655,789,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF6FFCDDCEDFC7A4DFF16A1" box="[655,723,925,950]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 1895
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
by monotypy.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4CF810D1" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4E381114" blockId="22.[160,1156,1001,1478]" box="[160,276,1001,1027]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4E381114" bold="true" box="[160,276,1001,1027]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FBEA4CF810D1" blockId="22.[160,1156,1001,1478]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Shell fusiform to biconical-fusiform, moderately thick. Protoconch eroded. Teleoconch cream (white when eroded), suture impressed. Whorl profile medium- to very broad, with wide, oblique subsutural ramp, weakly demarcated from whorl periphery. Lower portion of whorl weakly shouldered or convex. Subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate growth lines, reflecting shape of anal sinus. Teleoconch with axial sculpture of ribs below subsutural ramp; spiral sculpture of fine cords or shallow grooves; microsculpture of growth lines. Last adult whorl markedly convex, clearly demarcated from rather straight, broad siphonal canal. Aperture elongated, about half of total shell length; outer lip thin, unsculptured. Inner lip with distinct whitish callus. Anal sinus wide, moderately shallow, U-shaped. Radula hypodermic, loosely rolled, up to 500 µm in length (AMS C.519375; not figured), relatively straight, bearing two blunt barbs; adapical opening extremely long (about half length of tooth) situated posterior to barb most proximal to tip; basal swelling moderately broad, texture rough; basal opening large.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCCDEC2FA1E4DBE136D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1452" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FA1E4E2A1304" blockId="22.[160,1156,1529,1728]" box="[160,262,1529,1555]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDEC2FA1E4E2A1304" bold="true" box="[160,262,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCCDEC2F9FA4DBE136D" blockId="22.[160,1156,1529,1728]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1452" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDEC2F9FA4E8F1321" author="Criscione F & Hallan A & Puillandre N & Fedosov A" box="[160,419,1565,1590]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF6CF9FA4E131321" box="[270,319,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2021b)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
redefined
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDC7DF9FA4D971321" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[543,699,1565,1590]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDC7DF9FA4D971321" box="[543,699,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on its position in their molecular phylogeny and a distinctive combination of the following morpho-anatomical characters: (a) large stout-fusiform shell with shouldered whorls, (b) shell sculpture of few wide and prominent ribs and numerous, thin and dense cordlets and (c) radula of hypodermic, loosely rolled, double-barbed teeth.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDC51F9404DE313D7" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[563,719,1703,1728]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDC51F9404DE313D7" box="[563,719,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently encompasses four species, all from the central Indian Ocean: the type species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDCAEFF694CE515B0" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[716,969,142,167]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCAEFF694CE515B0" box="[716,969,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma mirabile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA61FF694BAF15B0" author="Smith EA" box="[1027,1155,142,167]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
from (off) the Malabar coast in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDF90FF564D0515DD" box="[498,553,177,202]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC56FF564DD815DD" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[564,756,177,202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCE7FF564D9E15DD" box="[645,690,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDDCCFF564B0715DD" author="Smith EA" box="[942,1067,177,202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDE98FF334E4715FA" author="Pace S" box="[250,363,212,237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF1CFF334EFC15FA" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[382,464,212,237]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pacei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF1CFF334EFC15FA" box="[382,464,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. pacei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC67FF334DAF15FA" author="Smith EA" box="[517,643,212,237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
from off Kanyakumari (southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDD92FF334B0515FA" box="[1008,1065,212,237]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) and off
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDEC2FF114E291418" box="[160,261,246,271]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF73FF114EFA1418" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[273,470,246,271]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF01FF114EBE1418" box="[355,402,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 1–1a;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDCF4FF114C391418" author="Smith EA" box="[662,789,246,271]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 159–160),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDD2FF114B201418" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[944,1036,246,271]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDD2FF114B201418" box="[944,1036,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. minus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA20FF114FFB1425" author="Smith EA" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
off
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDF63FEFE4E491425" box="[257,357,281,306]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF12FEFE4D1F1425" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[368,563,281,306]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFA0FEFE4EDC1425" box="[450,496,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC92FEFE4C421425" author="Smith EA" box="[752,878,281,306]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 159) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD99FEFE4BAF1425" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[1019,1155,281,306]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD99FEFE4BAF1425" box="[1019,1155,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
E.A.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDEB3FEDB4E7D1442" author="Smith EA" box="[209,337,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
off Kistna, Bay of Bengal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC18FEDB4C6F1442" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[634,835,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCACFEDB4DD31442" box="[718,767,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 5, fig. 2–2a;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD9FFEDB4B521442" author="Smith EA" box="[1021,1150,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 3–4, pl. 1, fig. 2). As the genus name was declared to be of neuter gender (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD9FFEB94B521460" author="Smith EA" box="[1021,1150,350,375]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 2), the corrected name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDFDDFE664D72148D" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[447,606,385,410]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFDDFE664D72148D" box="[447,606,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is henceforth used for the latter species. None of these species can be tested through integrative taxonomy as there is no molecular data or anatomical information available (except for the type species). Photographs of the shell of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEAEFE0E4E1C1715" box="[204,304,489,514]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF37FE0E4EEB1715" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[341,455,489,514]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF37FE0E4EEB1715" box="[341,455,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDFB6FE0E4D141715" box="[468,568,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5I</figureCitation>
|
||||
) – previously known from its published images only (drawings in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF5AFDEB4D291732" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[312,517,524,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFEEFDEB4E921732" box="[396,446,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDCB5FDEB4C761732" author="Smith EA" box="[727,858,524,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1) – were generated and made available for this study. Based on these images and on the available literature data, we here attempt to test the current attribution of species to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD80FDB64B52177D" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[994,1150,593,618]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD80FDB64B52177D" box="[994,1150,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by assessing the presence or absence of genus-level diagnostic shell features. A drawing of its shell (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF7EFD714ECC17B8" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[284,480,662,687]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF0CFD714EB117B8" box="[366,413,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a) is the only image available for the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDA7DFD714BAF17B8" box="[1055,1155,662,687]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEA3FD5E4E3B17C5" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[193,279,697,722]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pacei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEA3FD5E4E3B17C5" box="[193,279,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. pacei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, the species’ current placement is maintained, due to the typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEC2FD3B4E1017E2" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,316,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FD3B4E1017E2" box="[160,316,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
features exhibited by the shell of its
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDC83FD3B4C6917E2" box="[737,837,732,757]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDD36FD3B4C9317E2" box="[852,959,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The shell of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEC2FD194E281600" box="[160,260,766,791]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF48FD194EE61600" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[298,458,766,791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF48FD194EE61600" box="[298,458,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is significantly divergent from the typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDC5FD194B6F1600" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[935,1091,766,791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDC5FD194B6F1600" box="[935,1091,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shell, due to its nearly-turriform shape, subcylindrical walls and short siphonal canal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA5AFCC64E38164A" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FCA34FFC164A" box="[160,208,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 5, fig 2a). Substantial differences between the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDD2DFCA34C92164A" box="[847,958,836,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD86FCA34BA8164A" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[996,1156,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD86FCA34BA8164A" box="[996,1156,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEBAFC814E7F1668" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[216,339,870,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEBAFC814E7F1668" box="[216,339,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were also reported based on anatomical observations, such as the presence in the former of eyes (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC71FC6E4DBA16B5" author="Smith EA" box="[531,662,905,930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 3;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC82FC6E4C7916B5" author="Pace S" box="[736,853,905,930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 459). While these data are inconsistent with the attribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDC0BFC4B4C2716D2" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[617,779,940,965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC0BFC4B4C2716D2" box="[617,779,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD57FC4B4CFD16D2" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[821,977,940,965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD57FC4B4CFD16D2" box="[821,977,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, more data are required to propose a new generic placement. A superficial resemblance of the shell of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEB2FC164E18111D" box="[208,308,1009,1034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF03FC164EED111D" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[353,449,1009,1034]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF03FC164EED111D" box="[353,449,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. minus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(drawn in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC24FC164C3A111D" author="Alcock A & Alcock A & Anderson ARS & Annandale N & Stewart FH" box="[582,790,1009,1034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
|
||||
Alcock
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCF9FC164DE2111D" box="[667,718,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1892
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 21, fig. 1a) to the shells in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDEC2FBF34E03113A" box="[160,303,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5D–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
is insufficient to speculate on the species’ correct genus placement. With regard to a comment by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF84FBD14C2E1158" author="Criscione F & Hallan A & Puillandre N & Fedosov A" box="[486,770,1078,1103]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC3CFBD14DBA1158" box="[606,662,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2021b)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stating that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDCFFBD14B611158" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[941,1101,1078,1103]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDCFFBD14B611158" box="[941,1101,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a paucispiral protoconch: upon further examination, we wish to retract this statement, as we do not consider there to be sufficient evidence. The only specimen examined that has remnants of a protoconch (AMS C.482289) is too worn to arrive at any conclusion as to whether the genus possesses paucispiral or multispiral protoconchs. Furthermore, neither
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDEC2FB034E1C11EA" author="Smith EA" box="[160,304,1252,1277]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
nor
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF0AFB034EC011EA" author="Pace S" box="[360,492,1252,1277]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
provided information about the protoconch morphology. The original description by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF8DFAE14D521008" author="Smith EA" box="[495,638,1286,1311]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith (1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 2) mentioned the absence of a radula. However,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF73FACE4EA01055" author="Pace S" box="[273,396,1321,1346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 459) describes a hypodermic, barbed radula for the same specimen (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDE86FAAB4E611072" box="[228,333,1356,1381]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF00FAAB4DAF1072" author="Kantor YI & Taylor JD" box="[354,643,1356,1381]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="83 - 110" refId="ref16463" refString="Kantor YI, Taylor JD. 2002. Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae). Boll Malacol. 38: 83 - 110." type="journal article" year="2002">Kantor and Taylor (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
figured a radula of what they identified as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEC2FA894E361090" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,282,1390,1415]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FA894E361090" box="[160,282,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. While the illustrations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDC3DFA894DF41090" box="[607,728,1390,1415]" genus="The" pageId="23" pageNumber="1455" rank="species" species="radula">the radula</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD6EFA894CA11090" author="Pace S" box="[780,909,1390,1415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
pl. 42, figs 5–7) are comparatively simple line drawings, his description of the barbs is instructive, and the scanning micrographs provided by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC4BFA534C1F10DA" author="Kantor YI & Taylor JD" box="[553,819,1460,1485]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="83 - 110" refId="ref16463" refString="Kantor YI, Taylor JD. 2002. Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae). Boll Malacol. 38: 83 - 110." type="journal article" year="2002">Kantor and Taylor (2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 3E) are entirely consistent with our radular investigation of this genus. The hypodermic teeth of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDDEFA314B7410F8" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[956,1112,1494,1519]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDDEFA314B7410F8" box="[956,1112,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are rather distinct, and not observed in any other raphitomid genus, as they possess an extremely long adapical opening situated posterior to the barb most adjacent to the tip, as opposed to the barb most distal from the tip in other genera such as
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDA4F9D94BAF1340" box="[966,1155,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDA4F9D94B101340" box="[966,1084,1598,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Austrobela</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDA24F9D94BAF1340" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[1094,1155,1598,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Theta</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEB0F9864E75136D" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[210,345,1633,1658]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Typhlosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEB0F9864E75136D" box="[210,345,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Typhlosyrinx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDFF7F9864DA9136D" author="Criscione F & Hallan A & Puillandre N & Fedosov A" box="[405,645,1633,1658]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Criscione
|
||||
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC60F9864D1E136D" box="[514,562,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
|
|||
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<treatment id="1945CB04FFF8FFC2DFF5FF694E40177C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1945CB04FFF8FFC2DFF5FF694E40177C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1945CB04FFF8FFC2DFF5FF694E40177C" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1454" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453">
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<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF8FFC3DFF5FF694CA015BE" box="[407,908,142,169]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
|
|
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ C.571641).
|
|||
Same as
|
||||
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF8FFC3DFF1FE074ED614EE" box="[403,506,480,505]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF8FFC3DC64FE074ED71776" collectionCode="AMS, AIOT" country="Australia" elevation="2474" latitude="-10.556" location="Central Eastern" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="105.764" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453" specimenCode="V03, V04" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF8FFC3DC64FE074E791728" collectionCode="AMS, AIOT" country="Australia" elevation="2474" latitude="-10.556" location="Central Eastern" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="105.764" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453" specimenCode="V03, V04" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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1 wet (
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF8FFC3DC34FE074DA714EE" box="[598,651,480,505]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453">AMS</collectionCode>
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C.571641), 1 wet (
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|
|
@ -132,7 +132,9 @@ _086,
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|||
</quantity>
|
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, 1 wet (
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF8FFC3DEC7FDC14FF61728" box="[165,218,550,575]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453">AMS</collectionCode>
|
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C.482289);
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||||
C.482289);
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</materialsCitation>
|
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<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF8FFC3DF38FDC14ED71776" collectionCode="AMS, AIOT" country="Australia" elevation="2474" latitude="-10.556" location="Central Eastern" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="105.764" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453" specimenCode="V03, V04" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectionCode id="F7FDE2D7FFF8FFC3DF38FDC14EBF1728" box="[346,403,550,575]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453">AIOT</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF8FFC3DFF9FDC14D7D1728" box="[411,593,550,575]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="24" pageNumber="1453">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
87
data/8F/58/9C/8F589C68FFF6FFC9FF49FA52FB50FE32.xml
Normal file
87
data/8F/58/9C/8F589C68FFF6FFC9FF49FA52FB50FE32.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
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<mods:title id="4A13F56E75CD56B194DBB9F4206CB659">A new deep-sea species of genus Bathypisella (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from bathyal soft bottoms, south-western Gulf of Mexico</mods:title>
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||||
Dichotomous key to identify the known species of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C0F156FDFFF6FFCAFC24FA52FBB8F9EF" ID-CoL="B79PR" authority="Ortiz, Winfield and Ardisson, 2022" authorityName="Ortiz, Winfield and Ardisson" authorityYear="2022" box="[973,1131,1527,1554]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eriopisidae" genus="Bathypisella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="1470" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3585F16CFFF6FFCAFC24FA52FBB8F9EF" bold="true" box="[973,1131,1527,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1470">Bathypisella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
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||||
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|
||||
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<paragraph id="074E2D7EFFF6FFC9FF49F99AFB50FF11" blockId="9.[160,1156,1599,1728]" lastBlockId="10.[233,1155,142,236]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1471" pageId="9" pageNumber="1470">
|
||||
1A – Antenna 1 article 3 shorter than 1; 3-articulate accessory flagellum; antenna 2 flagellum 7-articulate; maxilliped palp article 3 not in right angle with article 2; maxilla 1 inner plate with two distal setae; four teeth left mandible lacinia mobilis; gnathopod 1 carpus and propodus equal in length; both anterior margins covered with long setae; gnathopod 2 propodus palmar margin half its length; epimeron 3 right angle posteroventral margin; telson deeply cleft for more than half its length ......................................................................................................................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C0F156FDFFF5FFC9FC35FF76FB50FF11" authorityName="Ortiz, Winfield and Ardisson" authorityYear="2022" box="[988,1155,211,236]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eriopisidae" genus="Bathypisella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinicaudata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3585F16CFFF5FFC9FC35FF76FB50FF11" box="[988,1155,211,236]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471">B. spinicaudata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="074E2D7EFFF5FFC9FF49FEACFB50FE32" blockId="10.[160,1156,265,463]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471">
|
||||
1B – Antenna 1 article 3 as long as 1; 4-articulate accessory flagellum; antenna 2 flagellum 11-articulate; maxilliped palp article
|
||||
<quantity id="C009809BFFF5FFC9FD02FE8EFCC7FEB9" box="[747,788,299,324]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||||
right angle with article 2; maxilla 1 inner plate with five lateral setae; three teeth left mandible lacinia mobilis; gnathopod 1 propodus longer than carpus; both anterior margins naked; gnathopod 2 propodus palmar margin more than half its length; epimeron 3 trifid posterior margin; telson deeply cleft for half its length ............................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C0F156FDFFF5FFC9FC5CFE13FBEFFE32" authorityName="Ortiz & Winfield & Cházaro-Olvera" authorityYear="2024" box="[949,1084,438,463]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eriopisidae" genus="Bathypisella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmenae" status="sp. n.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3585F16CFFF5FFC9FC5CFE13FBEFFE32" box="[949,1084,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471">B. carmenae</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="3585F16CFFF5FFC9FBAAFE13FB50FE32" bold="true" box="[1091,1155,438,463]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2EB64C17FFF5FFC9FBAAFE13FB50FE32" box="[1091,1155,438,463]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1471" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue