322 lines
29 KiB
XML
322 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="248083" ID-ZooBank="1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5" checkinTime="1460681022629" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Weiterschan, Thomas & Hörnschemeyer, Thomas" docDate="2013" docId="025F4552FF94951EFF31FCD2FB50A755" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03716p258.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3716 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@412b93d0" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.journal_article" docTitle="Berothidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="243" masterDocId="FE663D2AFF909519FFA6FF8FFFBFA356" masterDocTitle="First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="236" pageNumber="240" updateTime="1636695248482" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wedmann, Sonja</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weiterschan, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hörnschemeyer, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3716</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>236</mods:start>
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<mods:end>258</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">248083</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677412" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119579575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5677412" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:025F4552FF94951EFF31FCD2FB50A755" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/025F4552FF94951EFF31FCD2FB50A755" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="240" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,474,861,920]" box="[151,474,861,887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,474,861,887]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,474,861,887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,289,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva B
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,474,861,920]" box="[151,255,895,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<figureCitation box="[151,255,895,920]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1976,1998]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,249,1581,1603]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,959,1975]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,194,1553]" captionTargetBox-2="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,959,1980]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1559]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Berothidae indet., larva B, whole larva as preserved. A, photograph. B, drawing (both dorsal view). Scale bar is 0.5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Berothidae indet., larva B. A, head, dorsal view. B, head, ventral view. C, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/248086/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/248087/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Figs.
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<number box="[213,255,895,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5</number>
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" targetBox="[151,1436,959,1975]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1435,1976,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,273,1976,1998]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[279,390,1976,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva B, whole larva as preserved. A, photograph. B, drawing (both dorsal view). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248087/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1553]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1435,1581,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,274,1581,1603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[279,390,1581,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva B. A, head, dorsal view. B, head, ventral view. C, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars are 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="241" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1436,1673,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,393,1673,1698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">Material examined.</emphasis>
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Specimen No.
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<quantity box="[593,687,1673,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9497" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" unit="in" value="1555.0">1555 in</quantity>
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the private collection of Thomas Weiterschan (Höchst Odw,
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<collectingCountry box="[151,260,1709,1733]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">Germany</collectingCountry>
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); a larva in a small piece of Baltic amber (precise collecting locality is unknown).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1436,1673,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,1745,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">Description.</emphasis>
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First instar larva preserved in slightly curved position, ca.
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<quantity box="[1007,1107,1745,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" unit="mm" value="2.25">2.25 mm</quantity>
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long (including mouthparts), slender.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1436,1673,2022]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="5" pageNumber="241">
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Head capsule elongate,
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<quantity box="[469,571,1817,1841]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity box="[644,731,1817,1841]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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wide (length/width ratio
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<number box="[1021,1060,1817,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" value="1.4">1.4</number>
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). Stemmata present, but not very clearly visible; probably one on each side (alternatively, a group of
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<number box="[912,954,1853,1877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="241" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3</number>
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very small stemmata located close to each other on each side). Dorsally, ecdysial cleavage lines clearly visible consisting of frontal, lateral and coronal sutures. Two anterior arms of frontal suture extending for nearly two thirds of head capsule length, slightly convergent, from inner margin of antennal tubercles to lateral sutures, posterior arms of frontal suture (after joining lateral suture) rather strongly convergent until they touch. Lateral sutures straight, reaching lateral margins of head (in dorsal view), inclined to anterior part of frontal sutures at obtuse angle. Coronal suture rather long (
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<figureCitation box="[1298,1366,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">
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Fig.
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<number box="[1351,1366,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" value="5.0">5</number>
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</figureCitation>
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B). Of dorsal setae, sockets of lateral clypeal (trichobothrian) seta clearly visible, and probably S
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<number box="[1157,1172,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" value="7.0">7</number>
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, S
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<number box="[1200,1214,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" value="5.0">5</number>
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||
detected. Ventrally, coxopodites of maxillae (stipes and cardo) and labium clearly distinguished. Stipes and cardo narrow; boundary between them not clearly visible. Labium composed of prementum and postmentum. Prementum short and broad (nearly quadratic,
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||
<quantity box="[354,453,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
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||
long); anterior excision not detected; postmentum long and broad, nearly parallel-sided, somewhat broadened in distal portion (
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<figureCitation box="[588,654,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">
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Fig.
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<number box="[640,654,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" value="5.0">5</number>
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</figureCitation>
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A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">
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Mandibles
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||
<quantity box="[324,424,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
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long, slender, apically pointed. Shape of maxillary blades not clearly visible; these closely associated with mandibles to form mandibulomaxillary stilets.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">
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Antennal sockets located on high projections (antennal tubercles); left antennal tubercle obliquely directed to outside as if following antennal movement. Antennae
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<number box="[754,766,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" value="3.0">3</number>
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-segmented, longer than mouthparts. Basal segment slightly conical,
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||
<quantity box="[245,345,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity box="[455,554,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
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wide; second segment elongate,
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<quantity box="[922,1022,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
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long, clearly annulated, with distinct contraction in middle and dilated in distal half; third segment very thin,
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<quantity box="[989,1078,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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long, less than
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||
<quantity box="[1263,1365,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
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wide, annulated; terminal filiform seta about
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<quantity box="[588,674,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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long.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" targetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" targetPageId="6">
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||
<paragraph blockId="6.[151,1436,1848,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,275,1848,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="242">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName box="[282,393,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S5, S7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8th to 10th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
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Labial palps slightly shorter than mandibulomaxillary stilet,
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||
<number box="[877,891,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="4.0">4</number>
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||
-segmented. Basal segment cylindrical,
|
||
<quantity box="[1336,1436,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; second segment elongate, widest at
|
||
<number box="[616,630,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
/
|
||
<number box="[640,652,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="3.0">3</number>
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||
of its length,
|
||
<quantity box="[808,908,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
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||
long (both ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[1078,1177,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
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||
maximum wide); third segment cylindrical,
|
||
<quantity box="[388,491,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and half as wide as
|
||
<number box="[794,807,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
nd segment; fourth segment
|
||
<quantity box="[1136,1238,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
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||
long and basally slightly thinner than third segment, gradually thinned towards rather pointed apex. Second to fourth segments annulated.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
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||
Cervix
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||
<quantity box="[284,385,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
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wide, probably partially retracted into prothorax; visible length
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||
<quantity box="[1120,1222,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
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||
dorsally,
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||
<quantity box="[1335,1436,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
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laterally and ventrally.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
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Prothorax
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||
<quantity box="[315,413,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
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long,
|
||
<quantity box="[482,580,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
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||
wide; two large sclerites indistinct. Mesothorax and metathorax both ca.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[264,363,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity>
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||
wide; both with pair of distinct oval sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Legs moderately stout; coxa rather long, stout; trochanter very distinct, rather long; femur elongate, stout; tibia short, stout; tarsus very long; pretarsus bearing two short claws and relatively short trumpet-shaped empodium (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[151,165,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Abdomen divided into
|
||
<number box="[456,484,584,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
segments, nine of which have lateral lobes. Basal segments
|
||
<number box="[1153,1216,584,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 4</number>
|
||
short, each ca.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[307,408,617,642]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; distal segments
|
||
<number box="[667,746,617,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 10</number>
|
||
gradually becoming narrower, from
|
||
<quantity box="[1163,1264,618,642]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(segment
|
||
<number box="[1383,1397,617,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
) to
|
||
<quantity box="[151,252,651,675]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
(segment
|
||
<number box="[371,402,651,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
); segments
|
||
<number box="[537,603,650,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6 to 8</number>
|
||
each ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[711,812,650,675]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; segment
|
||
<number box="[988,1002,650,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
somewhat shorter; segment
|
||
<number box="[1327,1341,651,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
<quantity box="[1349,1436,651,675]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; segment
|
||
<number box="[323,351,684,708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
<quantity box="[361,465,684,708]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, and caudal sucker
|
||
<quantity box="[761,865,684,709]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[943,1025,684,709]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1581,1603]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1559]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Berothidae indet., larva B. A, head, dorsal view. B, head, ventral view. C, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248087/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[1010,1025,684,708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
C,
|
||
<number box="[1060,1074,684,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
D). Segment
|
||
<number box="[1230,1244,684,708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="8.0">8</number>
|
||
with two dorsal trichobothrian sensillae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[428,495,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[481,495,717,742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="243" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,750,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Judged from its size, the larva is a first instar. The terminal segments of this larva are fully extended, and its
|
||
<number box="[232,259,786,811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
th segment is terminated by a caudal sucker. Hitherto, the caudal sucker of the first instar larvae in extant berothid species has never been figured (e.g., Tillyard
|
||
<number box="[766,826,822,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1916.0">1916</number>
|
||
: Fig.
|
||
<number box="[890,921,823,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="32.0">32</number>
|
||
; Minter
|
||
<number box="[1017,1077,823,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1990.0">1990</number>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1089,1167,822,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,669,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,661,1827]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Berothidae indet., larva B, drawings of body details. A, head, ventral view. B, head, dorsal view. C, right foreleg, ventral view. D, apex of abdomen, dorsal view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lcs, lateral clypeal seta; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; S 5, S 7, head seta; st, stipes; su, caudal sucker; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; trb, trichobothria; ts, tarsus; VIII to X, 8 th to 10 th abdominal segments. Scale bars are 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248088/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, 14; Möller
|
||
<emphasis box="[1308,1357,822,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[1372,1432,822,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2006.0">2006</number>
|
||
: Figs. 12, 13), although its presence in larvae of this age was mentioned at least in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1321,859,883]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lomamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1321,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">Lomamyia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Banks in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,220,894,919]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">Baker</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<number box="[230,287,894,919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1905.0">1905</number>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1853" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1853" box="[348,634,894,919]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Lomamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[348,461,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">L. hamata</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker,
|
||
<number box="[569,626,894,919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1853.0">1853</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Toschi
|
||
<number box="[731,790,894,919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1964.0">1964</number>
|
||
; Brushwein
|
||
<number box="[929,989,895,919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1987.0">1987</number>
|
||
). The caudal sucker of larva B is similar to that of the
|
||
<number box="[305,317,930,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
rd instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Navas, 1910" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1910" box="[452,832,931,955]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Podallea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vasseana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[452,664,931,955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">Podallea vasseana</emphasis>
|
||
(Navás,
|
||
<number box="[767,824,931,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1910.0">1910</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Möller
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,1028,931,955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[1043,1103,930,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2006.0">2006</number>
|
||
: Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1167,1199,930,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="35.0">35</number>
|
||
). Usually, the caudal sucker is invaginated and externally not visible (as in the case of the larva A; see Möller
|
||
<number box="[1256,1316,967,991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="2003.0">2003</number>
|
||
: Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1392,1424,967,991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="43.0">43</number>
|
||
). Interestingly, the sucker is not used when the first instar larva runs (Toschi
|
||
<number box="[991,1050,1002,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1964.0">1964</number>
|
||
; Brushwein
|
||
<number box="[1190,1250,1003,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="243" value="1987.0">1987</number>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |