227 lines
18 KiB
XML
227 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="248083" ID-ZooBank="1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5" checkinTime="1460681022629" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Weiterschan, Thomas & Hörnschemeyer, Thomas" docDate="2013" docId="025F4552FF92951DFF31FEE7FC26A043" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03716p258.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3716 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@412b93d0" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.journal_article" docTitle="Berothidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="240" masterDocId="FE663D2AFF909519FFA6FF8FFFBFA356" masterDocTitle="First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="236" pageNumber="238" updateTime="1636695248482" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First fossil larvae of Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with notes on the biology and termitophily of the family</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wedmann, Sonja</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weiterschan, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hörnschemeyer, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3716</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>236</mods:start>
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<mods:end>258</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bf4ff1aa-467d-41e2-a66a-141f5c442865</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">248083</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1D536BCD-4D3B-42B0-98B9-48D8BC31ECE5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677408" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119579574" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5677408" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:025F4552FF92951DFF31FEE7FC26A043" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/025F4552FF92951DFF31FEE7FC26A043" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="238" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,475,360,419]" box="[151,475,360,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,475,360,386]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,475,360,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,289,360,386]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva A
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,475,360,419]" box="[151,255,394,419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<figureCitation box="[151,227,394,419]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1191,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1191,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Berothidae indet., larva A, whole larva as preserved. A, photograph. B, drawing (both dorsal view). Scale bar is 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248084/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[241,255,395,419]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Berothidae indet., larva A. A – D, head in dorsal (A, C) and ventral view (B, D). E, foreleg, ventral view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; em, empodium; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; st, stipes; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; ts, tarsus. Scale bars are 0.25 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248085/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="238" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,466,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,384,466,491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">Material examined.</emphasis>
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Specimen No.
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<quantity box="[557,628,466,491]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="in" value="240.0">240 in</quantity>
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the private collection of Thomas Weiterschan (Höchst Odw,
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<collectingCountry box="[1315,1424,467,491]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">Germany</collectingCountry>
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); a first instar larva in a relatively small piece of Baltic amber (precise collecting locality is unknown).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,466,1139]" box="[199,1018,538,563]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,538,563]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">Description.</emphasis>
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Larva
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<quantity box="[423,523,539,563]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="1.83">1.83 mm</quantity>
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long (including mouthparts), rather slender.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,466,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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Head capsule elongated,
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<quantity box="[481,582,575,599]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity box="[654,755,574,599]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
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wide (length/width ratio
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<number box="[1042,1080,574,599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" value="1.5">1.5</number>
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). Ocular areas present laterally, extending outwards from antennal sockets; stemmata (= convex corneae, lenses) not distinctly visible, possibly one on each side. Dorsally, ecdysial cleavage lines distinct, consisting of frontal, lateral and coronal sutures. Two anterior arms of frontal suture converging slightly for nearly two thirds of head capsule length, from inner margin of antennal tubercles to lateral sutures; posterior arms of frontal suture (after joining lateral suture) strongly convergent until they touch. Lateral sutures straight, reaching lateral margins of head (in dorsal view), inclined slightly to anterior part of frontal sutures at nearly right angle. Coronal suture rather short. Ventrally, coxopodites of maxillae (stipes and cardo) and labium clearly visible. Stipes and cardo relatively narrow; boundary between them not clearly visible. Labium composed of prementum (= prelabium) and postmentum (= postlabium). Prementum short and relatively narrow; anteriorly excised; postmentum long and broad, trapezoid in shape.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,466,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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Mandibles apically pointed. Maxillary blades very broad basally (about
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<quantity box="[1065,1176,934,959]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
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), gradually narrowing apically; closely associated with mandibles to form mandibulomaxillary stilets,
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<quantity box="[1045,1145,971,995]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
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long.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,466,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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Antennal sockets located on relatively high projections (=antennal tubercle of MacLeod (
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<number box="[1235,1295,1006,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" value="1964.0">1964</number>
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)). Antennae three-segmented,
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<quantity box="[353,455,1043,1067]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
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long; basal segment slightly conical,
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<quantity box="[893,996,1043,1067]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity box="[1071,1174,1043,1067]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
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wide; second segment long and clearly annulated,
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<quantity box="[465,566,1079,1103]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity box="[638,739,1079,1103]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
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wide; third segment long and thin,
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<quantity box="[1143,1244,1079,1103]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
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long, about
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
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wide, bearing fine, feebly visible apical seta,
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<quantity box="[708,808,1115,1139]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
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long.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248084/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" targetBox="[151,1436,1191,1962]" targetPageId="2">
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1435,1964,2016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,269,1964,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="238">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName box="[283,394,1964,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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indet., larva A, whole larva as preserved. A, photograph. B, drawing (both dorsal view). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="239" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1869]" targetPageId="3">
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||
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1435,1909,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="239">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,271,1909,1931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="239">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName box="[287,398,1909,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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||
indet., larva A. A–D, head in dorsal (A, C) and ventral view (B, D). E, foreleg, ventral view. an, antenna; cd, cardo; cvx, cervix; cs, coronal suture; cx, coxa; em, empodium; fm, femur; fs, frontal suture; lp, labial palpus; ls, lateral suture; md, mandible; mx, maxillary blade; prm, prementum; psm, postmentum; pt, pretarsus; st, stipes; tb, tibia; tr, trochanter; ts, tarsus. Scale bars are 0.25 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–E).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Labial palps slightly longer than mandibles,
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<number box="[701,715,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="4.0">4</number>
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-segmented. Basal segment cylindrical,
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||
<quantity box="[1164,1264,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[1336,1436,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
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wide. Second segment elongate,
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<quantity box="[539,630,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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long and slightly wider than basal one, widest at
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<number box="[1236,1250,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="2.0">2</number>
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/
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<number box="[1259,1271,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="3.0">3</number>
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of its length; annulation clearly visible. Third segment
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<quantity box="[636,740,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
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long, slender (half as wide as second). Fourth segment not clearly separated from third,
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<quantity box="[485,587,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
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long and slightly thinner than third, gradually narrowing towards pointed apex.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" box="[199,1333,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Cervix
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<quantity box="[282,382,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
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wide, retracted into prothorax; visible length
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<quantity box="[895,995,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
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ventrally, not visible dorsally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Prothorax
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||
<quantity box="[318,420,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity box="[493,595,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.17">0.17 mm</quantity>
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wide; two large dorsal sclerites indistinctly visible. Mesothorax
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<quantity box="[1335,1436,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
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long,
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||
<quantity box="[217,319,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
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wide; metathorax
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<quantity box="[534,637,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
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||
long,
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||
<quantity box="[711,814,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
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wide; both with indistinctly visible paired oval dorsal sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Legs rather short, robust: coxa relatively long and narrow; trochanter relatively small; femur narrowed distally; tibia narrow, tibia and tarsus nearly equal in length; pretarsus short bearing two short claws and long, trumpetshaped empodium. Forelegs
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||
<quantity box="[473,573,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
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long (if stretched out).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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Abdomen divided into
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<number box="[473,501,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="10.0">10</number>
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||
clearly separated segments, nine of which with lateral lobes. Segments
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<number box="[1362,1436,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 6</number>
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gradually increasing in length from
|
||
<quantity box="[558,659,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
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||
to
|
||
<quantity box="[697,800,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
, their width gradually decreasing from
|
||
<quantity box="[1248,1349,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.21">0.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segments
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||
<number box="[325,391,656,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 9</number>
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||
gradually decreasing in length from
|
||
<quantity box="[808,895,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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||
to
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<quantity box="[932,1032,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
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and in width from
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||
<quantity box="[1251,1351,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
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||
to
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
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. Segment
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<number box="[317,345,692,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" value="10.0">10</number>
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||
slightly conical (
|
||
<quantity box="[545,648,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
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long, maximum
|
||
<quantity box="[845,947,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
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wide), rounded posteriorly, without lateral lobes and appendices.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[199,921,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" box="[199,921,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="240">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Based on its size, the larva is considered a first instar.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |