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<document id="BC01EFD16BD74F404CC1F861A4A8B9FF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4576.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c5bf98c6-6ecc-4efc-982e-ab837af9e86a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715720" ID-ZooBank="7A829CA9-A8B3-4951-A124-2B316585AE8A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1584603518185" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Valente, Roberta M., Da Silva, Paulo A. L. &amp; De Medeiros, Bruno A. S." docDate="2019" docId="03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4576.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4576 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cotithene gorayebi Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="476" masterDocId="FF90FFB14A64FFC4E126FFEDF14AFFE3" masterDocTitle="The first species of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) from Amazonian Brazil, with notes on its role as a pollinator of Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. (Cyclanthaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="482" masterPageNumber="461" pageNumber="464" updateTime="1729264108518" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:title id="198C2E1FE25699B633F30580CE6DD5C3">The first species of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) from Amazonian Brazil, with notes on its role as a pollinator of Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. (Cyclanthaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E40332639B257FEC9439056161F65666">Valente, Roberta M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F8419A02DD7439A14E283833264D1887">Da Silva, Paulo A. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B30EF2CBA9D826C6556A51A3983EA491">De Medeiros, Bruno A. S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EC0FB5E4C0C7EFD1EDEC4B7EFB15640A">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic &amp; Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="FDCC085C7041F085DD881BEBE3C0F62E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C912276FF6B0B6B235C5422EAAD852B0">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E2E57CC546EAEBCEE160758EFA8FC926">2019-04-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BEAAAB37EA1AEBE6C51B5C495B20A08A">4576</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3717699" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162639178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3717699" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF237FCCF" box="[151,893,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF237FCCF" blockId="3.[151,893,786,846]" box="[151,893,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<heading id="D0F781B34A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF237FCCF" bold="true" box="[151,893,786,812]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF237FCCF" bold="true" box="[151,893,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF25FFCCF" authority="Valente, da Silva &amp; de Medeiros" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,789,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1B1FCFFF031FCCF" bold="true" box="[151,379,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
Valente, da Silva &amp; de Medeiros
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E204FCFFF237FCCF" bold="true" box="[802,893,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24757B64A67FFC7E204FCFFF237FCCF" box="[802,893,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A67FFC7E1B1FCD8F01AFCAD" box="[151,336,821,846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC7E1B1FCD8F01AFCAD" blockId="3.[151,893,786,846]" box="[151,336,821,846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E1B9FCD8F04EFCAD" box="[159,260,821,846]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox-0="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetBox-1="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetBox-2="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetBox-3="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetBox-4="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetBox-5="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2–7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E029FCDBF003FCAD" box="[271,329,822,846]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStart-3="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-3="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox-0="[194,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetBox-1="[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetBox-2="[216,1370,193,1932]" captionTargetBox-3="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[194,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[216,1370,193,1932]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. A–B Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the pistillate phase, arrows indicate individuals of Cotithene gorayebi between the still closed staminate flowers and occupying the spaces where the pistillate flowers are located." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the pistillate phase. A Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi feeding on base of staminodes. B Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi gnawing the perianth of closed staminate flower to access the anthers." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. A–B Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the staminate phase, arrows indicate individuals of Cotithene gorayebi occupying the space into staminate flowers." captionText-3="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715738" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715740" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715742" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3715738/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3715740/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3715742/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">9–12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A67FFC7E1B1FC90F185F865" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC7E1B1FC90F5C4FB71" blockId="3.[151,1437,893,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1B1FC90F05BFC75" bold="true" box="[151,273,893,918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This species differs from other described species of the genus by its smaller size (male:
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A67FFC7E42AFC93F4D2FC76" box="[1292,1432,894,918]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.2 mm</quantity>
, female:
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A67FFC7E1D0FC4CF0CCFC59" box="[246,390,929,954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.1 mm</quantity>
); integument color pattern dissimilar between sexes (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E2DDFC4CF50EFC59" box="[1019,1092,929,954]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, see details below); procoxal cavities separated by only a narrow septum in both male and female (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E293FC28F2B5FC3D" box="[949,1023,965,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E52BFC2BF578FC3D" box="[1037,1074,966,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">3D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E519FC28F529FC3D" box="[1087,1123,965,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">6B</figureCitation>
); elytral stria I sulcate and; remaining striae very shallow and very similar to elytral intervals (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E2A5FC04F281FBE1" box="[899,971,1001,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E2FEFC07F2B4FBE1" box="[984,1022,1002,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">4D</figureCitation>
). Males are also distinguished by the aedeagus (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E02BFBE0F019FBC5" box="[269,339,1037,1062]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 5</figureCitation>
D–H) bearing two inner separately arched rami dorsally projected on each side (in the remaining species each side with only one separated arched ramus) and by the endophallus of the aedeagus with a basal sclerite. Females are also distinguished by the sternum VIII (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E26EFBB8F2D5FB8D" box="[840,927,1109,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
) with a pentagonal-shaped lamina and furcal arms connected only by membranes, not closed and bearing only subequal setae on apices.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC7E1E1FB70F5F7FA51" blockId="3.[151,1437,893,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1E1FB70F0C9FB55" bold="true" box="[199,387,1181,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Similar species:</emphasis>
Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E329FB70F22AFB56" authority="Franz" authorityName="Franz" box="[527,864,1181,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicranopygia">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E329FB70F252FB55" box="[527,792,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene dicranopygia</emphasis>
Franz
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E2BEFB70F5D3FB55" box="[920,1177,1181,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stratiotricha">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2BEFB70F5D3FB55" box="[920,1177,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene stratiotricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum as in the new species, but females of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E2B1FB2CF53AFB39" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[919,1136,1217,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2B1FB2CF53AFB39" box="[919,1136,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from both by the shape of sternum VIII, and also from
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E3ECFB0BF23DFB1D" box="[714,887,1253,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stratiotricha">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E3ECFB0BF23DFB1D" box="[714,887,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">C. stratiotricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a C-shaped spermatheca. Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E409FB08F026FAC2" authority="Franz" authorityName="Franz" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anaphalanta">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E409FB08F06FFAC1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene anaphalanta</emphasis>
Franz
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E082FAE4F3EDFAC1" box="[420,679,1289,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E082FAE4F3EDFAC1" box="[420,679,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can superficially resemble males of the new species due the elytra evidently dark reddish brown to black but males of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E3C2FAC0F2F7FAA5" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[740,957,1325,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E3C2FAC0F2F7FAA5" box="[740,957,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the rostrum and head darker reddish brown to black in addition to dark elytra. Also,
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E3FBFABCF2F0FA89" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[733,954,1361,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E3FBFABCF2F0FA89" box="[733,954,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E2DAFABFF5FAFA89" box="[1020,1200,1361,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2DAFABFF5FAFA89" box="[1020,1200,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">C. melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E046FA98F30AFA6D" box="[352,576,1397,1422]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E046FA98F30AFA6D" box="[352,576,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for details, see Natural History) but the new species has been recorded in
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A67FFC7E1B1FA74F191FA51" box="[151,219,1433,1458]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A67FFC7E1CCFA77F055FA51" box="[234,287,1434,1458]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Pará</collectingRegion>
) while
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E055FA77F368FA51" box="[371,546,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E055FA77F368FA51" box="[371,546,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">C. melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded only in
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A67FFC7E269FA74F288FA51" box="[847,962,1433,1458]" name="Venezuela" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A67FFC7E2F6FA74F569FA51" box="[976,1059,1433,1458]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Merida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A67FFC7E57FFA77F5FBFA51" box="[1113,1201,1434,1458]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Aragua</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC7E1E1FA50F185F865" blockId="3.[151,1437,893,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
Males of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E010FA50F0E9FA35" box="[310,419,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene</emphasis>
can be characterized by the rostrum variously expanded near the apex to basal 2/5 (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A67FFC7E1B1FA0FF050FA19" author="Franz, N. M." box="[151,282,1506,1530]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E06DFA0CF368FA19" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[331,546,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E06DFA0CF368FA19" box="[331,546,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E316FA0CF3C7FA19" box="[560,653,1505,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E3BFFA0FF3ECFA19" box="[665,678,1506,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">3</figureCitation>
A–B), as in
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E20BFA0CF57CFA19" box="[813,1078,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicranopygia">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E20BFA0CF57CFA19" box="[813,1078,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene dicranopygia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E54AFA0CF426FA19" box="[1132,1388,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stratiotricha">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E54AFA0CF426FA19" box="[1132,1388,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene stratiotricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the males have the rostrum angulate-tumescent near basal 2/5; however, the rostrum of the new species also bears a tubercle on the inner margin of the eye (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E35FF9C4F390F9A1" box="[633,730,1577,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E3CCF9C7F244F9A1" box="[746,782,1578,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">3A</figureCitation>
) and a irregular dorsolateral carina (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E598F9C4F442F9A1" box="[1214,1288,1577,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A–B). These sexually dimorphic features (tumescence, tubercles and carinae) on the male rostrum of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E5B3F9A0F43AF985" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[1173,1392,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E5B3F9A0F43AF985" box="[1173,1392,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very conspicuous in the largest males but nearly indistinct in the smallest males, with intermediate states present as well. Furthermore, large males have a larger and more inflated pronotum.
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A67FFC7E2F2F97BF52CF94D" author="Franz, N. M." box="[980,1126,1686,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz (2008)</bibRefCitation>
observed similar variations in males of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E017F957F0AFF931" box="[305,485,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stratiotricha">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E017F957F0AFF931" box="[305,485,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">C. stratiotricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E0DDF954F20FF932" authority="Voss" authorityName="Voss" box="[507,837,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulicollis">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E0DDF954F248F931" box="[507,770,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene globulicollis</emphasis>
Voss
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E2ADF957F50BF931" box="[907,1089,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2ADF957F50BF931" box="[907,1089,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">C. melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He considered these scaled modifications as apparent positive allometry, possibly related to alternative reproductive strategies of the males for access to reproductively active females. Here we also observed males of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E2C1F8ECF588F8F9" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[999,1218,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2C1F8ECF588F8F9" box="[999,1218,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
making use of the rostrum and head in male-male conflicts during the approach of females. Thus the scaled modifications on the rostrum and pronotum observed in males of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A67FFC7E3A2F8A4F216F881" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[644,860,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E3A2F8A4F216F881" box="[644,860,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently represent a case of positive allometry as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A67FFC0E1E1F87CF418F811" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A67FFC0E1E1F87CF0EFFA8C" blockId="3.[151,1437,893,2033]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1E1F87CF0E9F849" bold="true" box="[199,419,1937,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Description. Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E09FF87CF354F849" box="[441,542,1937,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E317F87CF314F849" box="[561,606,1937,1962]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetBox-1="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">3–5</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E35FF87CF384F849" bold="true" box="[633,718,1937,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Length</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A67FFC7E3FBF87FF227F84A" box="[733,877,1938,1962]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.2 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E2A6F87CF28EF849" bold="true" box="[896,964,1937,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">width</emphasis>
0.8–1.0 mm, elongated l/w = 2.3–2.5.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A67FFC7E1B1F858F068F82D" bold="true" box="[151,290,1973,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Integument</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A67FFC7E017F858F0C3F82E" box="[305,393,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="464">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) from light reddish brown to orange with head, rostrum, elytra (except margins) and anterior margin of pronotum from dark reddish brown to black; sculpture with dark reddish brown punctures on elytra and throughout anterior 1/6 of pronotum, in the latter the punctures are arranged in a triangular maculation. Teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented, pale to light reddish brown.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E414FF56F4D1FF37" bold="true" box="[1330,1435,187,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Rostrum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E1B9FF32F1B1FF1B" box="[159,251,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E021FF0DF059FF1B" box="[263,275,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">3</figureCitation>
A–B) very short,
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A60FFC0E0FFFF32F328FF14" box="[473,610,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
, r/p = 0.5–0.6, dorsally arcuate; strongly angulate-tumescent near basal 2/ 5 (apparently positively allometric); tumescence distinctively polished dorsally; with one evident tubercle (apparently positively allometric) near inner margin of each eye; dorsolateral carina irregularly rugulose (apparently positively allometric); broad, apically slightly enlarged; dorsal impression (near base) or rugulosity indistinct; antennal insertion near apical 2/5.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E38FFE83F39CFE64" bold="true" box="[681,726,366,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Eye</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E3CFFE83F26DFE64" box="[745,807,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig 3</figureCitation>
A–B) subcircular, interommatidial microsetae only on central region of eye; interocular distance slightly narrower than apex of rostrum.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E566FE7FF5CAFE48" bold="true" box="[1088,1152,402,427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E5B6FE7FF5A5FE49" box="[1168,1263,402,427]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E5DAFE7FF442FE49" box="[1276,1288,402,426]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">3</figureCitation>
A–B) evenly slightly convex, without dorsal elevation or projections; setation sparse, short and recurvate; setae longer along dorsal margin of each eye.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E0EFFE34F308FE11" bold="true" box="[457,578,473,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Pronotum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E377FE34F3E5FE11" box="[593,687,473,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E39AFE37F397FE11" box="[700,733,474,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">3C</figureCitation>
) expanded (apparently positively allometric), but not globular (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A60FFC0E1ECFE13F001FDF5" author="Franz, N. M." box="[202,331,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E070FE10F0DCFDF5" box="[342,406,509,534]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1383,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[204,1383,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Collection of inflorescence in anthesis of Evodianthus funifer at Parque Estadual do Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A Entire inflorescence cut off with pole pruner, arrow indicates the inflorescence; B Inflorescence caught in the plastic bag, note individuals of Cotithene inside the bag." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715722/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), anterolaterally not impressed.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E3D9FE10F2C7FDF5" bold="true" box="[767,909,509,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Prosternum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E2BAFE10F2B2FDF5" box="[924,1016,509,534]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E522FE13F56CFDF5" box="[1028,1062,510,534]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1407,697,1952]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cotithene gorayebi, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">3D</figureCitation>
) with procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum; with dark brown transversal stripe in front of each procoxa.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E50CFDCCF53CFDD9" bold="true" box="[1066,1142,545,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Elytra</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E5A0FDCCF5A9FDDA" box="[1158,1251,545,570]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E5D6FDCCF459FDDA" box="[1264,1299,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">4D</figureCitation>
) posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae narrower than intervals; only stria I evidently sulcate, remaining striae very shallow and similar to elytral intervals; striae and intervals with one row of dark reddish brown subequal circular punctures, evidently separated.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E349FD61F220FD46" bold="true" box="[623,874,652,677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Abdominal ventrites</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E2A6FD61F2A9FD46" box="[896,995,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E2D3FD60F553FD46" box="[1013,1049,653,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">4E</figureCitation>
): II shorter than III+IV; V with posterior margin sinuous, medially projected.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E3BCFD42F235FD2B" bold="true" box="[666,895,687,712]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Abdominal tergites</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E2A8FD42F29FFD2B" box="[910,981,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A–C) convex, with eight visible tergites; lateral sclerites absent; spiracular sclerites I–VI distinguished from the median one, very weakly sclerotized, almost membranous, covered by spiculate patch (posteriorly-directed); spiracular sclerite VII fused with the median one; median sclerites complete (no median fissure), weakly sclerotized (especially I–II) being VII–VIII more sclerotized; setation on median sclerites (dorsal surface): I–II covered by minute posteriorly-directed microtrichia (lacking spiculate patches), III with only lateral spiculate patches (laterally-directed), IV–VI with lateral and median spiculate patches (posteriorly-directed), IV–VII with a fringe of setae on posterior margin; tergite VII (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E039FC47F03CFC21" box="[287,374,938,963]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) trapezoidal in dorsal view, concave on posterior margin, covered by trifid fan-like setae, no plectra; tergite VIII (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E0A1FC20F0AAFC05" box="[391,480,973,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) subtrapezoidal, posterior margin rounded, covered by trifid fan-like setae become longer unifid setae on apical half.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E330FC1CF3F3FBE9" bold="true" box="[534,697,1009,1034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Sternum VIII</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E3EFFC1CF26AFBE9" box="[713,800,1009,1034]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) (each sclerite) triangular, deflexed downwards on outer 1/3, with eight large unifid setae on inner margin.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E3EEFBF8F21FFBCD" bold="true" box="[712,853,1045,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Sternum IX</emphasis>
(spiculum gastrale) (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E565FBF8F5D2FBCD" box="[1091,1176,1045,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
) distinctly shorter than aedeagus (0.6–0.7); basal plate V-shaped; apodeme similar throughout, apically light sclerotized.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E5DDFBD4F41CFBB1" bold="true" box="[1275,1366,1081,1106]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Tegmen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E44CFBD4F1E9FB96" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 5</figureCitation>
C–D) 0.3–0.4 as long as aedeagus; basal piece Y-shaped (basal plate reduced); tegminal apodeme deflexed apically.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E1DBFB6DF03AFB7A" bold="true" box="[253,368,1152,1177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Aedeagus</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E0A7FB6DF08DFB7A" box="[385,455,1152,1177]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1399,337,1770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 5</figureCitation>
D–H) l/w = 4.2–5.1, widest near middle; each side with two (instead of only one, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A60FFC0E1B1FB48F055FB5E" author="Franz, N. M." box="[151,287,1189,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 6) inner separately arched rami projecting beyond dorsal margin along subapical region; lateral margins evidently sinuous; apex acutely projected and deflexed; basidorsal margin evidently triangular; basiventral margin rounded; endophallus with one basal plicate barrel-shaped sclerite; endophallus ventrally covered by large setae on apical ½ and dorsally (in the region of the ostium) with a pair of subapical plicate sclerotizations, each sclerotization large, triangular, deflexed apically and undulate on inner margin; ostium large.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E596FADEF4D6FAAF" bold="true" box="[1200,1436,1331,1356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Aedeagal apodemes</emphasis>
0.8 as long as aedeagus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A60FFC0E1E1FA97F418F811" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E1E1FA97F054FA70" bold="true" box="[199,286,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E015FA97F0DFFA70" box="[307,405,1402,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E080FA97F098FA70" box="[422,466,1402,1427]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetBox-1="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">6–7</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E0CBFA97F308FA70" bold="true" box="[493,578,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Length</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A60FFC0E376FA97F395FA71" box="[592,735,1402,1427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.1 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E3D6FA97F27EFA70" bold="true" box="[752,820,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">width</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A60FFC0E264FA96F29BFA71" box="[834,977,1403,1427]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.9 mm</quantity>
, l/w = 2.2–2.6.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E5BEFA97F469FA70" bold="true" box="[1176,1315,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Integument</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E411FA97F4D9FA70" box="[1335,1427,1402,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) homogeneously light brown, slightly darker on head, rostrum and anterior margin of pronotum; darker punctures on elytra and on triangular maculation of pronotum lighter than male; teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E316FA0BF3D0FA1C" bold="true" box="[560,666,1510,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Rostrum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E38AFA0BF247FA1D" box="[684,781,1510,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E23AFA0BF20AFA1C" box="[796,832,1510,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">6A</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A60FFC0E275FA0BF2AAFA1D" box="[851,992,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
, shorter than pronotum r/p = 0.7–0.8, slightly arcuate, evenly convex, apically slightly expanded; lacking carina, tumescence, expansion or tubercles; outline contiguous with head; antennal insertion near middle.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E249F9C0F2ADF9A5" bold="true" box="[879,999,1581,1606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Pronotum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E2DDF9C0F51FF9A5" box="[1019,1109,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) slightly expanded, without apparent allometry (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A60FFC0E0F8F9BFF329F98A" author="Franz, N. M." box="[478,611,1617,1641]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 4; 6).
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E394F9BCF20AF989" bold="true" box="[690,832,1617,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Prosternum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E277F9BCF2E4F98A" box="[849,942,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E29DF9BCF295F989" box="[955,991,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">6B</figureCitation>
): procoxal cavities as male; transversal impression in front of each procoxa much lighter than in male.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E27AF999F518F96E" bold="true" box="[860,1106,1652,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Abdominal ventrites</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E547F999F5F7F96E" box="[1121,1213,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" captionTargetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1411,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cotithene gorayebi, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E5EFF999F5A5F96E" box="[1225,1263,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">6D</figureCitation>
): II longer than III+IV; V with posterior margin truncate.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E34DF975F21BF952" bold="true" box="[619,849,1688,1713]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Abdominal tergites</emphasis>
convex, with seven visible tergites; tergite VII (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E448F975F1F3F936" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[160,1428,373,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
) triangular in dorsal view, without fringe of longer microtrichia on posterior margin.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E5ABF951F463F936" bold="true" box="[1165,1321,1724,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Tergum VIII</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E41CF951F4DEF936" box="[1338,1428,1724,1749]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
) concealed in the abdomen (not visible without dissection); 0.3x as long as sternum VIII, covered only by simple (unifid) setae, lateral margins acutely projected antero-ventrally; posterior margin rounded.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E591F8EEF416F8FF" bold="true" box="[1207,1372,1795,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Sternum VIII</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E448F8EEF1F3F8A3" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
) lamina pentagonal-shaped, furcal arms weakly sclerotized, connected only by membranous, not closed, covered by 19–23 subequal short setae on distal 1/4, apices no longer setae; apodeme arcuate ventrally.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E1B1F883F07EF864" bold="true" box="[151,308,1902,1927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Spermatheca</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E06EF883F0EFF864" box="[328,421,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
) C-shaped, deflexed; corpus swollen; apex of cornu acuminate and deflected, without projection on outer margin at point of deflection; collum and ramus narrowly separated and not protruded; gland large, covered by spinules.
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E0C7F85BF365F82C" bold="true" box="[481,559,1974,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Coxite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E362F85BF3EAF82C" box="[580,672,1974,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) shorter than sternum VIII, bearing small simple setae, slightly narrowed and curved posteriorly, inner margin sinuous;
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A60FFC0E22CF837F276F810" bold="true" box="[778,828,2010,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">styli</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A60FFC0E26DF837F2EBF811" box="[843,929,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[284,1303,579,1968]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="465">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) apically with three long simple setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7F66574A61FFC1E1B1F940F18CF901" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715724/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" startId="5.[151,250,1709,1731]" targetBox="[186,1411,251,1676]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A61FFC1E1B1F940F18CF901" blockId="5.[151,1436,1709,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E1B1F940F059F920" bold="true" box="[151,275,1709,1731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A61FFC1E03CF940F097F920" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[282,477,1709,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E03CF940F097F920" box="[282,477,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. A Male, Holotype; B Female, Paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A61FFC2E1E1F8E3F575FD67" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A61FFC2E1E1F8E3F575FD67" blockId="5.[151,1436,1806,2011]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,645]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E1E1F8E3F0A4F8C4" bold="true" box="[199,494,1806,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">
Type material.
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E0A7F8E3F4D6F8A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498243" collectingDate="2013-08-12" collectionCode="MPEG" collectorName="R. M. Valente Col." location="Parque Estadual do Utinga" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54BB887D4A61FFC1E0A7F8E3F0A4F8C4" box="[385,494,1806,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male deposited in
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E3EBF8E2F251F8C4" box="[717,795,1807,1831]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">MPEG</collectionCode>
: “Brasil-PA-Belém\
<location id="8EDF60044A61FFC1E527F8E3F472F8C4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87:8EDF60044A61FFC1E527F8E3F472F8C4" box="[1025,1336,1806,1831]" name="Parque Estadual do Utinga" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">Parque Estadual do Utinga</location>
\
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E467F8E3F198F8A8" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E467F8E3F198F8A8" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">12-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
\
<collectorName id="26F553094A61FFC1E1FDF8DEF0E7F8AF" box="[219,429,1843,1868]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">R.M. Valente Col.</collectorName>
[label 1], Em inflorescência de\
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A61FFC1E209F8DEF558F8A8" box="[815,1042,1843,1868]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E209F8DEF558F8A8" box="[815,1042,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
\7:40 horas\Amostra 03”[label 2].
</materialsCitation>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E1B1F8BBF25BF88C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498249" box="[151,785,1878,1903]" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="allotype">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E1B1F8BBF1B6F88C" bold="true" box="[151,252,1878,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">
<typeStatus id="54BB887D4A61FFC1E1B1F8BBF1B6F88C" box="[151,252,1878,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E022F8BBF01BF88C" box="[260,337,1878,1903]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">female</specimenCount>
deposited in
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E0CDF8BAF377F88C" box="[491,573,1879,1903]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">MPEG</collectionCode>
: same as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E23AF8BBF02CF870" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498241" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="44" specimenCount-female="22" specimenCount-male="22" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A61FFC1E23AF8BBF2D7F88C" bold="true" box="[796,925,1878,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">
<typeStatus id="54BB887D4A61FFC1E23AF8BBF2D2F88C" box="[796,920,1878,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
same as holotype (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E55CF8BAF5E6F88C" box="[1146,1196,1879,1903]" count="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">22♂</specimenCount>
(5 dissected),
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E472F8BBF4CEF88C" box="[1364,1412,1878,1903]" count="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">22♀</specimenCount>
(6 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E033F896F02AF870" box="[277,352,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E054F896F2B1F870" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498242" box="[370,1019,1915,1939]" collectingDate="2013-08-12" collectionCode="UFPA" isTailEnumeration="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E05BF896F352F870" box="[381,536,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E05BF896F352F870" box="[381,536,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">12-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:00 horas, Amostra 01” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E26EF896F226F870" box="[840,876,1915,1939]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E25EF896F2D1F870" box="[888,923,1915,1939]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E28FF896F2BEF870" box="[937,1012,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E521F896F0EFF854" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498259" collectingDate="2013-08-12" collectionCode="MZUSP" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E537F896F5E6F870" box="[1041,1196,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E537F896F5E6F870" box="[1041,1196,1915,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-12">12-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:30 horas, Amostra 02” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E1F4F872F1B2F854" box="[210,248,1951,1975]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E021F872F061F854" box="[263,299,1951,1975]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E01DF872F0D7F854" box="[315,413,1951,1975]" collectionName="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">MZUSP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E095F872F510F854" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498251" box="[435,1114,1951,1975]" collectingDate="2013-08-14" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="8" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E098F872F313F854" box="[446,601,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-14">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E098F872F313F854" box="[446,601,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-14">14-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:30 horas, Amostra 06” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E2B1F872F2F7F854" box="[919,957,1951,1975]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E2EDF872F2A5F854" box="[971,1007,1951,1975]" count="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">8♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E526F872F519F854" box="[1024,1107,1951,1975]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E54EF872F336F838" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498252" collectingDate="2014-08-02" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E555F872F5ABF854" box="[1139,1249,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2014-08-02">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E555F872F5ABF854" box="[1139,1249,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2014-08-02">14-VIII-2</collectingDate>
</date>
0 13, 6:40 horas, Amostra 07” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E01EF82EF017F838" box="[312,349,1987,2011]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E04CF82EF0C4F838" box="[362,398,1987,2011]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E30CF82EF33FF838" box="[554,629,1987,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC1E3AEF82EF46FF838" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498237" box="[648,1317,1987,2011]" collectingDate="2013-08-14" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC1E3B4F82EF267F838" box="[658,813,1987,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-14">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC1E3B4F82EF267F838" box="[658,813,1987,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-14">14-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:40 horas, Amostra 09” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E579F82EF5CFF838" box="[1119,1157,1987,2011]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A61FFC1E5B7F82EF5FCF838" box="[1169,1206,1987,2011]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A61FFC1E5E5F82EF457F838" box="[1219,1309,1987,2011]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="466">AMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A61FFC2E417F82EF380FF53" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498247" collectingDate="2013-08-16" collectionCode="CMNC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A61FFC2E41DF82EF198FF53" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-16">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A61FFC2E41DF82EF198FF53" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="5" pageNumber="466" value="2013-08-16">16-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:20 horas, Amostra 10” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E320FF75F366FF53" box="[518,556,152,176]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E31FFF75F317FF53" box="[569,605,152,176]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E34DFF75F389FF53" box="[619,707,152,176]" collectionName="Canada, Ottawa, Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">CMNC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E3F1FF75F1A2FF37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498234" collectingDate="2013-08-16" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="3" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E3C7FF75F237FF53" box="[737,893,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-16">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E3C7FF75F237FF53" box="[737,893,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-16">16-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:45 horas, Amostra 11” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E596FF75F59CFF53" box="[1200,1238,152,176]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E5C5FF75F44CFF53" box="[1251,1286,152,176]" count="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">7♀</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E1B1FF51F1A8FF37" box="[151,226,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E1D3FF51F2C7FF37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498246" box="[245,909,188,212]" collectingDate="2013-08-20" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E1D9FF51F0D1FF37" box="[255,411,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-20">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E1D9FF51F0D1FF37" box="[255,411,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-20">20-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:55 horas, Amostra 14” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E3E8FF51F3B9FF37" box="[718,755,188,212]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E226FF51F26FFF37" box="[768,805,188,212]" count="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E214FF51F2CFFF37" box="[818,901,188,212]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E2BFFF51F05EFF1B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498255" collectingDate="2013-08-20" collectionCode="MCZ" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E285FF51F575FF37" box="[931,1087,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-20">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E285FF51F575FF37" box="[931,1087,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-20">20-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 9:12 horas, Amostra 18” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E454FF51F4D2FF37" box="[1394,1432,188,212]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E1B1FF0DF1F1FF1B" box="[151,187,224,248]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E1ECFF0DF046FF1B" box="[202,268,224,248]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E007FF0DF517FF1B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498245" box="[289,1117,224,248]" collectingDate="2020-08-02" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="3" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E00DFF0DF0D1FF1B" box="[299,411,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2020-08-02">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E00DFF0DF0D1FF1B" box="[299,411,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2020-08-02">20-VIII-2</collectingDate>
</date>
0 13, 9:20 horas, Amostra 19” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E227FF0DF26FFF1B" box="[769,805,224,248]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E2E9FF0DF2B9FF1B" box="[975,1011,224,248]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E524FF0DF51FFF1B" box="[1026,1109,224,248]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E54CFF0DF0B5FEFF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498257" collectingDate="2013-08-22" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E552FF0DF45AFF1B" box="[1140,1296,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E552FF0DF45AFF1B" box="[1140,1296,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">22-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:30 horas, Amostra 21” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E01BFEE9F02BFEFF" box="[317,353,260,284]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E056FEE9F0D9FEFF" box="[368,403,260,284]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E082FEE9F0BDFEFF" box="[420,503,260,284]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E32BFEE9F5E2FEFF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498244" box="[525,1192,260,284]" collectingDate="2013-08-22" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="17" specimenCount-female="9" specimenCount-male="8" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E331FEE9F3F9FEFF" box="[535,691,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E331FEE9F3F9FEFF" box="[535,691,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">22-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:50 horas, Amostra 22” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E2C9FEE9F55EFEFF" box="[1007,1044,260,284]" count="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">8♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E505FEE9F50DFEFF" box="[1059,1095,260,284]" count="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">9♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E571FEE9F5E8FEFF" box="[1111,1186,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E590FEE9F38DFEA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498258" collectingDate="2013-08-22" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E5E7FEE9F416FEFF" box="[1217,1372,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E5E7FEE9F416FEFF" box="[1217,1372,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">22-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:06 horas, Amostra 23” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E059FEC5F0E9FEA3" box="[383,419,296,320]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E363FEC5F323FEA3" box="[581,617,296,320]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E353FEC5F38AFEA3" box="[629,704,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E3F4FEC5F42AFEA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498240" box="[722,1376,296,320]" collectingDate="2013-08-22" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="4" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E3FAFEC5F232FEA3" box="[732,888,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E3FAFEC5F232FEA3" box="[732,888,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">22-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:36 horas, Amostra 24” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E582FEC5F583FEA3" box="[1188,1225,296,320]" count="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E5F2FEC5F5B3FEA3" box="[1236,1273,296,320]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E423FEC5F412FEA3" box="[1285,1368,296,320]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E44CFEC5F2C2FE87" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498250" collectingDate="2013-08-22" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E453FEC5F041FE87" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E453FEC5F041FE87" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-22">22- VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:56 horas, Amostra 25” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E367FEA1F32DFE87" box="[577,615,332,356]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E352FEA1F3DFFE87" box="[628,661,332,356]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E211FEA1F2C8FE87" box="[823,898,332,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E2B3FEA1F181FE6B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498254" collectingDate="2013-08-23" collectingDateMax="2022-08-02" collectingDateMin="2013-08-23" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="5" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E286FEA1F545FE87" box="[928,1039,332,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2022-08-02">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E286FEA1F545FE87" box="[928,1039,332,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2022-08-02">22-VIII-2</collectingDate>
</date>
0 13, 8:50 horas, Amostra 26” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E454FEA1F4DDFE87" box="[1394,1431,332,356]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E1B1FE9DF1F1FE6B" box="[151,187,368,392]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E1F3FE9DF23BFE6B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498254" box="[213,881,368,392]" collectingDate="2013-08-23" collectingDateMax="2022-08-02" collectingDateMin="2013-08-23" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="5" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E1F9FE9DF031FE6B" box="[223,379,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E1F9FE9DF031FE6B" box="[223,379,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">23-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:30 horas, Amostra 27” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E391FE9DF397FE6B" box="[695,733,368,392]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E3CDFE9DF25AFE6B" box="[747,784,368,392]" count="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E239FE9DF220FE6B" box="[799,874,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E259FE9DF023FE4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498238" collectingDate="2013-08-23" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E2AFFE9DF56FFE6B" box="[905,1061,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E2AFFE9DF56FFE6B" box="[905,1061,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">23-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6:49 horas, Amostra 28” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E444FE9DF4C3FE6B" box="[1378,1417,368,392]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E03EFE79F029FE4F" box="[280,355,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E051FE79F289FE4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498248" box="[375,963,404,428]" collectingDate="2013-08-23" collectingDateMax="2013-08-27" collectingDateMin="2013-08-23" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="4" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E0A4FE79F354FE4F" box="[386,542,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E0A4FE79F354FE4F" box="[386,542,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-23">23-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:05 horas, Amostra 29” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E27CFE79F2CAFE4F" box="[858,896,404,428]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E2A8FE79F2F8FE4F" box="[910,946,404,428]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
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“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E2F1FE79F538FE4F" box="[983,1138,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E2F1FE79F538FE4F" box="[983,1138,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">27-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:00 horas, Amostra 30” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E186FE55F18FFE33" box="[160,197,440,464]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
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(1 dissected),
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E0A9FE55F090FE33" box="[399,474,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E0CAFE55F5F9FE33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498263" box="[492,1203,440,464]" collectingDate="1927-08-02" collectingDateMax="2013-08-27" collectingDateMin="1927-08-02" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="3" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E0D1FE55F32CFE33" box="[503,614,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="1927-08-02">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E0D1FE55F32CFE33" box="[503,614,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="1927-08-02">27-VIII-2</collectingDate>
</date>
0 13, 7:15 horas, Amostra 31” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E2E6FE55F2ADFE33" box="[960,999,440,464]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
(1 dissected),
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E559FE55F5E9FE33" box="[1151,1187,440,464]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E59FFE55F309FE17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498263" collectingDate="1927-08-02" collectingDateMax="2013-08-27" collectingDateMin="1927-08-02" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="3" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E5E2FE55F42AFE33" box="[1220,1376,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E5E2FE55F42AFE33" box="[1220,1376,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">27-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:45 horas, Amostra 33” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E0A3FE31F0E3FE17" box="[389,425,476,500]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E090FE31F091FE17" box="[438,475,476,500]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E0CEFE31F371FE17" box="[488,571,476,500]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E369FE31F5E6FE17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498235" box="[591,1196,476,500]" collectingDate="2013-08-27" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E37FFE31F3BFFE17" box="[601,757,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E37FFE31F3BFFE17" box="[601,757,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">27-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:50 horas, Amostra 34” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E50FFE31F507FE17" box="[1065,1101,476,500]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E57CFE31F5EFFE17" box="[1114,1189,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E59EFE31F340FDFB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498261" collectingDate="2013-08-27" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E5E5FE31F414FE17" box="[1219,1374,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E5E5FE31F414FE17" box="[1219,1374,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-27">27-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:55 horas, Amostra 35” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E0A1FDEDF0E1FDFB" box="[391,427,512,536]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E09FFDEDF34EFDFB" box="[441,516,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E331FDEDF5E0FDFB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498260" box="[535,1194,512,536]" collectingDate="2013-08-28" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="4" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E304FDEDF3F7FDFB" box="[546,701,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E304FDEDF3F7FDFB" box="[546,701,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">28-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:29 horas, Amostra 42” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E2D5FDEDF553FDFB" box="[1011,1049,512,536]" count="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E500FDEDF501FDFB" box="[1062,1099,512,536]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E57FFDEDF5EEFDFB" box="[1113,1188,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E59EFDEDF376FDDF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498262" collectingDate="2013-08-28" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="3" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E5E4FDEDF414FDFB" box="[1218,1374,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E5E4FDEDF414FDFB" box="[1218,1374,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">28-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7:54 horas, Amostra 44” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E0A0FDC9F0E1FDDF" box="[390,427,548,572]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E09EFDC9F097FDDF" box="[440,477,548,572]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E0CDFDC9F37CFDDF" box="[491,566,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E36FFDC9F5ACFDDF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498239" box="[585,1254,548,572]" collectingDate="2013-08-28" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E372FDC9F3A5FDDF" box="[596,751,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E372FDC9F3A5FDDF" box="[596,751,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">28-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 8:18 horas, Amostra 46” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E503FDC9F501FDDF" box="[1061,1099,548,572]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E57EFDC9F536FDDF" box="[1112,1148,548,572]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E5ACFDC9F597FDDF" box="[1162,1245,548,572]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">MPEG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E5D4FDC9F33FFD83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498253" collectingDate="2013-08-28" collectionCode="UFPA" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
“
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E5DAFDC9F4D2FDDF" box="[1276,1432,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E5DAFDC9F4D2FDDF" box="[1276,1432,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-28">28-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
, 8:50 horas, Amostra 49” (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E099FDA5F0AFFD83" box="[447,485,584,608]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E0D4FDA5F35CFD83" box="[498,534,584,608]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E302FDA5F325FD83" box="[548,623,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B683C824A62FFC2E3A4FDA5F571FD67" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2578498256" collectingDate="2013-08-10" collectionCode="UFPA" collectorName="R. M. Valente Col." pageId="6" pageNumber="467" specimenCount="16" specimenCount-female="11" specimenCount-male="5" typeStatus="paratype">
“Brasil-PA-Benevides \
<date id="FFBE101F4A62FFC2E2ADFDA5F569FD83" box="[907,1059,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-10">
<collectingDate id="EFFAE9F74A62FFC2E2ADFDA5F569FD83" box="[907,1059,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" value="2013-08-10">10-VIII-2013</collectingDate>
</date>
\
<collectorName id="26F553094A62FFC2E50DFDA5F5B5FD83" box="[1067,1279,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">R. M. Valente Col.</collectorName>
[label 1], Em inflorescência de\
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A62FFC2E07BFD81F371FD67" box="[349,571,620,645]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A62FFC2E07BFD81F371FD67" box="[349,571,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
\6:00–9:00 horas\”[label 2] (
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E25CFD81F2D5FD66" box="[890,927,620,645]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A62FFC2E28DFD81F297FD67" box="[939,989,620,644]" count="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" type="female">11♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1A4A62FFC2E2CFFD81F579FD67" box="[1001,1075,620,644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">UFPA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7F66574A62FFC2E1B1F85FF202F805" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715726" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" startId="6.[151,250,1970,1992]" targetBox="[185,1407,697,1952]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A62FFC2E1B1F85FF202F805" blockId="6.[151,1436,1970,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A62FFC2E1B1F85FF05FF824" bold="true" box="[151,277,1970,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A62FFC2E03BF85FF0A8F82B" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[285,482,1970,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="467" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A62FFC2E03BF85FF0A8F82B" box="[285,482,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="467">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratypes, male. A Rostrum and head, lateral view, showing detail of eye; B Rostrum and head, frontal view; C Pronotum; D Prosternum. Scale bars: 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66574A63FFC3E1B1FB55F279FB0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" startId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" targetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A63FFC3E1B1FB55F279FB0E" blockId="7.[151,1435,1208,1261]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E1B1FB55F05CFB2E" bold="true" box="[151,278,1208,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E006FB55F0ADFB2D" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[288,487,1208,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E006FB55F0ADFB2D" box="[288,487,1208,1230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A63FFC3E1E1FAF4F3D6FA9A" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A63FFC3E1E1FAF4F3D6FA9A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1305,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E1E1FAF4F004FAD1" bold="true" box="[199,334,1305,1330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species is named after Dr. Inocêncio de Sousa Gorayeb, who mentored the senior author, and for his friendship and dedication to the study of Neotropical insects and to training students in entomology in the Amazon. The name is a noun in genitive case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A63FFCFE1E1FA68F281F80D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A63FFC3E1E1FA68F5C4F95D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1305,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E1E1FA68F0D2FA7D" bold="true" box="[199,408,1413,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Natural History.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E08AFA68F3DAFA7D" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[428,656,1413,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E08AFA68F3DAFA7D" box="[428,656,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected on inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E597FA68F4D6FA7D" box="[1201,1436,1413,1438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E597FA68F4D6FA7D" box="[1201,1436,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E1B8FA44F369FA21" authority=", Carludovicoideae" authorityName="Carludovicoideae" box="[158,547,1449,1474]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae, Carludovicoideae</taxonomicName>
) at two disjunct localities in the state of
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A63FFC3E563FA47F530FA21" box="[1093,1146,1450,1474]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Pará</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A63FFC3E5A9FA44F59DFA21" box="[1167,1239,1449,1474]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; i.e., Benevides (
<geoCoordinate id="EE3450184A63FFC3E1B9FA20F07DFA05" box="[159,311,1485,1510]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" precision="1" value="-1.3648">1°21’53.28”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE3450184A63FFC3E01BFA23F0A5FA05" box="[317,495,1486,1510]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" precision="1" value="-48.241158">48°14’28.17”W</geoCoordinate>
) and Belém (Parque Estadual do Utinga,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3450184A63FFC3E29DFA20F54CFA05" box="[955,1030,1485,1510]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" precision="925" value="-1.4166666">1°25’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE3450184A63FFC3E52BFA20F53FFA05" box="[1037,1141,1485,1510]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" precision="925" value="-48.416668">48°25’W</geoCoordinate>
), both in Amazon lowland rainforest. All specimens were collected in
<date id="FFBE101F4A63FFC3E3A6FA1FF25EF9E9" box="[640,788,1522,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" value="2013-08">August 2013</date>
, from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM, at elevations from
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A63FFC3E419FA1FF1E7F9CE" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="23.0">23 to 37 m</quantity>
above sea level. In both localities, the annual precipitation average is about
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A63FFC3E50FF9FBF5D4F9CE" box="[1065,1182,1558,1582]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="3000.0">3,000 mm</quantity>
also the annual mean relative humidity (87%, monthly mean from 85% to 95%) and annual mean air temperature (26°C, minimum temperatures above 18 °C) vary little throughout the year (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A63FFC3E218F9B3F295F995" author="INMET &amp; Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia" box="[830,991,1629,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" refId="ref10474" refString="INMET (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia). (2015) Estacao Automatica de Braganca. Available at www. inmet. gov. br" type="book" year="2015">INMET 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The climate is tropical rainforest (Af
<typeStatus id="54BB887D4A63FFC3E1B1F96FF180F979" box="[151,202,1666,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
, Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification) which is characterized by average precipitation of at least
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A63FFC3E416F96CF435F97A" box="[1328,1407,1665,1690]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
in every month so without a true dry season but with a wetter season from December to May.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A63FFCCE1E1F924F380FEFE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1305,2014]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E1E1F924F0E2F901" ID-CoL="6HLJ5" box="[199,424,1737,1762]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E1E1F924F0E2F901" box="[199,424,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a root-climbing liana widely distributed in the Neotropical region, and it is the only known species of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E042F900F0BAF8E5" ID-CoL="8VXMJ" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1857" box="[356,496,1773,1798]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E042F900F0BAF8E5" box="[356,496,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Evodianthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A63FFC3E326F900F3D0F8E5" author="Harling, G." box="[512,666,1773,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 428" refId="ref10296" refString="Harling, G. (1958) Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani, 18, 1 - 428." type="journal article" year="1958">Harling 1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A63FFC3E381F900F2DAF8E5" author="Leal, E. S. &amp; Forzza, R. C." box="[679,912,1773,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" pagination="822 - 835" refId="ref10499" refString="Leal, E. S. &amp; Forzza, R. C. (2012) Cyclanthaceae no estado do Para, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 26, 822 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062012000400011" type="journal article" year="2012">Leal &amp; Forzza 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Among species of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E55FF900F5ACF8E5" box="[1145,1254,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene</emphasis>
, only
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E409F900F1B1F8C9" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E409F900F1B1F8C9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E01EF8FFF0A0F8C9" box="[312,490,1809,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E01EF8FFF0A0F8C9" box="[312,490,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">C. melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the only previously known South American species of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E5A4F8FCF5A5F8C9" box="[1154,1263,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene</emphasis>
) are known in association with inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E31EF8DAF3E2F8AD" ID-CoL="6HLJ5" box="[568,680,1846,1870]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E31EF8DAF3E2F8AD" box="[568,680,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">E. funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but collected from distant and ecologically different regions.
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E1B1F8B4F024F891" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,366,1881,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E1B1F8B4F024F891" box="[151,366,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded from Amazon lowland rainforest whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A63FFC3E53BF8B7F586F891" box="[1053,1228,1881,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoptera">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A63FFC3E53BF8B7F586F891" box="[1053,1228,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">C. melanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded in
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A63FFC3E192F890F04FF875" box="[180,261,1917,1942]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Merida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A63FFC3E01DF893F0DAF875" box="[315,400,1918,1942]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Aragua</collectingRegion>
, both in a region of
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A63FFC3E354F890F3AFF875" box="[626,741,1917,1942]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
far from Amazonian forest.
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A63FFC3E500F890F53DF875" box="[1062,1143,1917,1942]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Merida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A63FFC3E58BF893F5B5F875" box="[1197,1279,1918,1942]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="7" pageNumber="468">Aragua</collectingRegion>
are located at elevations from
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A63FFC3E074F84FF341F85A" box="[338,523,1953,1978]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" unit="m" value="1400.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1200.0">
<date id="FFBE101F4A63FFC3E074F84FF0A1F859" box="[338,491,1953,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" value="1200" valueMax="1600">1200 to 1600</date>
m
</quantity>
above sea level (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A63FFC3E3F3F84FF210F859" author="Franz, N. M." box="[725,858,1954,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and covered by a mosaic of savannas, deciduous forests and cloud forests (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A63FFC3E0C4F828F219F83D" author="Huber, O. &amp; Oliveira-Miranda, M. A." box="[482,851,1989,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="468" pagination="27 - 89" refId="ref10407" refString="Huber, O. &amp; Oliveira-Miranda, M. A. (2010) Ambientes terrestres de Venezuela. In: Rodriguez, J. P, Rojas-Suarez, F &amp; Giraldo, D. H. (Eds.), Libro Rojo de los ecossistemas terrestres de Fenezuela. Provita, Shell Venezuela, Lenovo Venezuela, Caracas. pp. 27 - 89." type="book chapter" year="2010">Huber &amp; Oliveira-Miranda 2010</bibRefCitation>
). The climate is humid subtropical to equatorial arid (Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification). Moreover, the localities belong to different biogeographic domains:
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A6CFFCCE44CFF75F4D6FF53" box="[1386,1436,152,176]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Pará</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A6CFFCCE1B9FF51F1ACFF36" box="[159,230,188,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) belong to the Boreal Brazilian Domain while
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A6CFFCCE206FF51F23BFF36" box="[800,881,188,213]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Merida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49C4F83D4A6CFFCCE295FF51F54CFF37" box="[947,1030,188,212]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Aragua</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F317764F4A6CFFCCE53FFF51F5DAFF36" box="[1049,1168,188,213]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
) belong to the Pacific Domain, both comprised in the Brazilian sub-region, Neotropical Region (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6CFFCCE52DFF0DF5FBFF1B" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[1035,1201,224,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref10662" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2014) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782, 1 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3782.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Morrone 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6CFFCCE5E2FF32F4D6FF1B" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[1220,1436,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6CFFCCE5E2FF32F4D6FF1B" box="[1220,1436,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first Amazonian representative of the genus.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6CFFCCE1B1F917F18AF88F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715730/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" startId="8.[151,250,1786,1808]" targetBox="[194,1399,337,1767]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6CFFCCE1B1F917F18AF88F" blockId="8.[151,1435,1786,1900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6CFFCCE1B1F917F058F8EC" bold="true" box="[151,274,1786,1808]" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6CFFCCE03EF917F091F8F3" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[280,475,1786,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6CFFCCE03EF917F091F8F3" box="[280,475,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, male. A Sternum VIII, ventral view; B Sternum IX, ventral view; C Tegmen, ventral view; D Aedeagus with tegmen, lateral view; E Aedeagus, ventral view; F Aedeagus, detail of distal region, dorsal view; G Aedeagus, lateral view; H Aedeagus, detail of distal region, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, E and G–H, 0.1mm; D and F, 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6CFFCDE1E1F879F283FEA3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1939,2036]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">
In the observations conducted at Parque Estadual do Utinga (Belém),
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6CFFCCE2DDF878F522F84F" ID-CoL="6HLJ5" box="[1019,1128,1940,1964]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6CFFCCE2DDF878F522F84F" box="[1019,1128,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">E. funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
behaved as a monoecious species with protogynous inflorescences (pistillate phase precedes staminate phase, see also
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6CFFCCE5DFF85AF4D2F833" author="Harling, G." box="[1273,1432,1975,2000]" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 428" refId="ref10296" refString="Harling, G. (1958) Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani, 18, 1 - 428." type="journal article" year="1958">Harling 1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6CFFCCE1B1F836F015F817" author="Gottsberger G." box="[151,351,2011,2036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="469" pagination="221 - 235" refId="ref10261" refString="Gottsberger G. (1991) Pollination of some species of Carludovicoideae, and remarks on the origin and evolution of the Cyclanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbucher Fur Systematik, 113, 221 - 235." type="journal article" year="1991">Gottsberger 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The pistillate phase (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6CFFCCE378F836F3EEF817" box="[606,676,2011,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Anthesis phases of inflorescence of Evodianthus funifer at Parque Estadual do Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A Phase prior to anthesis; B The beginning of pistillate phase; C The end of pistillate phase; D Staminate phase." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715736/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="469">Figs 8</figureCitation>
B–C) was short (about one day) and was recognized by droplets of exudate on pistillate flowers, stretched staminodes emitting a strong scent, and by staminate flower buds much more prominent and covering the pistillate flowers leaving just a small space above the stigmas. The staminate phase (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6DFFCDE1CCFF32F00FFF1B" box="[234,325,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Anthesis phases of inflorescence of Evodianthus funifer at Parque Estadual do Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A Phase prior to anthesis; B The beginning of pistillate phase; C The end of pistillate phase; D Staminate phase." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715736/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
) was very short (few hours) and recognized by dried stigmas, deteriorated staminodes and the opening of the perianth and anthers. One day before the pistillate phase, inflorescences began the phase prior to anthesis with open spathes but staminodes folded and odorless (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6DFFCDE244FECAF2F6FEA3" box="[866,956,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[218,1375,185,1542]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Anthesis phases of inflorescence of Evodianthus funifer at Parque Estadual do Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A Phase prior to anthesis; B The beginning of pistillate phase; C The end of pistillate phase; D Staminate phase." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715736/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6DFFCDE1B1FA01F0D8F9C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715732/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" startId="9.[151,250,1516,1538]" targetBox="[160,1428,373,1499]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6DFFCDE1B1FA01F0D8F9C3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1516,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6DFFCDE1B1FA01F058F9E2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1516,1538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6DFFCDE03EFA01F091F9E1" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[280,475,1516,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6DFFCDE03EFA01F091F9E1" box="[280,475,1516,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, female. A Rostrum and head, lateral view; B Prosternum; C Tergite VII; D Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6DFFCDE1E1F9A0F5D8F865" blockId="9.[151,1436,1613,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6DFFCDE1E1F9A0F00DF985" authorityName="Lacordaire sensu Franz" authorityYear="2006" box="[199,327,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Derelomini">Derelomini</taxonomicName>
pollinators of cyclanths are attracted to the inflorescences by the scent emitted by the staminodes during the anthesis, especially during the pistillate phase (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE203F99CF2F5F969" author="Harling, G." box="[805,959,1649,1674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="1 - 428" refId="ref10296" refString="Harling, G. (1958) Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani, 18, 1 - 428." type="journal article" year="1958">Harling 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE2EAF99CF5D9F969" author="Gottsberger, G." box="[972,1171,1649,1674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="360 - 365" refId="ref10217" refString="Gottsberger, G. (1990) Flowers and beetles in the South American tropics. Acta Botanica, 103, 360 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.1990. tb 00175. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Gottsberger 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE5B8F99FF593F969" author="Gottsberger G." box="[1182,1241,1650,1674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="221 - 235" refId="ref10261" refString="Gottsberger G. (1991) Pollination of some species of Carludovicoideae, and remarks on the origin and evolution of the Cyclanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbucher Fur Systematik, 113, 221 - 235." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE5C0F99CF4D2F969" author="Eriksson, R." box="[1254,1432,1649,1674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="75 - 81" refId="ref9424" refString="Eriksson, R. (1994 a) The remarkable weevil pollination of the neotropical Carludovicoideae (Cyclanthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 189, 75 - 81." type="journal article" year="1994">Eriksson 1994a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE1B1F97BF052F94D" author="Franz, N. M." box="[151,280,1686,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="483 - 517" refId="ref9524" refString="Franz, N. M. (2004) Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil- Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 483 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00293. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Franz 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE004F97BF017F94D" author="Franz, N. M." box="[290,349,1686,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="183 - 201" refId="ref9628" refString="Franz, N. M. (2007) Reproductive trade-offs in a specialized plant / pollinator system involving Asplundia uncinata Harling (Cyclanthaceae) and a derelomine flower weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 269, 183 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 007 - 0595 - 1" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE04EF97BF33EF94D" author="Franz, N. M. &amp; O'Brien, C. W." box="[360,628,1685,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="835 - 850" refId="ref9725" refString="Franz, N. M. &amp; O'Brien, C. W. (2001 a) Ganglionus, a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 74, 835 - 850." type="journal article" year="2001">Franz &amp; O’Brien 2001a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE358F978F383F94D" author="Franz, N. M. &amp; O'Brien, C. W." box="[638,713,1685,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="255 - 287" refId="ref9775" refString="Franz, N. M. &amp; O'Brien, C. W. (2001 b) Revision and phylogeny of Perelleschus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with notes on its association with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 127, 255 - 287." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
). Here, the vast majority (92%) of adults of the new species were collected during the pistillate phase (more attractive to pollinators), a mean of
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A6DFFCDE562F957F5E5F931" box="[1092,1199,1721,1746]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" type="adult">37 adults</specimenCount>
(range 16–126) per inflorescence (N=25). In the staminate phase, the sampling effort was conducted at 6:00 AM so after to the departure of pollinators (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE0CDF8ECF3FEF8F9" author="Gottsberger G." box="[491,692,1793,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="221 - 235" refId="ref10261" refString="Gottsberger G. (1991) Pollination of some species of Carludovicoideae, and remarks on the origin and evolution of the Cyclanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbucher Fur Systematik, 113, 221 - 235." type="journal article" year="1991">Gottsberger 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6DFFCDE3E3F8EFF207F8F9" author="Franz, N. M." box="[709,845,1794,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" pagination="183 - 201" refId="ref9628" refString="Franz, N. M. (2007) Reproductive trade-offs in a specialized plant / pollinator system involving Asplundia uncinata Harling (Cyclanthaceae) and a derelomine flower weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 269, 183 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 007 - 0595 - 1" type="journal article" year="2007">Franz 2007</bibRefCitation>
). In this phase we recorded only 8% of all adults collected with mean of
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A6DFFCDE088F8CBF341F8DD" box="[430,523,1829,1854]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" type="adult">9 adults</specimenCount>
(range 1–36) per inflorescence (N=15). However, inflorescences with at least scarce staminodes/pollen recorded 20–
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A6DFFCDE374F8A4F3F0F881" box="[594,698,1865,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" type="adult">36 adults</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6DFFCDE3C2F8A4F2F4F881" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[740,958,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6DFFCDE3C2F8A4F2F4F881" box="[740,958,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
per inflorescence while those with fallen staminodes/released pollen (less attractive to pollinators) recorded only one to three adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6DFFCEE1E1F87FF265FDF4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1613,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">
In the pistillate phase of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6DFFCDE0D0F87FF32FF849" ID-CoL="6HLJ5" box="[502,613,1938,1962]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6DFFCDE0D0F87FF32FF849" box="[502,613,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">E. funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6DFFCDE3CDF87CF282F849" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[747,968,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6DFFCDE3CDF87CF282F849" box="[747,968,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="470">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed arriving in flight at the inflorescence with the first day-light (about 6:00 AM in
<date id="FFBE101F4A6DFFCDE230F85BF2E6F82D" box="[790,940,1974,1998]" pageId="9" pageNumber="470" value="2013-08">August 2013</date>
). They immediately began to move towards the inner spaces of the inflorescences where the pistillate flowers are located and between the closed staminate flowers (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6EFFCEE1DBFF7AF00EFF53" box="[253,324,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[194,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[194,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. A–B Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the pistillate phase, arrows indicate individuals of Cotithene gorayebi between the still closed staminate flowers and occupying the spaces where the pistillate flowers are located." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715738/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). At these spaces, they fed on the base of staminodes (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6EFFCEE2E0FF7AF564FF53" box="[966,1070,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the pistillate phase. A Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi feeding on base of staminodes. B Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi gnawing the perianth of closed staminate flower to access the anthers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715740/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
) and on the exudate present on pistillate flowers. Adults are small enough to reach the space where the stigma of female flowers are located and frequently touch the stigmas during the pistillate phase. Some adults chewed the perianth of closed staminate flowers to access the anthers (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6EFFCEE0D8FEE9F323FEFF" box="[510,617,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[209,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the pistillate phase. A Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi feeding on base of staminodes. B Arrow indicates individual of Cotithene gorayebi gnawing the perianth of closed staminate flower to access the anthers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715740/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
), and males were observed using the head and rostrum in male-male conflicts in the vicinity of the females. In the staminate phase, adults were already occupying spaces between staminate flowers (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6EFFCEE057FEA1F089FE87" box="[369,451,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[216,1370,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. A–B Detail of inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer in the staminate phase, arrows indicate individuals of Cotithene gorayebi occupying the space into staminate flowers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715742/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) before the observation effort (6:00–10:00 AM). These behaviors, together with their abundance (see above), suggests that adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6EFFCEE3E6FE82F2D1FE6B" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[704,923,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6EFFCEE3E6FE82F2D1FE6B" box="[704,923,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably remain in the spaces between the closed staminate flowers until the staminate phase. They leave the inflorescences shortly after pollen has been released from anthers, often before the first day-light, as observed in other
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6EFFCEE523FE5AF5CFFE33" authorityName="Lacordaire sensu Franz" authorityYear="2006" box="[1029,1157,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Derelomini">Derelomini</taxonomicName>
pollinators of cyclanths (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6EFFCEE1B8FE31F02DFE17" author="Gottsberger, G." box="[158,359,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" pagination="360 - 365" refId="ref10217" refString="Gottsberger, G. (1990) Flowers and beetles in the South American tropics. Acta Botanica, 103, 360 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.1990. tb 00175. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Gottsberger 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6EFFCEE052FE31F0E4FE17" author="Gottsberger G." box="[372,430,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" pagination="221 - 235" refId="ref10261" refString="Gottsberger G. (1991) Pollination of some species of Carludovicoideae, and remarks on the origin and evolution of the Cyclanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbucher Fur Systematik, 113, 221 - 235." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
, Ericksson 1994a,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6EFFCEE3A0FE30F243FE17" author="Franz, N. M." box="[646,777,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" pagination="483 - 517" refId="ref9524" refString="Franz, N. M. (2004) Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil- Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 483 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00293. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Franz 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6EFFCEE230FE31F219FE17" author="Franz, N. M." box="[790,851,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" pagination="183 - 201" refId="ref9628" refString="Franz, N. M. (2007) Reproductive trade-offs in a specialized plant / pollinator system involving Asplundia uncinata Harling (Cyclanthaceae) and a derelomine flower weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 269, 183 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 007 - 0595 - 1" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, we observed pollen grains on the body of adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6EFFCEE1D9FE12F09CFDFB" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[255,470,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6EFFCEE1D9FE12F09CFDFB" box="[255,470,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially on the prosternum.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6EFFCEE1B1F853F208F811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715734/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" startId="10.[151,250,1982,2004]" targetBox="[309,1303,594,1956]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6EFFCEE1B1F853F208F811" blockId="10.[151,1435,1982,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6EFFCEE1B1F853F05EF830" bold="true" box="[151,276,1982,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6EFFCEE03AF853F0ABF837" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[284,481,1982,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6EFFCEE03AF853F0ABF837" box="[284,481,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="471">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, female. A Tergum VIII, ventral view; B Coxite + Style, ventral view; C Sternum VIII, ventral view; D spermatheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6FFFCFE1B1F9FCF422F9A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715736" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715736/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" startId="11.[151,250,1553,1575]" targetBox="[218,1375,185,1542]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6FFFCFE1B1F9FCF422F9A6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1553,1605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE1B1F9FCF05FF9C5" bold="true" box="[151,277,1553,1575]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Anthesis phases of inflorescence of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE3BCF9FCF22CF9C4" box="[666,870,1553,1575]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE3BCF9FCF22CF9C4" box="[666,870,1553,1575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Parque Estadual do Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A Phase prior to anthesis; B The beginning of pistillate phase; C The end of pistillate phase; D Staminate phase.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6FFFCFE1E1F980F281F80D" blockId="11.[151,1436,1645,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">
Previously known species of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE334F980F335F965" box="[530,639,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Cotithene</emphasis>
are considered as non-pollinators of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE502F980F58DF965" box="[1060,1223,1645,1670]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
because adults are scarcely abundant on inflorescences (typically 1–2 individuals per inflorescence) and present behavior not well synchronized with anthesis phases. Moreover, larvae develop into the rachis of inflorescence and can lead infructescence abortion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6FFFCFE08DF934F365F912" author="Franz, N. M." box="[427,559,1753,1777]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" pagination="183 - 201" refId="ref9628" refString="Franz, N. M. (2007) Reproductive trade-offs in a specialized plant / pollinator system involving Asplundia uncinata Harling (Cyclanthaceae) and a derelomine flower weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 269, 183 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 007 - 0595 - 1" type="journal article" year="2007">Franz 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6FFFCFE31CF934F33DF912" author="Franz, N. M." box="[570,631,1753,1777]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
). Here, we did not observe larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE534F934F5A3F911" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[1042,1257,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE534F934F5A3F911" box="[1042,1257,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but adults were abundant on inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE0C8F913F313F8F5" box="[494,601,1790,1814]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE0C8F913F313F8F5" box="[494,601,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">E. funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mean of
<specimenCount id="9D06FD564A6FFFCFE3EAF913F27FF8F5" box="[716,821,1789,1814]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" type="adult">24 adults</specimenCount>
, N=40) and behaved synchronously with the phases of anthesis, as do other
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE059F8CCF0B5F8D9" authorityName="Lacordaire sensu Franz" authorityYear="2006" box="[383,511,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Derelomini">Derelomini</taxonomicName>
pollinators of cyclanths. Behavioral patterns, in addition to the small size and high abundance of adults, strongly suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE3A0F8A8F22AF8BD" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[646,864,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE3A0F8A8F22AF8BD" box="[646,864,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be the first species of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE5BAF8A8F443F8BD" box="[1180,1289,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Cotithene</emphasis>
described as playing a role as a pollinator of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE329F884F3FCF861" box="[527,694,1897,1922]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
. If larvae in this species also cause the abortion of a fraction of intructescences,
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6FFFCFE069F860F36DF845" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[335,551,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE069F860F36DF845" box="[335,551,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an additional example of a specialized brood pollinator that destroys seeds, a relatively rare kind of interaction between insects and plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6FFFCFE276F85CF531F829" author="Hembry, D. H. &amp; Althoff, D. M." box="[848,1147,1969,1994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" pagination="1783 - 1792" refId="ref10318" refString="Hembry, D. H. &amp; Althoff, D. M. (2016) Diversification and coevolution in brood pollination mutualisms: windows into the role of biotic interactions in generating biological diversity. American Journal of Botany, 103, 1783 - 1792. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 1600056" type="journal article" year="2016">Hembry and Althoff 2016</bibRefCitation>
), which only recently has been recognized in weevils (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6FFFCFE0F0F83BF3A3F80D" author="De Medeiros B. A. S. &amp; Bena D. de &amp; Vanin S. A." box="[470,745,2005,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" pagination="502" refId="ref9369" refString="De Medeiros B. A. S., Bena D. de C. &amp; Vanin S. A. (2014) Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943. PeerJ 2, e 502." type="book chapter" year="2014">
De Medeiros
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE349F83BF3E2F80D" box="[623,680,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6FFFCFE3D3F83BF2F5F80D" author="Nunes, C. E. P. &amp; Maruyama, P. K. &amp; Azevedo-Silva, M. &amp; Sazima, M." box="[757,959,2005,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="472" pagination="980 - 986" refId="ref10735" refString="Nunes, C. E. P., Maruyama, P. K., Azevedo-Silva, M. &amp; Sazima, M. (2018) Parasitoids turn herbivores into mutualists in a nursery system involving active pollination. Current Biology, 28, 980 - 986, e 3." type="journal article" year="2018">
Nunes
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6FFFCFE265F83BF231F80D" box="[835,891,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7F66574A68FFC8E1B1F84CF4D7F835" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715738" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715738/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" startId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" targetBox="[194,1394,193,1932]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A68FFC8E1B1F84CF4D7F835" blockId="12.[151,1437,1953,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A68FFC8E1B1F84CF052F855" bold="true" box="[151,280,1953,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
A–B Detail of inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A68FFC8E3AFF84CF212F854" box="[649,856,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A68FFC8E3AFF84CF212F854" box="[649,856,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the pistillate phase, arrows indicate individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A68FFC8E1B1F82DF013F835" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,345,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A68FFC8E1B1F82DF013F835" box="[151,345,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="473">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
between the still closed staminate flowers and occupying the spaces where the pistillate flowers are located.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66574A69FFC9E1B1F84CF357F817" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715740" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715740/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" startId="13.[151,250,1953,1975]" targetBox="[209,1378,193,1932]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A69FFC9E1B1F84CF357F817" blockId="13.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A69FFC9E1B1F84CF06AF855" bold="true" box="[151,288,1953,1975]" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Detail of inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A69FFC9E31CF84CF249F854" box="[570,771,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A69FFC9E31CF84CF249F854" box="[570,771,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the pistillate phase. A Arrow indicates individual of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A69FFC9E41FF84CF1BBF835" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A69FFC9E41FF84CF1BBF835" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on base of staminodes. B Arrow indicates individual of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A69FFC9E2B7F82DF51FF835" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[913,1109,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A69FFC9E2B7F82DF51FF835" box="[913,1109,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="474">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gnawing the perianth of closed staminate flower to access the anthers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6AFFCAE1B1F84CF251F835" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715742" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715742/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" startId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" targetBox="[216,1370,193,1932]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6AFFCAE1B1F84CF251F835" blockId="14.[151,1436,1953,2006]" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6AFFCAE1B1F84CF068F855" bold="true" box="[151,290,1953,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
A–B Detail of inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6AFFCAE3ADF84CF212F854" box="[651,856,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifer">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6AFFCAE3ADF84CF212F854" box="[651,856,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">Evodianthus funifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the staminate phase, arrows indicate individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6AFFCAE1B1F82DF010F835" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,346,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6AFFCAE1B1F82DF010F835" box="[151,346,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="475">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupying the space into staminate flowers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66574A6BFFCBE1B1F9B3F238F933" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" startId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" targetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6BFFCBE1B1F9B3F238F933" blockId="15.[151,1435,1630,1744]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE1B1F9B3F069F990" bold="true" box="[151,291,1630,1652]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6BFFCBE00AF9B3F0B8F997" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[300,498,1630,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE00AF9B3F0B8F997" box="[300,498,1630,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31A65544A6BFFD4E1E1F91AF03CFE87" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6BFFCBE1E1F91AF5E0F8BB" blockId="15.[151,1437,1783,2024]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE1E1F91AF07EF8F3" bold="true" box="[199,308,1783,1808]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6BFFCBE063F915F0B3F8F3" author="Franz, N. M." box="[325,505,1783,1808]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz (2008: 5)</bibRefCitation>
states that species of
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE3DCF91AF22DF8F3" box="[762,871,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Cotithene</emphasis>
have a subapical foveola on the inner margin of procoxa. In stereomicroscopic view we also observed this feature in
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE287F8F6F5CBF8D7" box="[929,1153,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6BFFCBE287F8F6F536F8D7" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[929,1148,1819,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">Cotithene gorayebi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Under scanning electron microscopy, we found that this foveola includes an internal circular projection (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE536F8D2F52FF8BB" box="[1040,1125,1855,1880]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Figs 12</figureCitation>
A–B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36DF4A6BFFD4E1E1F88EF03CFE87" blockId="15.[151,1437,1783,2024]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">
The mouthparts (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE0B7F88EF0A2F89F" box="[401,488,1891,1916]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Figs 12</figureCitation>
C–G) of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5C4A6BFFCBE37EF88EF27CF89F" authorityName="Valente &amp; Da Silva &amp; De Medeiros" authorityYear="2019" box="[600,822,1891,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cotithene" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorayebi">
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE37EF88EF27CF89F" box="[600,822,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Cotithene gorayebi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in accordance with
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6BFFCBE57FF889F421F89F" author="Franz, N. M." box="[1113,1387,1891,1916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">
Franz (2008: 4,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE43AF88EF429F89F" box="[1308,1379,1891,1916]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
but scanning electron microscopy also reveals that the new species bears a subapical obtuse projection on the inner tooth of the mandible (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE086F846F341F827" box="[416,523,1963,1988]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
). Moreover, the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE209F846F2D1F827" box="[815,923,1963,1988]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Figs 12C</figureCitation>
, E–F) bears six lacinial teeth [vs.
<quantity id="4CF89B3A4A6BFFCBE401F846F43BF827" box="[1319,1393,1963,1988]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 in</quantity>
the genus, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A6BFFCBE036F83DF0D9F80B" author="Franz, N. M." box="[272,403,2000,2024]" pageId="15" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 4,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A6BFFCBE09FF822F345F80B" box="[441,527,1999,2024]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
] and the maxillary palps are 2-segmented (as in remaining
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A6BFFCBE582F822F45BF80B" box="[1188,1297,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="476">Cotithene</emphasis>
species) but maxillary palpomere II bears three elongate sensillae along the outer margin and two very small setae on the inner margin [both characters described for the first time to
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A74FFD4E3D1FF51F22EFF36" box="[759,868,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Cotithene</emphasis>
]. Finally, the prementum of the labium (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A74FFD4E40BFF51F1E7FF1B" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Figs 12C, G</figureCitation>
) is rectangular [vs. subquadrate, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A74FFD4E375FF0DF39DFF1B" author="Franz, N. M." box="[595,727,224,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 4,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A74FFD4E227FF32F213FF1B" box="[769,857,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
] and its large setae along lateral margin is inserted subapically [vs. medially, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A74FFD4E0CAFEE8F33AFEFF" author="Franz, N. M." box="[492,624,260,284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Franz 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 4,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A74FFD4E3BFFEE9F3BEFEFF" box="[665,756,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1208,1230]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[306,1281,193,1187]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Metanoto and tergites I–VIII; B Detail of tergites III–VI; C Detail of tergites VII–VIII; D Elytron; E Ventrites I–V. Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715728/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
]. Also note the evident apical triangular acute projection on the outer margin of labial palpomere II (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5A4A74FFD4E340FECAF384FEA3" box="[614,718,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1426,193,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cotithene gorayebi, paratype, male. A Proleg, ventral view; B Detail of the foveola on procoxa; C Apex of rostrum, ventral view, showing maxillae and labium; D Right mandible, dorsal view; E Right maxilla, inner face; F Left maxilla, dorsal view, showing detail of setae on palpomere II; G Labium, dorsal view. Black arrow indicates apical triangular acute projection on palpomere II. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B–G, 0.25 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3715744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3715744/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Fig. 12G</figureCitation>
) which is synapomorphic for the
<emphasis id="B974EACD4A74FFD4E577FECAF412FEA3" box="[1105,1368,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="477">Cyclanthura–Cotithene</emphasis>
clade (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A74FFD4E1B8FEA1F068FE86" author="Franz, N. M." box="[158,290,332,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="477" pagination="220 - 287" refId="ref9580" refString="Franz, N. M. (2006) Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology, 31, 220 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2005.00308. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Franz 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B2E4A74FFD4E00BFEA1F020FE87" author="Franz, N. M." box="[301,362,332,356]" pageId="16" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9692" refString="Franz, N. M. (2008) Revision, phylogeny, and natural history of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 1782, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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