192 lines
23 KiB
XML
192 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6FC8FEC338543FC5ABC5790F0E7C5342">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="9756208A8BB0C37FEA586501121C8398">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DA6B3D54AA8614A9E96B5A8E72101664">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8878B758BA5C9F034E3B24E1FC21FBBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853695" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164249298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA5C9F034E3B24E1FC21FBBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8878B758BA5C9F034E3B24E1FC21FBBE" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5C9F024E3B24E1FC35FAC5" box="[616,972,1259,1286]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024E3B24E1FC35FAC5" blockId="42.[616,972,1259,1286]" box="[616,972,1259,1286]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5C9F024E3B24E1FC35FAC5" authority="Magdefrau, 1937" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[616,972,1259,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024E3B24E1FD02FAC5" bold="true" box="[616,763,1260,1286]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5C9F024F5124E6FC35FAC5" author="Magdefrau" box="[770,972,1259,1286]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler " Bohr " - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5C9F024CEE2520FD7EFAA9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE2520FD58FA84" blockId="42.[189,673,1325,1387]" box="[189,673,1325,1351]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA5C9F024CEE2520FD58FA84" box="[189,673,1325,1351]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA5C9F024CEE2520FD65FA84" box="[189,668,1325,1351]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5C9F024CEE2520FD65FA84" box="[189,668,1325,1351]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE2520FEBAFA84" box="[189,323,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cicatricula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5C9F024D192520FD65FA84" author="Palmer & Palmer" box="[330,668,1325,1351]" firstAuthor="Palmer" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="179 - 199" refId="ref52419" refString="Palmer T. J. & Palmer C. D. 1977. Faunal distribution and colonization strategy in a Middle Ordovician hardground community. Lethaia 10: 179 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1977. tb 00608. x" type="journal article" year="1977">Palmer & Palmer, 1977: 186</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE255DFD7EFAA9" blockId="42.[189,673,1325,1387]" box="[189,647,1360,1387]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA5C9F024CEE255DFD7EFAA9" box="[189,647,1360,1387]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA5C9F024CEE255DFD7DFAA9" box="[189,644,1360,1387]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5C9F024CEE255DFD7DFAA9" box="[189,644,1360,1387]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE255DFEBBFAA9" box="[189,322,1360,1386]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dendrorete</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5C9F024D1A255DFD7DFAA9" author="Tavernier" box="[329,644,1360,1387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tavernier" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="303 - 310" refId="ref53659" refString="Tavernier A., Campbell S. E. & Golubic S. 1992. A complex marine shallow-water boring trace: Dendrorete balani n. ichnogen. et ichnospec. Lethaia 25: 303 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1992. tb 01399. x" type="journal article" year="1992">
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Tavernier
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024D93255CFE02FAA9" box="[448,507,1360,1386]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1992: 304
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5C9F024CEE259FFCCEFA18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE259FFE64FA68" blockId="42.[189,413,1425,1452]" box="[189,413,1425,1452]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA5C9F024CEE259FFE64FA68" bold="true" box="[189,413,1425,1452]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE259FFE64FA68" bold="true" box="[189,413,1425,1452]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA5C9F024CEE259FFF03FA6F" box="[189,250,1426,1452]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
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ichnospecies
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE25CCFCCEFA18" blockId="42.[189,823,1472,1499]" box="[189,823,1472,1499]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5C9F024CEE25CCFD70FA19" authority="Magdefrau, 1937" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,649,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nodosus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE25CCFE4CFA19" box="[189,437,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dictyoporus nodosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5C9F024DEE25CDFD70FA19" author="Magdefrau" box="[445,649,1472,1498]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler " Bohr " - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5C9F024CEE260CFEA1F8C3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE260CFE5BF9D8" blockId="42.[189,418,1537,1563]" box="[189,418,1537,1563]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA5C9F024CEE260CFE5BF9D8" bold="true" box="[189,418,1537,1563]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE260CFE5BF9D8" bold="true" box="[189,418,1537,1563]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Original diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE263DFF19F989" blockId="42.[189,224,1584,1610]" box="[189,224,1584,1610]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n/a</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE267FFE56F948" blockId="42.[189,431,1649,1676]" box="[189,431,1649,1676]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA5C9F024CEE267FFE56F948" bold="true" box="[189,431,1649,1676]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE267FFE56F948" bold="true" box="[189,431,1649,1676]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE26ADFEA1F8C3" blockId="42.[189,1398,1696,1792]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Radiating, reticulate system of etched channels or prostrate tubular borings at or immediately beneath the surface of calcareous substrates. High degree of anastomosis, leaving only a few peripheral branches blind ending.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5C9F024CEE2725FEDCF857" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE2725FE43F881" blockId="42.[189,442,1832,1858]" box="[189,442,1832,1858]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA5C9F024CEE2725FE43F881" bold="true" box="[189,442,1832,1858]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5C9F024CEE2725FE43F881" bold="true" box="[189,442,1832,1858]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Original description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5C9F024CEE275BFEDCF857" blockId="42.[189,1398,1878,1940]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distinctly net-shaped cavity system in belemnite rostra without external opening. [Translated from German]</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA5D9F034CEE2106FC21FBBE" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5D9F034CEE2106FED6FEE6" blockId="43.[189,303,267,293]" box="[189,303,267,293]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA5D9F034CEE2106FED6FEE6" bold="true" box="[189,303,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034CEE2106FED6FEE6" bold="true" box="[189,303,267,293]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA5D9F034CEE2137FC21FBBE" blockId="43.[189,1399,313,1150]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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A reinvestigation of the
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA5D9F034D892134FDB8FE90" box="[474,577,313,339]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of the type species and a wealth of new material from other localities exposing Upper Cretaceous strata in northern
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA5D9F034E9A2150FCCFFEB4" box="[713,822,349,375]" name="Germany" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Germany</collectingCountry>
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revealed a considerable morphological variability between specimens, as well as within one and the same trace of
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034FEF218CFBB8FE59" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[956,1089,384,410]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nodosus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034FEF218CFBB8FE59" box="[956,1089,384,410]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">D. nodosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This variability concerns the degree of anastomosis, the mesh size, and – most importantly – the occurrence and co-occurrence of shallow open channels and prostrate endolithic tunnels. While the distinction between open and closed galleries is possible in well-preserved material, it is often altered even by slight erosion or diagenetic pressure dissolution, complicating a confident discrimination. As a consequence, a morphological and ichnotaxonomical distinction of
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034E62223CFD4BFD89" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[561,690,560,586]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nodosus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034E62223CFD4BFD89" box="[561,690,560,586]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">D. nodosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from several other ichnotaxa cannot be maintained and herein leads to a widening of the ichnogenus diagnosis and a number of synonymisations.At the ichnogenus level, this concerns the ichnogenus
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034E4E227BFD5AFD53" box="[541,675,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cicatricula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5D9F034EF8227BFC3FFD53" author="Palmer & Palmer" box="[683,966,630,656]" firstAuthor="Palmer" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="179 - 199" refId="ref52419" refString="Palmer T. J. & Palmer C. D. 1977. Faunal distribution and colonization strategy in a Middle Ordovician hardground community. Lethaia 10: 179 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1977. tb 00608. x" type="journal article" year="1977">Palmer & Palmer, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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, which was only distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034CEE2297FEB7FD70" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,334,666,691]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034CEE2297FEB7FD70" box="[189,334,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its preservation as open channels, while its most conspicuous feature, the high degree of anastomosis, was not part of the original ichnogenus diagnosis. However, that feature in particular and the flat and widened branching points strongly support an inclusion within
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F03481122ECFB2AFD39" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[1090,1235,737,762]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F03481122ECFB2AFD39" box="[1090,1235,737,762]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5D9F0348B722EDFA8FFD39" author="Elias" box="[1252,1398,736,762]" firstAuthor="Elias" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="272 - 277" refId="ref50147" refString="Elias R. J. 1980. Borings in solitary rugose corals of the Selkirk Member, Red River Formation (late Middle or Upper Ordovician), southern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 272 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 80 - 023" type="journal article" year="1980">Elias (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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made the case that both
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034D80230EFDA0FCDE" box="[467,601,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cicatricula</emphasis>
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034EDC230EFCD1FCDE" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[655,808,771,797]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034EDC230EFCD1FCDE" box="[655,808,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Calcideletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F0348B62309FA8FFCDE" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[1253,1398,772,797]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F0348B62309FA8FFCDE" box="[1253,1398,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that run at and below the substrate surface, respectively. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034F9A232BFB9BFC83" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[969,1122,806,832]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034F9A232BFB9BFC83" box="[969,1122,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Calcideletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034CAC2347FE69FCA0" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[255,400,842,867]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034CAC2347FE69FCA0" box="[255,400,842,867]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on other, more distinct, morphological characters (i.e., almost complete lack of anastomoses, regular rhizoidal connections to substrate surface, etc.), and a synonymisation with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034CEE239CFEB7FC69" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,334,913,938]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034CEE239CFEB7FC69" box="[189,334,913,938]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus not recommended. Another potential junior synonym is
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F03481D239DFB32FC69" box="[1102,1227,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Repentella</emphasis>
|
||
Müller, 1968, the description and illustrations of which suggest the presence of tunnels with anastomoses similar to those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034D4C23DAFE49FC33" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[287,432,983,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034D4C23DAFE49FC33" box="[287,432,983,1008]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, reinvestigation of the type material clearly showed that they are merely moulds of epiliths and not trace fossils. The morphology of
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034F2023F4FC01FBD0" box="[883,1016,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dendrorete</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA5D9F034FAD23F4FF01FBF4" author="Tavernier, Campbell & Golubic" firstAuthor="Tavernier" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="303 - 310" refId="ref53659" refString="Tavernier A., Campbell S. E. & Golubic S. 1992. A complex marine shallow-water boring trace: Dendrorete balani n. ichnogen. et ichnospec. Lethaia 25: 303 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1992. tb 01399. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Tavernier, Campbell & Golubic, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also corresponds closely to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034EF32410FCC8FBF5" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[672,817,1053,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034EF32410FCC8FBF5" box="[672,817,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dictyoporus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the former ichnogenus is herein regarded as another junior synonym. Its type ichnospecies is the only ichnospecies that is morphologically clearly distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA5D9F034D082469FE26FBBE" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[347,479,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nodosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA5D9F034D082469FE26FBBE" box="[347,479,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">D. nodosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is thus retained as a new combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |