217 lines
25 KiB
XML
217 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C623A02A9A263A9B8365BCC381523F07">Evolution Of The Side-Necked Turtles: The Family Podocnemididae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F80BDCEAD617692BC88B11DD645E3ED">Wood, Roger C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EAEC1F2232E7E14C564DA5C66B59626">De Almeida Campos, Diogenes</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FCDBA3239A3ED71C" blockId="56.[770,1090,537,559]" box="[770,1090,537,559]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="1A03DA51FFBD5E48FCDBA3239A3ED71C" box="[770,1090,537,559]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FCDBA3239A3ED71C" authority="Andrews, 1901" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[770,1090,537,559]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FCDBA3239DF7D71C" box="[770,907,538,559]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Stereogenys</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBD5E48FC4AA3209A3ED71C" author="Andrews, C. W." box="[915,1090,537,559]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" pagination="436 - 444" refId="ref114149" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1901. Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt (Part II). Geological Magazine (n. ser.) IV (8), part II (448): 436 - 444." type="journal article" year="1901">Andrews, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="09EE3EB6FFBD5E48FD61A37F9D75D65A" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FD61A37F9D51D749" blockId="56.[667,1194,582,1556]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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<typeStatus id="9E4FD39FFFBD5E48FD61A37F9C8BD76F" box="[696,759,582,606]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">TYPE</typeStatus>
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<smallCapsWord id="47ADFBE1FFBD5E48FCDEA37F9D1FD76F" baselines="600,600" box="[775,867,582,606]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Species" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">SPECIES</smallCapsWord>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FCA2A3719D55D749" authority="Andrews, 1901" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cromeri">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FCA2A3719A10D76E" box="[891,1132,584,605]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Stereogenys cromeri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBD5E48FBA5A3719D55D749" author="Andrews, C. W." pageId="56" pageNumber="56" pagination="436 - 444" refId="ref114149" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1901. Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt (Part II). Geological Magazine (n. ser.) IV (8), part II (448): 436 - 444." type="journal article" year="1901">Andrews, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FD61A3BB9D75D65A" blockId="56.[667,1194,582,1556]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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: At the present time, we are including only the skull-based
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FB8FA39B9D46D7E7" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cromeri">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FB8FA39B9D46D7E7" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Stereogenys cromeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the genus. We realize that a number of other taxa have been named as species of
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FCC5A3C39DD9D63C" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[796,933,762,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FCC5A3C39DD9D63C" box="[796,933,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Stereogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that are shell based. These species are listed below, but we do not know what generic allocation would be likely for them.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="09EE3EB6FFBD5E48FD61A2569DFBD0AF" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FD61A2569DFBD0AF" blockId="56.[667,1194,582,1556]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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: A podocnemidid of the Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FD42A2B69D44D696" box="[667,824,911,933]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
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known from the skull; uniquely possessing a secondary palate longer than in any other Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FCA6A2F39A5CD6D3" box="[895,1056,970,992]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
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, having a triturating surface of premaxilla with accessory ridge medial to labial ridge, and a basisphenoid that widely contacts the palatines and widely separates the pterygoids; pinched snout in contrast to Infratribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FD42A5459D40D1A1" box="[667,828,1148,1170]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" infraTribe="Bairdemydita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraTribe">Bairdemydita</taxonomicName>
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; medial edges of palatal cleft parallel in contrast to the Infratribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FB8AA5A09C93D1FE" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" infraTribe="Bairdemydita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraTribe">Bairdemydita</taxonomicName>
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; basioccipital shortest of all Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FD42A5EC9D40D1D8" box="[667,828,1237,1259]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
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; palatine with large dorsal process in septum orbitotemporale that contacts parietal as in
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FC6CA4369A3AD015" baseAuthorityName="Jain" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[949,1094,1295,1318]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Shweboemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FC6CA4369A3AD015" box="[949,1094,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Shweboemys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in contrast to all other Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FC65A4179A21D077" box="[956,1117,1326,1348]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
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; triturating surface of premaxilla with accessory ridge medial to labial ridge in contrast to all other
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FD38A4BF9DFED0AF" box="[737,898,1414,1436]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="56" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="09EE3EB6FFBD5E48FD61A49A9A1FD089" box="[696,1123,1443,1467]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FD61A49A9A1FD089" blockId="56.[667,1194,582,1556]" box="[696,1123,1443,1467]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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: Late Eocene,
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<collectingCountry id="39E32DADFFBD5E48FBCCA49C9A23D089" box="[1045,1119,1445,1466]" name="Egypt" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="09EE3EB6FFBD5E49FD61A4F89F19D043" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E48FD61A4F89C93D327" blockId="56.[667,1194,582,1556]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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<smallCapsWord id="47ADFBE1FFBD5E48FD61A4F89D39D0EB" baselines="1491,1492" box="[696,837,1473,1497]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Discussion" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">DISCUSSION</smallCapsWord>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBD5E48FC8DA4FA9A3DD0EB" author="Andrews, C. W." box="[852,1089,1475,1497]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" refId="ref114233" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1906. A descriptive catalog of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 324 pp." type="book" year="1906">Andrews (1906: 298)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned shells to
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBD5E48FCD4A4D89DEAD0C5" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[781,918,1505,1526]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBD5E48FCD4A4D89DEAD0C5" box="[781,918,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Stereogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the following reasoning:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBD5E49FD61A7109E89D462" blockId="56.[696,1193,1577,1758]" lastBlockId="57.[157,654,212,337]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
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Although in no case have the carapace and plastron been found associated with the skull in such a manner as to leave no doubt that they belong to the same individual, nevertheless the shell now to be described may be regarded with reasonable certainty as belonging to the present species. In the first place, this form of shell, like the skull, is the commonest occurring in the Qasr el-Sagha beds, and in the second place it differs widely from the shell of
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FE3FA0319C23D42F" authorityName=", Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[486,607,264,284]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Podocnemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE3FA0319C23D42F" box="[486,607,264,284]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Podocnemis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the only other Pleurodiran genus found in this horizon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBC5E49FF44A0419F46D6AF" blockId="57.[128,654,376,1392]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
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Commonality of occurrence can be used to associate skulls and shells in turtles only when there are a large number of specimens. There are rarely enough specimens (and that is certainly the case here) to make a statistical argument, and there are too many exceptions known. The ‘‘
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<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FE21A31F9C03D70E" authorityName=", Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[504,639,550,573]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Podocnemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE21A31F9C03D70E" box="[504,639,550,573]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Podocnemis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’’ referred to above was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FE62A37C9C43D769" box="[443,575,581,602]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Shweboemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE62A37C9C43D769" box="[443,575,581,602]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">P. antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, here considered as
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FEEAA3589C58D744" box="[307,548,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FEEAA3589C5CD744" authorityName="Gaffney & Meylan & Wood & Simons & De Almeida Campos" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[307,544,609,632]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Cordichelys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">Cordichelys antiqua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
another tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FF1AA3469F1CD7A6" box="[195,352,639,661]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereogenyini">Stereogenyini</taxonomicName>
|
||
member, closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FF71A3A59F4DD782" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[168,305,668,689]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FF71A3A59F4DD782" box="[168,305,668,689]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Stereogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so that part of the argument is also problematic. To date there have been no skull-shell associations for
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FDE2A3EE9EBBD63A" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FDE2A3EE9EBFD63A" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stereogenys</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The shell-based species ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FE2FA3CD9C03D63A" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[502,639,756,777]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE2FA3CD9C03D63A" box="[502,639,756,777]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Stereogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FF59A2299FEED615" authority="Andrews, 1903" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1903" box="[128,402,784,807]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libyca">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FF59A2299EBFD614" box="[128,195,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">libyca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBC5E49FF0FA2289FEED615" author="Andrews, C. W." box="[214,402,785,807]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" pagination="115 - 122" refId="ref114195" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1903. On some pleurodiran chelonians from the Eocene of the Fayum, Egypt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series, (7) 11: 115 - 122." type="journal article" year="1903">Andrews, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE31A2289CF5D615" box="[488,649,785,806]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">‘‘Stereogenys’</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FD50A2289C70D677" authority="Reinach, 1903 b" authorityName="Reinach" authorityYear="1903" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="podocnemoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FD50A2289F56D677" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">’ podocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBC5E49FE9AA2179C70D677" author="Reinach" box="[323,524,814,836]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref119216" refString="Reinach, von A. 1903 b. Schildkrotenreste aus dem agyptischen Tertiar. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 29 (1): 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1903">Reinach, 1903b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are not assignable to genus on the basis of the shell, and they do not have skull material associated with them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="414B6D3DFFBC5E49FF44A29D9F19D043" blockId="57.[128,654,376,1392]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Nonetheless, the shells claimed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="256510CCFFBC5E49FDB9A29D9F35D6E5" author="Andrews, C. W." pageId="57" pageNumber="57" pagination="115 - 122" refId="ref114195" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1903. On some pleurodiran chelonians from the Eocene of the Fayum, Egypt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series, (7) 11: 115 - 122." type="journal article" year="1903">Andrews (1903: 119)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to belong to the skull-based taxon
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FF13A2E69FC4D6C7" box="[202,440,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FF13A2E69FC8D6C7" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[202,436,991,1012]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cromeri">Stereogenys cromeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
do have a distinctive set of characters: carapace oval and depressed, seven neural bones, the first one pentagonal and not meeting the nuchal bone but separated from it by midline contact of first pair of costal bones, buttresses relatively small, intergular scale large, separating both gulars and humerals, gular and humeral scales entirely on epiplastra. These shells could in fact belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FE45A5DF9CFAD1C8" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[412,646,1254,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cromeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FE45A5DF9CFAD1C8" box="[412,646,1254,1275]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Stereogenys cromeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as this shell
|
||
<typeStatus id="9E4FD39FFFBC5E49FEC8A43A9F3FD02B" box="[273,323,1283,1304]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
has not yet been associated with any skull. Although we describe this shell taxon below, there is no evidence linking it with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F416BEFFBC5E49FF0CA4629F22D043" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1901" box="[213,350,1371,1392]" class="Reptilia" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Stereogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7380B12FFFBC5E49FF0CA4629F22D043" box="[213,350,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Stereogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |