262 lines
28 KiB
XML
262 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="70E7A8202EEA5874094FE90ECAFBD8F7">Distribution and habitat preferences of Galápagos ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="142B735C953B97B4AEC7E34335E788CF">Herrera Léon Baert Wouter Dekoninck, Henri W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E71578203F0C43CD5DD3D0B11DA05566">Causton, Charlotte E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="963E2CAC9562B1B9B860D2E51FEA26BA">Sevilla, Christian R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7ADB326F1C539BF36DD56795ADF86073">Belgian Journal of Entomology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03EC87963E75FFE154C53140FCBCFEF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710327" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87963E75FFE154C53140FCBCFEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87963E75FFE154C53140FCBCFEF5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E75FFEF54C53140FC8EFAA7" box="[247,820,1365,1392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36803E75FFEF54C53140FC8EFAA7" blockId="7.[247,820,1365,1462]" box="[247,820,1365,1392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF54C53140FC8EFAA7" ID-CoL="54T6X" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[247,820,1365,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF54C53140FC8EFAA7" bold="true" box="[247,820,1365,1392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF54C53140FDEEFAB8" bold="true" box="[247,596,1365,1392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
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(Fabricius, 1793)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E75FFEF54C5316DFD51FA7E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36803E75FFEF54C5316DFD38FA5A" blockId="7.[247,820,1365,1462]" box="[247,642,1400,1427]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Ghost Ant (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF55B6316DFDC0FA5A" author="DEYRUP M. & DAVIS L. & COVER S." box="[388,634,1400,1427]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="293 - 326" refId="ref21831" refString="DEYRUP M., DAVIS L. & COVER S., 2000. - Exotic ants in Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 126: 293 - 326." type="journal article" year="2000">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF55C2316CFD97FA5A" box="[496,557,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36803E75FFEF54C53189FD51FA7E" blockId="7.[247,820,1365,1462]" box="[247,747,1435,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF54CD3189FE3CFA7E" box="[255,390,1436,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ANTWEB</collectionCode>
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: CASENT0173215). (
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<figureCitation id="137E2A053E75FFEF56A03189FD58FA7E" box="[658,738,1436,1462]" captionStart="Map 4" captionStartId="8.[247,293,1016,1037]" captionTargetBox="[251,1382,182,979]" captionTargetId="figure-25@8.[247,1386,178,983]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Map 4. Distribution of Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710325/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Map 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E75FFE154C531DEFCBCFEF5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36803E75FFEF54C531DEFAEAF843" blockId="7.[247,1386,1483,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF54C531DEFEB7FA2D" box="[247,269,1483,1509]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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cosmopolitan ant, widespread in the tropics, subtropics and temperate regions (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF50F331DEFADEFA2D" author="KEMPF W." box="[1217,1380,1483,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 344" refId="ref23025" refString="KEMPF W., 1972. - Catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 15: 3 - 344." type="journal article" year="1972">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF50F331DEFAACFA2C" baselines="1502,1503" box="[1217,1302,1483,1509]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Kempf" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">KEMPF</smallCapsWord>
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, 1972
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF54C531FAFDBAF9C0" author="BOLTON B. & ALPERT G. & WARD P. S. & NASKRECKI P." box="[247,512,1518,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref20890" refString="BOLTON B., ALPERT G., WARD P. S. & NASKRECKI P., 2006. - Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, USA. CD - ROM." type="book" year="2006">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF54C531FAFEE6F9CF" baselines="1538,1538" box="[247,348,1519,1545]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Bolton" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">BOLTON</smallCapsWord>
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF555931FAFE0DF9C0" box="[363,439,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.,</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF562931FAFD1BF9CF" baselines="1538,1538" box="[539,673,1519,1545]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Wetterer" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">WETTERER</smallCapsWord>
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, 2015).
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF572731FAFBD7F9C0" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[789,1133,1518,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF572731FAFBD7F9C0" box="[789,1133,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a tramp species introduced through trade to many parts of the world (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF57BF3204FBF6F9E3" author="PASSERA L." box="[909,1100,1553,1580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="23 - 43" refId="ref24379" refString="PASSERA L., 1994. - Characteristics of tramp species, In: WILLIAMS D. F. (ed.). - Exotic ants: biology, impact, and control of introduced species. Westview studies in insect biology, Boulder, 23 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1994">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF57BF3204FC41F9E2" baselines="1572,1573" box="[909,1019,1553,1579]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Passera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">PASSERA</smallCapsWord>
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, 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF50693207FAFAF9E3" author="WETTERER J. K." box="[1115,1344,1553,1580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref26421" refString="WETTERER J. K., 2009 a. - Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12: 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="2009">
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||
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF50693207FB5AF9E2" baselines="1573,1573" box="[1115,1248,1554,1580]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Wetterer" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">WETTERER</smallCapsWord>
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||
, 2009a
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). It was collected for the first time in 1891 on
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<collectingCountry id="F35276103E75FFEF56D53220FC6DF986" box="[743,983,1588,1615]" name="San Cristobal Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">San Cristóbal Island</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF57D43220FB36F987" author="EMERY C." box="[998,1164,1589,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="89 - 92" refId="ref21896" refString="EMERY C., 1893. - Notice sur quelques fourmis des iles Galapagos. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 62: 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="1893">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF57D43220FB85F986" baselines="1608,1609" box="[998,1087,1589,1615]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Emery" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">EMERY</smallCapsWord>
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||
, 1893
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF50A43220FAB4F986" baselines="1608,1609" box="[1174,1294,1589,1615]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Wheeler" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">WHEELER</smallCapsWord>
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, 1919). It is widely distributed in Galápagos on 17 islands and islets and found often in the Dry Zone in natural as well as disturbed habitats. Nests are found under and inside dead branches of
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF54C5328AFE27F970" box="[247,413,1694,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF54C5328AFE27F970" box="[247,413,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. graveolens</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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abandoned by termites (
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||
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF56F3328BFC80F97F" baselines="1713,1714" box="[705,826,1694,1720]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Wheeler" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">WHEELER</smallCapsWord>
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||
, 1924), under rocks, rotten logs, bark of dead– dry trees and house walls. This species has been collected in trunks of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF500A32D7FB66F913" box="[1080,1244,1729,1755]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF500A32D7FB66F913" box="[1080,1244,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. graveolens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and several plant species, such as
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF560B32F1FCF0F936" box="[569,842,1764,1790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkinsonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF560B32F1FCF0F936" box="[569,842,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parkinsonia aculeata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF576D32F0FCCFF937" box="[863,885,1765,1791]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
. and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF57E232F1FB10F936" box="[976,1194,1764,1790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF57E232F1FB10F936" box="[976,1194,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF508D32F0FB73F937" box="[1215,1225,1765,1791]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF50DD32F0FE7FF8E9" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF50DD32F0FE7FF8E9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is a diurnal species (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF56FA3312FCDFF8E9" author="LUBIN Y. D." box="[712,869,1799,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="229 - 242" refId="ref23454" refString="LUBIN Y. D., 1984. - Changes in the native fauna of Galapagos Islands following invasion by the little red fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21: 229 - 242." type="journal article" year="1984">
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||
, 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that has been observed feeding on nectar from flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF55F0333FFD7AF88C" box="[450,704,1834,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Catharanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF55F0333FFD7AF88C" box="[450,704,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Catharanthus roseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF56E1333FFD53F88C" box="[723,745,1834,1860]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.) G. Don. and extrafloral nectaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF50F2333EFA8EF88C" box="[1216,1332,1834,1861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF50F2333EFA8EF88C" box="[1216,1332,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. echios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF54C5335BFDF2F8AF" authority="(MEIER, 1994)" baseAuthorityName="MEIER" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[247,584,1869,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Jasminocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thouarsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF54C5335BFE3FF8AF" box="[247,389,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">J thouarsii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E75FFEF55AB3358FD85F8AF" author="MEIER R." box="[409,575,1869,1896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="74 - 180" refId="ref24043" refString="MEIER R., 1994. - Coexisting patterns and foraging behavior of introduced and native ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). In: WILLIAMS D. F. (ed.). - Exotic ants: biology, impact and control of introduced species. Westview Press, Boulder, 74 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1994">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E75FFEF55AB3358FE51F8AE" baselines="1888,1889" box="[409,491,1869,1895]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Meier" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MEIER</smallCapsWord>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Visit flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF5718335BFB97F8AF" box="[810,1069,1870,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="germinans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF5718335BFB97F8AF" box="[810,1069,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Avicennia germinans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E75FFEF50763358FBE1F8AF" box="[1092,1115,1869,1895]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF5049335BFE8DF843" authority="Oliv." authorityName="Oliv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="habeliana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF5049335BFAD3F8AF" box="[1147,1385,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ipomoea habeliana</emphasis>
|
||
Oliv.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF55713364FE05F843" box="[323,447,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF55713364FE03F843" box="[323,441,1905,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helleri">O. helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF55F43364FCA7F843" authority="(Sw.) DC." authorityName="DC." baseAuthorityName="Sw." box="[454,797,1905,1931]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juliflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF55F43364FD21F843" box="[454,667,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Prosopis juliflora</emphasis>
|
||
(Sw.) DC.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E75FFEF576A3364FB25F843" authority="Arn." authorityName="Arn." box="[856,1183,1905,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Scalesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atractyloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E75FFEF576A3364FBDBF843" box="[856,1121,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scalesia atractyloides</emphasis>
|
||
Arn.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Workers were
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66083E7AFFE054C537EDFC10FBC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710325" box="[247,938,1016,1038]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710325/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[247,293,1016,1037]" targetBox="[251,1382,182,979]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E7AFFE054C537EDFC10FBC5" blockId="8.[247,938,1016,1038]" box="[247,938,1016,1038]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Map 4. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7AFFE055ED37ECFC10FBC5" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[479,938,1016,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7AFFE055ED37ECFD4CFBC5" box="[479,758,1016,1038]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1793)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A66083E7AFFE054C5337BFD1DF84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710329" box="[247,679,1901,1924]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710329/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[247,293,1902,1923]" targetBox="[251,1382,1067,1864]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E7AFFE054C5337BFD1DF84C" blockId="8.[247,679,1901,1924]" box="[247,679,1901,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Map 5. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7AFFE055ED337BFDD2F84B" box="[479,616,1902,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7AFFE055ED337BFDFFF84B" box="[479,581,1902,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hh07.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E7AFFE1516833D8FCBCFEF5" blockId="8.[1370,1385,1997,2023]" lastBlockId="9.[247,1386,186,318]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
9 observed transferring pollen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7BFFE156A634AFFD41FF1C" box="[660,763,186,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7BFFE156A634AFFD41FF1C" box="[660,763,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. lutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flowers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E7BFFE1574C34AFFBD3FF1C" author="MCMULLEN C. K." box="[894,1129,186,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref23760" refString="MCMULLEN C. K., 1986. - Observations on insect visitors to flowering plants of Isla Santa Cruz. Part II. Butterflies, moths, ants, hover flies and stilt bugs. Noticias de Galapagos, 43: 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E7BFFE1574C34AFFBA9FF1B" baselines="205,206" box="[894,1043,186,213]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Mc" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MCMULLEN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
, 1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E7BFFE1504F34AFFB06FF1C" author="MCMULLEN C. K." box="[1149,1212,186,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="35 - 45" refId="ref23838" refString="MCMULLEN C. K., 1990. - Reproductive biology of Galapagos Islands angiosperms. Monographs in Systematic Botany, 32: 35 - 45." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E7BFFE150E334AFFAAAFF1C" author="MCMULLEN C. K." box="[1233,1296,186,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref23806" refString="MCMULLEN C. K., 1993. - Flower - visiting insects of the Galapagos Islands. Pan - Pacific Entomologist, 69 (1): 95 - 106." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E7BFFE1511734AFFADFFF1C" author="MCMULLEN C. K." box="[1317,1381,186,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref23928" refString="MCMULLEN C. K., 2009. - Pollination biology of a night-flowering Galapagos endemic, Ipomoea habeliana (Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 160 (1): 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E7BFFE154C534C8FDB6FF3F" author="CHAMORRO S. & HELENO R. & OLESEN J. M. & MCMULLEN C. K. & TRAVESET A." box="[247,524,221,247]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1489 - 1501" refId="ref21572" refString="CHAMORRO S., HELENO R., OLESEN J. M., MCMULLEN C. K. & TRAVESET A., 2012. - Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galapagos: a review. Annals of Botany, 110: 1489 - 1501." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Chamorro
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7BFFE1554934CBFE7AFF3F" box="[379,448,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7BFFE1561334CBFCC9FF3F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[545,883,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7BFFE1561334CBFCC9FF3F" box="[545,883,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be common in the agricultural areas where it can attend
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7BFFE155CA3515FDCDFED2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[504,631,256,282]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species for honeydew, e.g on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E7BFFE150363514FED0FEF6" authority="Plenck. It" authorityName="Plenck. It" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Brassica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="oleracea" variety="italic">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7BFFE150363514FB59FED2" box="[1028,1251,256,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brassica oleracea</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA923E7BFFE151193515FAD3FED2" box="[1323,1385,256,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">italic</emphasis>
|
||
Plenck. It
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in human settlements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |