302 lines
35 KiB
XML
302 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="5EE556F65AF0EEF71997CB61FCAC1283" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1SLASH10071" ID-CLB-Dataset="37116" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c70ca02d-ec00-4eaf-8527-d60d24db3f4c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="293646" ID-ZooBank="76604CF1-A354-43F2-8715-4F7386B1519D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1486628362175" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Podenas, Sigitas & Podeniene, Virginija" docDate="2017" docId="704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4231.1.1SLASH10071.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4231 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Limonia Meigen 1803" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="8C78FFD5E1500E6FFF8BFF871C36FFE8" masterDocTitle="Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698436636466" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7C506D4FD8BF4894E797C421353FB1CA">Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="523C02DA397277CD1B1EE57B3B95B120">Podenas, Sigitas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D275D7D30C7E924E912EE632BFCFF12">Podeniene, Virginija</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B5C61267774AD2D23BAB1F50E4F6E93E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2813BD7C12992828BF10BA00CDAA2276">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620677" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127662790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<paragraph id="F85736BBE1530E6CFF1CFA201D9DFA2A" blockId="3.[151,427,1447,1474]" box="[151,427,1447,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1530E6CFF1CFA201D9DFA2A" ID-CoL="87GX7" authority="Meigen, 1803" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,427,1447,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFF1CFA201D9DFA2A" bold="true" box="[151,427,1447,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFF1CFA201CC8FA29" bold="true" box="[151,254,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Limonia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFE8EFA2F1D9DFA2A" author="Meigen" box="[261,427,1448,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungs Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde (Illiger), 2, 259 - 281." type="journal article" year="1803">Meigen, 1803</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B0F26530E1530E6CFF1CFA771F90F831" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F85736BBE1530E6CFF1CFA771FEEF9CB" blockId="3.[151,1272,1518,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="D8F81195E1530E6CFF1CFA771FEEF9CB" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1530E6CFF1CFA771D82F9EC" ID-CoL="87GX7" authority="Meigen, 1803: 262" authorityName="Meigen" authorityPageNumber="262" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,436,1518,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFF1CFA771CDDF9ED" box="[151,235,1520,1541]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Limonia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="794910AAE1530E6CFF79FA691D82F9EC" author="Meigen" box="[242,436,1518,1540]" page="262" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1803">
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFF79FA691DB7F9EC" author="Meigen" box="[242,385,1518,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungs Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde (Illiger), 2, 259 - 281." type="journal article" year="1803">Meigen, 1803</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 262
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="794910AAE1530E6CFE34FA691EC5F9EC" author="Lackschewitz" box="[447,755,1518,1540]" page="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFE34FA691EEDF9EC" author="Lackschewitz" box="[447,731,1518,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Lackschewitz, P. & Pagast, F. (1940) 16. Limoniidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 3 (5), 2, 135, pp. 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1940">Lackschewitz, Pagast, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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: 4
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</treatmentCitation>
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–5;
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<treatmentCitation id="794910AAE1530E6CFC92FA691FE4F9EC" author="Geiger" box="[793,978,1518,1540]" page="106" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1986">
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFC92FA691FA9F9EC" author="Geiger" box="[793,927,1518,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Geiger, W. (1986) Diptera Limoniidae 1: Limoniinae. Insecta Helvetica, Fauna, 8, 1 - 131." type="journal article" year="1986">Geiger, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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: 106
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="794910AAE1530E6CFC57FA691888F9EC" author="Savchenko" box="[988,1214,1518,1540]" page="328" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFC57FA6918B8F9EC" author="Savchenko" box="[988,1166,1518,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Savchenko, E. N. (1989) Limoniid crane flies of the USSR fauna. " Naukovaya Dumka ", Kiev, 378 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1989">Savchenko, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 328
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</treatmentCitation>
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–330. Type species
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<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1530E6CFE94F98A1E4CF9CB" authority="Fabricius, 1781" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1781" box="[287,634,1549,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Tipula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tripunctata">
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFE94F98A1DE1F9CB" box="[287,471,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tipula tripunctata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFE56F98A1E4CF9CB" author="Fabricius" box="[477,634,1549,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Fabricius J. C. (1781) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 2. impensis C. E. Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii [= Hamburg and Kiel], 517 pp." type="book" year="1781">Fabricius, 1781</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1530E6CFD16F98A1FE2F9CB" ID-CoL="6QDV8" authority="Schrank, 1781" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1781" box="[669,980,1549,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmitidis">
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFD16F98A1F29F9CB" box="[669,799,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">phragmitidis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1530E6CFCAEF98A1FE2F9CB" author="Schrank" box="[805,980,1549,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Schrank, F. (1781) Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum. Klett et Franck, Augustae Vindelicorum, xxiv + 548 pp." type="book" year="1781">(Schrank, 1781))</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F85736BBE1530E6CFF1CF9C81F90F831" blockId="3.[151,1437,1615,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Main body color varies from yellow to gray, brown or black. Medium sized crane flies, body length
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<quantity id="3F109B5EE1530E6CFA8BF9C819AEF98F" box="[1280,1432,1615,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" metricValueMax="12.1" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="8.7" valueMax="12.1" valueMin="5.3">5.3–12.1 mm</quantity>
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, wing length
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||
<quantity id="3F109B5EE1530E6CFEA8F9F31D8CF964" box="[291,442,1652,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" metricValueMax="13.2" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="9.3" valueMax="13.2" valueMin="5.4">5.4–13.2 mm</quantity>
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, sometimes reduced to
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<quantity id="3F109B5EE1530E6CFD4AF9F31F2CF964" box="[705,794,1652,1676]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
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. Antenna 14-segmented. First thoracic segment elongate. Episternum setose. Claw with line of three to five additional spines. Wing wide with well developed anal angle, pattern varies from completely translucent and patternless to intensely pigmented. Vein
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFBE1F93A18B2F93C" box="[1130,1156,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sc</emphasis>
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comparatively long with
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFF1CF9671C8FF914" box="[151,185,1760,1788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sc1</emphasis>
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reaching from base of
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFE59F9661DD8F910" box="[466,494,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rs</emphasis>
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to branching point of
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFD76F9661F2FF910" box="[765,793,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rs</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFCA7F9671F78F914" box="[812,846,1760,1788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sc2</emphasis>
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close to the apex of
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFBDBF9671844F914" box="[1104,1138,1760,1788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sc1</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFB0FF96618ABF914" box="[1156,1181,1761,1788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R1</emphasis>
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elongate and extends longitudinally, nearly parallel to frontal wing margin.
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFD70F88F1F22F8CC" box="[763,788,1800,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R2</emphasis>
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transverse and far before
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFBB6F88F1860F8CC" box="[1085,1110,1800,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R1</emphasis>
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tip. Discal cell closed, basal deflection of
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFEB8F8A91D5AF8A2" box="[307,364,1838,1866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CuA1</emphasis>
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at or slightly before branching point of
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<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1530E6CFCCCF8A91F68F8AD" box="[839,862,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M</emphasis>
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. Male genitalia with wide ninth tergite, posterior margin of which slightly emarginate. Gonocoxite with wide, but often low ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus single, situated apically, wider at base, distal part narrower and slightly arched. Penis elongate, simple with bifid apex that is turned at right angle downwards. Paramere wide at base, distal part differently shaped. Ovipositor from mediumlong to long, cercus usually long and narrow, slightly turned upwards.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B0F26530E1540E6BFF4CFF1F1E30FD88" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F85736BBE1540E6BFF4CFF1F1D40FE1D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Larvae with body coloration white. Body length
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||
<quantity id="3F109B5EE1540E6BFD79FF1F1F46FF47" box="[754,880,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14–18 mm</quantity>
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. All abdominal segments with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field bears two pairs (dorsal and ventral) of sclerites. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, fleshy anal papillae. Head capsule oval shaped, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced. Caudal end of head capsule (frons) tridentate or without remarkable spines. Internolateralia fused with frontoclypeus. Clypeus consists of two parts: preclypeus and postclypeus. Labrum oval in shape with well developed sensory structures. Antenna cylindrical, three times as long as wide at base. Apical papilla button-shaped. Mandible large, heavily sclerotised, with well developed three apical teeth. Ventral margin with three smaller teeth; dorsal margin with small single tooth. Maxilla well developed, sclerotised at the base and setose at the apex, cardo large. Hypostoma with 9–11 teeth. Hypopharynx and prementum dentate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F85736BBE1540E6BFF4CFD871E30FD88" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pupae with body coloration yellowish brown. Cephalic crest and mesonotal spines absent. Abdominal segments III–VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth, without spines. Pronotal horns flattened, earlike.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B0F26530E1540E6BFF4CFDEB1829FB94" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="F85736BBE1540E6BFF4CFDEB1924FC97" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFF4CFDEB1D79FD6D" bold="true" box="[199,335,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Comments.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFEDCFDEA1D82FD6C" box="[343,436,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFEDCFDEA1D82FD6C" box="[343,436,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Limonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are terrestrial crane flies. Larvae of this genus develop in the humus layer of leaf litter, decomposing fungi and decaying wood (
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<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFDE2FD081EC8FD40" author="Tjeder" box="[617,766,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tjeder, B. (1958) A synopsis of the Swedish Tipulidae, 1. Subfam. Limoniinae: tribe Limoniini. Opuscula Entomologica, 23, 133 - 169." type="journal article" year="1958">Tjeder, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFC86FD081F86FD40" author="Lindner" box="[781,944,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lindner, E. (1958) Pilzbewohnende Limoniiden larven unter besonderer berucksichtigung von Limonia quadrinotata Meigen (Diptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 101, 263 - 281." type="journal article" year="1958">Lindner, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFC35FD081879FD40" author="Reush" box="[958,1103,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Reusch, H. (1988) Untersuchungen zur Faunistik, Phanologie und Morphologie der Limoniidae im Niedersachsischen Tiefland (Insecta, Diptera, Nematocera). Dissertation, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 154 pp." type="book" year="1988">Reush, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFBD6FD1718DAFD40" author="Bryce" box="[1117,1260,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bryce, D. (1957) Notes on the life history of British Limoniinae (Dipt., Tipulidae). 1. Limonia nubeculosa Meig. and L. didyma Meig. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 93, 67 - 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Bryce, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFB71FD1719A1FD40" author="Buxton" box="[1274,1431,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Buxton, P. A. (1960) British Diptera associated with fungi. III. Flies of all families reared from about 150 species of fungi. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 96, 61 - 94." type="journal article" year="1960">Buxton, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFF1CFD331DB6FD24" author="Halme" box="[151,384,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Halme, P., Vartija, N., Salmela, J., Penttinen, J. & Norros, V. (2012) High within- and between-trunk variation in the nematoceran (Diptera) community and its physical environment in decaying aspen trunks. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6, 502 - 512." type="journal article" year="2012">Halme et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFE18FD331F0BFD24" author="Krivosheina" box="[403,829,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. & Krivosheina, M. G. (2011) Key to terrestrial crane-fly larvae (Diptera, Limoniidae, Pediciidae) of Russia. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 294 pp." type="book" year="2011">Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae of only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFB90FD321947FD24" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[1051,1393,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFB90FD3218A1FD25" box="[1051,1175,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFB25FD33195CFD24" author="Fabricius" box="[1198,1386,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus, genericis, differentiis, specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Vol. 2. Impensis C. G. Proft, Hafniae [= Copenhagen], 382 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36471" type="book" year="1787">Fabricius, 1787</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFA0EFD321DE5FD18" authority="Strobl, 1898" authorityName="Strobl" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hercegovinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFA0EFD3219A2FD24" box="[1413,1428,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFF1CFD501D1BFD18" box="[151,301,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">hercegovinae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFEB7FD501DFDFD18" author="Strobl" box="[316,459,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Strobl, P. G. (1898) Dipterenfauna von Bosnien, Hercegovina und Dalmatien. Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini, 10, 387 - 466, 561 - 616." type="journal article" year="1898">Strobl, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFE6BFD5E1F5CFD18" authority="Schummel, 1829" authorityName="Schummel" authorityYear="1829" box="[480,874,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFE6BFD5E1DD9FD18" box="[480,495,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFE75FD5E1EB9FD18" box="[510,655,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">macrostigma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFD15FD501F54FD18" author="Schummel" box="[670,866,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schummel, T. E. (1829) Beschreibung der in Schlesien einheimischen Arten einiger Dipteren-Gattungen. 1. Limnobia. Meigen. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 1, 97 - 201." type="journal article" year="1829">Schummel, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFCFDFD5E1881FD18" authority="Meigen, 1804" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1804" box="[886,1207,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubeculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFCFDFD5E1FB3FD18" box="[886,901,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFC1FFD501822FD18" box="[916,1044,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nubeculosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFB90FD501881FD18" author="Meigen" box="[1051,1207,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1804) Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten (Diptera Linn.). Braunschweig, 1 & 2, i - xxviii + 1 - 152 & i - vi + 153 - 314." type="journal article" year="1804">Meigen, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFB64FD5E1D65FCFC" authority="Schrank, 1781" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmitidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFB64FD5E18C8FD18" box="[1263,1278,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFA86FD5019AAFD18" box="[1293,1436,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">phragmitidis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFF15FD7B1D7DFCFC" author="Schrank" box="[158,331,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schrank, F. (1781) Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum. Klett et Franck, Augustae Vindelicorum, xxiv + 548 pp." type="book" year="1781">Schrank, 1781</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFD9EFD7B1E9CFCFD" author="Bryce" box="[533,682,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bryce, D. (1957) Notes on the life history of British Limoniinae (Dipt., Tipulidae). 1. Limonia nubeculosa Meig. and L. didyma Meig. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 93, 67 - 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Bryce, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFD35FD7B1F54FCFD" author="Brindle" box="[702,866,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Brindle, A. (1967) The larvae and pupae of the British Cylindrotominae and Limoniinae. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 17, 151 - 216." type="journal article" year="1967">Brindle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFCFDFD7B1828FCFD" author="Lindner" box="[886,1054,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lindner, E. (1959) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Larven der Limoniidae (Diptera). Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 48, 209 - 319." type="journal article" year="1959">Lindner, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFBB9FD7B18FEFCFC" author="Reush" box="[1074,1224,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Reusch, H. (1988) Untersuchungen zur Faunistik, Phanologie und Morphologie der Limoniidae im Niedersachsischen Tiefland (Insecta, Diptera, Nematocera). Dissertation, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 154 pp." type="book" year="1988">Reush, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFB57FD7B1D5FFCD0" author="Krivosheina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. & Krivosheina, M. G. (2011) Key to terrestrial crane-fly larvae (Diptera, Limoniidae, Pediciidae) of Russia. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 294 pp." type="book" year="2011">Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFEF6FCA61DC5FCD0" box="[381,499,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFEF6FCA61DC5FCD0" box="[381,499,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFD8AFCA61E83FCD0" box="[513,693,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hercegovinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD8AFCA61E26FCD0" box="[513,528,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD94FC981E83FCD0" box="[543,693,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">hercegovinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFD66FCA61FACFCD0" box="[749,922,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmitidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD66FCA61ECAFCD0" box="[749,764,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFC80FC981FACFCD0" box="[779,922,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">phragmitidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are European species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFB15FCA6197BFCD0" box="[1182,1357,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFB15FCA6197BFCD0" box="[1182,1357,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. macrostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFA0EFCA61D21FCB5" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubeculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFA0EFCA619A2FCD0" box="[1413,1428,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFF1CFCC31D21FCB5" box="[151,279,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nubeculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are widespread species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFDB5FCC21EC4FCB4" box="[574,754,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFDB5FCC21EC4FCB4" box="[574,754,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. macrostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from Palaearctic and Oriental regions, when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFA0EFCC21D21FC68" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubeculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFA0EFCC219A2FCB4" box="[1413,1428,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFF1CFCE01D21FC68" box="[151,279,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nubeculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Both of these species are confirmed for Korea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F85736BBE1540E6BFF4CFC0A1D4CFC20" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFEB9FC0A1D9EFC4D" box="[306,424,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFEB9FC0A1D9EFC4D" box="[306,424,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFE3CFC0A1E50FC4C" box="[439,614,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFE3CFC0A1DF0FC4C" box="[439,454,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFE5EFC0A1E50FC4C" box="[469,614,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">macrostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFDFEFC0A1F24FC4D" box="[629,786,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubeculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFDFEFC0A1EB2FC4C" box="[629,644,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD18FC0B1F24FC4D" box="[659,786,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nubeculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFCC0FC0A1FCFFC4D" box="[843,1017,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmitidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFCC0FC0A1F6CFC4C" box="[843,858,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFCE1FC0B1FCFFC4D" box="[874,1017,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">phragmitidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFB2DFC0B1902FC4D" author="Bryce" box="[1190,1332,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bryce, D. (1957) Notes on the life history of British Limoniinae (Dipt., Tipulidae). 1. Limonia nubeculosa Meig. and L. didyma Meig. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 93, 67 - 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Bryce, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFACAFC0B1CE5FC20" author="Brindle" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Brindle, A. (1967) The larvae and pupae of the British Cylindrotominae and Limoniinae. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 17, 151 - 216." type="journal article" year="1967">Brindle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFF56FC281D58FC20" author="Reush" box="[221,366,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Reusch, H. (1988) Untersuchungen zur Faunistik, Phanologie und Morphologie der Limoniidae im Niedersachsischen Tiefland (Insecta, Diptera, Nematocera). Dissertation, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 154 pp." type="book" year="1988">Reush, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F85736BBE1540E6BFF4CFC531829FB94" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Catalogue of the Crane Flies of the World lists 216 recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFCF1FC521FE1FC04" box="[890,983,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFCF1FC521FE1FC04" box="[890,983,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Limonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFBCEFC531916FC05" author="Oosterbroek" box="[1093,1312,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Oosterbroek, P. (2016) Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (CCW). Available from: http: // nlbif. eti. uva. nl / ccw / index. php (accessed 9 January 2017)" type="journal article" year="2016">Oosterbroek, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are distributed in all regions, but the highest species diversity is observed in Oriental region (91 species) and East Palearctic (47 species). Because the understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFD7DFB9A1F65FBDC" box="[758,851,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD7DFB9A1F65FBDC" box="[758,851,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Limonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
limits varies among authors, some of these species, probably, belong to some other genera, especially to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFD62FBC61819FBB0" authority="Stephens, 1829" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[745,1071,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Dicranomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFD62FBC61F4BFBB0" box="[745,893,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dicranomyia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFC0FFBB81819FBB0" author="Stephens" box="[900,1071,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Stephens, J. F. (1829) The nomenclature of British insects; being a compendious list of such species as are contained in the systematic catalogue of British insects, and forming a guide to their classification. Baldwin and Cradock, London, ii + 68 pp." type="book" year="1829">Stephens, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FE84D38E1540E6BFBB5FBC618ADFBB0" box="[1086,1179,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Limonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA9CEAA9E1540E6BFBB5FBC618ADFBB0" box="[1086,1179,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Limonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also includes 16 fossil species, with oldest representative from the Lower Cretaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C794B4AE1540E6BFCD5FBE31825FB94" author="Evenhuis" box="[862,1043,1124,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2014) Family Limoniidae. In: Catalog of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) website. Version 16 Feb 2014. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / fossilcat / [filename]. html (accessed 10 May 2016)" type="journal article" year="2014">Evenhuis, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |